Social Genomics: Genomic Inventions in Society the Nature of What's to Come

Science and Engineering Ethics

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 485-496

  Hollander, Rachelle D ^a  

^a NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Approaching complex and ill structured social problems; Ethical and social dimensions of innovation; Ethics, risk, and genetically modified food; Labeling controversies

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; ETHICS; FORECASTING; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; GENOMICS; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; MEDICAL ETHICS; PHILOSOPHY; REVIEW; SOCIOLOGY;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION;

ETHICS, MEDICAL; FORECASTING; GENOMICS; HEALTH POLICY; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; PHILOSOPHY, MEDICAL; SOCIAL SCIENCES; TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, BIOMEDICAL;

EID: 0036777621     PISSN: 13533452     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11948-002-0002-9     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. For information about Kling's use of this term, see http://www.slis.indiana.edu/CSI/index.html. CSI stands for the Center for Social Informatics.
2. Fernandes, R. and Simons, H.A. (1999) A study of how individuals solve complex and illstructured problems, Policy Sciences, 32: 225-245.
3. Tuler, S. and Webler, T. (Winter 1999) Designing an analytic deliberative process for environmental health policy making in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex, Risk, Health Safety and Environment 10: 65-87.
4. In a draft book chapter (personal correspondence), E. J. Conklin provides other criteria for what he calls "wicked problems" in organizations (e.g., no stopping rule, no set of discrete solutions, understanding the problem involves developing a solution). Abstracts of working papers on this research are available at http://www.gdss.com/wp.
5. National Research Council (1996) Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society.
6. Andrews, L. (March 28, 1999) The sperminator. The New York Times Magazine, pp. 62-65.
7. Service, R.F. (Oct. 30, 1998) Seed-sterilizing 'terminator technology' sows discord, Science 282: 850-51.
8. Weiss, Rick (Feb. 3, 1999) Seeds of discord. Washington Post, p. A01.
9. Macilwain, C. (1999) Developing countries look for guidance in GM crops debate... Nature 401: p. 831-2.
10. Kaiser, J. (2000) USDA to commercialize 'terminator' technology. Science 289: 709-10.
11. The original study appeared in Nature 399:214, 1999. The 11/26/99 issue of Science 286 reports response from scientists, environmental and industry representatives: Ferber, D. (1999) GM crops in the cross hairs, Science 286: 1662-1666; and Enserink, M. (1999) Ag biotech moves to mollify its critics, Science 286: 1666-1668.The controversy surrounding the study and its implications continues; see Pollack, A. (2001) New research fuels the debate over genetic food altering. NYTimes National Edition, 9/9/01, p. NE 27.
12. The original study appeared in Nature 399:214, 1999. The 11/26/99 issue of Science 286 reports response from scientists, environmental and industry representatives: Ferber, D. (1999) GM crops in the cross hairs, Science 286: 1662-1666; and Enserink, M. (1999) Ag biotech moves to mollify its critics, Science 286: 1666-1668.The controversy surrounding the study and its implications continues; see Pollack, A. (2001) New research fuels the debate over genetic food altering. NYTimes National Edition, 9/9/01, p. NE 27.
13. The original study appeared in Nature 399:214, 1999. The 11/26/99 issue of Science 286 reports response from scientists, environmental and industry representatives: Ferber, D. (1999) GM crops in the cross hairs, Science 286: 1662-1666; and Enserink, M. (1999) Ag biotech moves to mollify its critics, Science 286: 1666-1668.The controversy surrounding the study and its implications continues; see Pollack, A. (2001) New research fuels the debate over genetic food altering. NYTimes National Edition, 9/9/01, p. NE 27.
14. The original study appeared in Nature 399:214, 1999. The 11/26/99 issue of Science 286 reports response from scientists, environmental and industry representatives: Ferber, D. (1999) GM crops in the cross hairs, Science 286: 1662-1666; and Enserink, M. (1999) Ag biotech moves to mollify its critics, Science 286: 1666-1668.The controversy surrounding the study and its implications continues; see Pollack, A. (2001) New research fuels the debate over genetic food altering. NYTimes National Edition, 9/9/01, p. NE 27.
15. Layman, P. (1999) De facto ban on genetically modified foods in Europe. CEN (7/5/99), p. 7.
16. Hileman, B. (2001) Europe leaves biotech door ajar. CEN 79 (21/19/01), p. 16.
