Özal leadership and restructuring of Turkish Ethnic policy in the 1980s

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 123-142

  Ataman, Muhittin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHNICITY; ETHNOPOLITICS; POLICY ANALYSIS;

TURKEY;

EID: 0036772122     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/714004493     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. G.E. Fuller, Turkey Faces East: New Orientations toward the Middle East and the Old Soviet Union (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997).
2. Mehrdad R. Izady, The Kurds: A Concise Handbook (Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1992).
3. Quoted in P. Robins, 'The Overlord State: Turkish Policy and the Kurdish Issue', International Affairs, Vol.69, No.4 (1993), pp.657-76.
4. Quoted in A. Mango, 'Turks and Kurds', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.30, No.4 (1994), pp.975-97.
5. B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), p.346.
6. Metin Tamkoç, The Warrior Diplomats: Guardians of the National Security and Modernization of Turkey (Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 1976), p.83.
7. The millet system had a religious basis. Muslims including Turks, Kurds and Arabs were considered as one nation. However, like all other Muslim ethnic groups the Kurdish people enjoyed great cultural and administrative autonomy during much of that period. Ethnic groups from different religions were divided into different nationalities based on their religion or denomination. Each 'church' was accepted as a nation. Each 'nation' was ruled according to its laws and by its local, mostly religious, leaders.
8. In his speech in zmit, a western city close to Istanbul, in 1922, Kemal Atatürk promised Kurds that a republic for both Turks and Kurds would be established after the war was over: a state in which Turks and Kurds would be equal partners, and would have the same rights.
9. Mango (note 4), 'Turks and Kurds'.
10. During Turkey's independence war, Kemal Atatürk made alliances with several different groups in the community. He established personal (with well-known military leaders such as Kaz m Karabekir, Rauf Orbay, Ali Fuat Cebesoy), social (the eraf-bourgeoisie and notables), ethnic (the Kurds), religious (Muslims) and ideological (nationalists) alliances. Gradually, he destroyed each of those alliances, except for the one with the bourgeoisie and notables.
11. D. McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (New York: I.B. Tauris, 1995).
12. P.B. Henze, Turkish Democracy and American Alliance (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1993).
13. Quoted in G. Harris, 'The Role of the Military in Turkey in the 1980s: Guardians or Decision-Makers?', in M. Heper and A. Evin (eds.) State, Democracy, and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), pp.177-200.
14. Quoted in K. Nezan, 'Kurdistan in Turkey', in G. Chaliand (ed.), People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (London: Zed Books, 1980), pp.45-105.
15. Nezan (note 14), 'Kurdistan in Turkey'.
16. Mesut Ye en, 'The Turkish State Discourse and the Exclusion of the Kurdish Identity', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.32, No.2 (1996), pp.216-29.
17. Fuller (note 1), Turkey Faces East.
18. Quoted in Ufuk Güldemir, Texas Malutya (Istanbul: Tekin Yay nevi, 1992), p.11.
19. Turgut Özal, Cumhurba kan Turgut Özal' n Dünyas Vakfi Toplant s 'ndaki Konu malar (Ankara: Ba bakanl k Bas mevi, 1992).
20. Quoted in ANAP, Anavatan Partisi Genel Ba kan ve Ba bakan Say n Turgut Özal' n Konu malar, 16-31 Ekim 1989, Bas n Yay n ve Halkla lipkiler Ba kanl Yay n .
21. Mehmet Gönlübol et al., Olaylarla Türk D Politikas (1919-95) (Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi, 1996).
22. J. Randal, After Such Knowledge What Forgiveness? My Encounters with Kurdistan (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997).
23. S. David, 'Explaining Third World Alignment', World Politics, Vol.43, No.2, pp.233-56.
24. Birol Yeilada, 'The Refah Party Phenomenon in Turkey', chapter prepared for B. Yeilada et al. (eds.), Comparative Political Parties and Party Elites: Essays in Honor of Samuel J. Eldersveld.