17. For an example of a different approach, see A. Cho, (2002) Random samples: Transgenic moths on the make. Science 295: 619. Cho reports on the first US field test of a genetically modified moth "to control pink bollworms, which have decimated cotton crops for decades."
18. Mervis, J., A. Lawler, P. Bagla, M. Enserink. (2000) Further food fights. Science 287:2131.
19. Barboza, D. (2001) As biotech crops multiply, consumers get little choice. NYTimes, 6/10/01, pp. A1, 28.
20. Pollan, M. (2001) Genetic pollution. NYTimes Magazine, 12/9/01, pp. 74, 76.
21. Service, R. F. (2001) Arson strikes research labs and tree farm in Pacific Northwest. Science 292: 1622-1623.
22. Kaiser, J. (2001) Words (and axes) fly over transgenic trees. Science 292: 34-36.
23. C. Holden, (2002) Random samples: Smashed potatoes, Science 295, p. 795.
24. Thompson, P.B. (1999) Food Biotechnology in Ethical Perspective. Blackie Academic & Professional, Chapman & Hall, UK, especially Chapter 4.
25. Goldman, K. (2000) Bioengineered food - safety and labeling. Science 290:457-459.
26. See http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/biolabgu.html for the draft FDA guidelines on voluntary labeling.
27. Miller, H. (1999) A rational approach to labeling biotech-derived foods. Science 284:1471-2.
28. Detwiler, M. (2001) ESA urges more peer reviewed research on environmental effects of GMOs. Professional Ethics Report XIV:3, Summer 2001.
29. Wolfenbarger, L.L. & Phifer, P.R. (2000) The Ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants. Science 290: 2088-2092.
30. Hileman, B. (2001) Ag biotech breeds more controversy. CEN, p. 34, 3/5/01.
31. Pollan, M. (2001) Genetic pollution. NYTimes Magazine, 12/9/01, pp. 74, 76.
32. There is continuing controversy about the accuracy of these reports; see http://www.biotech-info.net/mexican_crop_conflicts.html.
33. Kasperson, R. and Kasperson, J. (1991) Hidden hazards, in: Mayo, D. and Hollander, R. (eds.) Acceptable Evidence, Oxford U. Press, pp. 9-28.
34. Slovic, P. (1991) Beyond numbers, in: Mayo, D. and Hollander, R. (eds.) Acceptable Evidence, Oxford U. Press, pp. 48-65.
35. Thompson, P. B. (1999) The ethics of truth-telling and the problem of risk. Science and Engineering Ethics 5 (4): 489-510.
36. See Center for Information Society Studies, NCSU, 2001 Citizens' Technology Forum on Genetically Modified Foods, Dec. 2001.
37. Gaskell, G., Bauer, M.W., Durant, J., Allum, N.C. (1999) Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the U.S. Science 285: 384-387.
38. Hileman, B. (2001) Ag biotech breeds more controversy. CEN, p. 34, 3/5/01.
39. Thayer, A.M. (2000) Agbiotech. CENpp. 21-29, 10/2/2000.
40. Koenig, R. (2000) E.U. grabs food safety by the horns. Science 287: 403-405.
41. Haslberger, A. G. (2000) Monitoring and labeling for genetically modified products. Science 287: 431-432.
42. Lassen, J. (1999) Changing modes of biotechnology assessment in Denmark," in Biotechnology and Public Understanding of Science, R. Miettinen (ed.), Publication of the Academy of Finland, Helsinki, p. 89.
43. Lassen, J. (1999) Changing modes of biotechnology assessment in Denmark," in Biotechnology and Public Understanding of Science, R. Miettinen (ed.), Publication of the Academy of Finland, Helsinki, p. 87.
44. An example is the controversy surrounding recent shipment of food including genetically modified corn to several African nations threatened with famine. See Murphy, J. (2002) In Africa, suspicion of genetically altered corn, The Baltimore Sun, pp. 1A, 8A, August 6, 2002.
45. Moffat, A.S. (2001) Finding new ways to fight plant diseases. Science 292: 2270-2273.
46. Malakoff, D. (1999) New genes boost rice nutrients. Science 285: 994-95.
47. Whether this genetic change can have the desired effect in malnourished populations is questionable; see Finneran, K. (2001) What's food got to do with it? Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 2001, pp. 24-25.
48. Frank, L. (2000) Consumer power heralds hard times for researchers. Science 287: 790-91.
49. Huang, J, et al (2002) Plant biotechnology in China. Science 295: 674-677.
50. Lacey, H. (2001) Incommensurability and "multicultural science", in: Hoyningen-Huene, P. and Sankey, H. (eds.) Incommensurability and Related Matters, pp. 225-239.
51. Aiken, W. H. (1986) On evaluating agricultural research. In: Dahlberg, K. (ed.) New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research, Rowman and Allenheld.
52. Hileman, B. (2001) Polarization over biotech food. CEN 79: 21, p. 59. Note the reference to golden rice with Vitamin A; actually it seems that such rice contains beta-carotene which converts to A only in otherwise well-nourished people. See K. Finneran, reference 44.