25. Haldun Gülalp, 'Islamism and Kurdish Nationalism: Rival Adversaries of Kemalism in Turkey', in T. Sonn (ed.), Islam and the Question of Minorities (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1996), pp.93-109.
26. Ru en Çak r, Ayet ve Slogan: Türkiye'de slami Olu umlar (Istanbul: Metis Yay nlar , 1990).
27. Nubihar, Kürt Sorunu Nas l Çözülür? (Istanbul: Nubihar Yay nlar . 1996).
28. Ahmet Evin, 'Demilitarization and Civilianization of the Regime', in Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin (eds.), Politics in the Turkish Republic (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), pp.23-40).
29. ANAP (note 20), Özal' n Konu malar , 1989.
30. Sabah, 8 Aug. 1997.
31. The discussion of the 'Second Republic' (kinci Cumhuriyet) emerged as an intellectual movement, but was continued by political leaders as an alternative system of administration to the Kemalist regime. Kemalist circles, such as Do u Perinçek and the Cumhuriyet group, were well aware that this group was planning to destroy the 'First Republic' established by Kemal Atatürk since the 'Second Republicans' recognize the Kurdish problem and propose liberal solutions, support a liberal economy, define a new state identity (Turkish-Islamic synthesis), and pursue an active regional foreign policy. The Second Republicans maintain that the state formed by the Kemalist leadership does not represent the will of the Turkish people, and therefore it must be 'demolished and replaced' by a new state ideology. President Özal was considered as one of the leaders of this group. Among the other well-known leaders of the group are Nur Vergin (a professor of Marmara University in Istanbul), Mehmet Altan (a professor of Marmara University in Istanbul and a columnist of the daily Sabah), Cengiz Çandar (a well-known in columnist of the daily Sabah) and Asaf Suva Akat (a professor of economics). Many of the supporters of the Second Republic joined the New Democratic Movement (NDM), Yeni Demokrasi Hareketi (YDH), of Cem Boyner, a leading businessman in the textile sector. This movement inherited most of the ideas of the Özalist leadership group.
32. Gönlübol et al., Olaylarla Türk D Politikas .
33. Op cit.
34. Ahmet Evin (note 28), 'Demilitarization and Civilianization', p.40.
35. Ay e Kad o lu, 'The Paradox of Turkish Nationalism and the Construction of Official Identity', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.32, No.2 (1996), pp.177-93.
36. ANAP (note 20), Özal' n Konu malar , 1989.
37. Sabah, 16 Oct. 1998.
38. Ahmet Evin (note 28), 'Demilitarization and Civilianization', p.32-3
39. Hulki Cevizo lu, Körfez Sava ve Özal Diplomasisi: Belgesel (Istanbul: Form Yay nlar , 1991).
40. Op cit.
41. Ergil, Do u Sorunu.
42. Ergun Özbudun, 'Democratization of the Constitutional and Legal Framework', in Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin (eds.), Politics in the Third Turkish Republic (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), pp.41-8.
43. ANAP, Yapt klar m z Yapacaklar m z n Teminal d r Anavatan Partisi ktidar craat, 13 Kas m 1983-31 Aral k 1987 (Ankara: Anavatan Partisi Genel Merkezi Ara t rma Planlama ve Politika Tesbiti Ba kanl , 1987).
44. W. Hale, Turkish Politics and the Military (New York: Routledge, 1994).
45. Özbudun (note 42), 'Democratization of the Constitutional and Legal Framework', p.46.
46. Hale (note 44), Turkish Politics and the Military, p.289-90.
47. Turan Yavuz, ABD'nin Kürt Kart (Istanbul: Milliyet Yay nlar , 1993).
48. Özbudun (note 42), 'Democratization of the Constitutional and Legal Framework', p.47.
49. Op cit., p.47.
50. Murat Yetkin, Ate Hatt nda Aktif Politika: Balkanlar, Kafkaslar ve Ortado u Üçgeninde Türkiye (Istanbul: Alan Yay nc 1 k, 1992).
51. Turgut Özal, Cumhurba kan Say n Turgut Özal' n Yeni Y l dolay s yla Yay nlad klar Mesaj (Ankara: Ba bakanl k Bas mevi, 1990).
52. Tan I Bora, Milliyetçili in Kara Bahar (Istanbul: Birikim Yay nlar , 1995).
53. Kad o lu, 'The Paradox of Turkish Nationalism', p.185.
54. Quoted in Michael Gunter, The Kurds and the Future of Turkey (New York: St Martin's Press, 1997), p.62.
55. Gunter, The Kurds and the Future of Turkey, p.62.
56. Özgür Politika, 3 Feb. 1999.