Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease: The role of risk factors

Preventive Cardiology

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 188-199

  Levenson, James W ^a   Skerrett, Patrick J ^a   Gaziano, J Michael ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CULTURAL FACTOR; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIABETES MELLITUS; ECONOMIC ASPECT; EPIDEMIC; FAT INTAKE; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; HUNGER; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESPAN; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SOCIAL ASPECT;

EID: 0036752651     PISSN: 1520037X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1520-037X.2002.00564.x     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. World Health Report 1999. Making a Difference. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999.
2. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health; 1996.
3. Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1971;49:509-538.
4. Olshansky SJ, Ault AB. The fourth stage of the epidemiologic transition: The age of delayed degenerative diseases. Milbank Q. 1986;64:355-391.
5. Pearson TA. Global perspectives on cardiovascular disease. Evidence Based Cardiovascular Medicine. 1997;1:4-5.
6. Pearson TA, Jamison DT, Trijo Gutierrez H. Cardiovascular disease. In: Jamison DT, ed. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993:577-599.
7. Sheth T, Nair C, Nargundkar M, et al. Cardiovascular and cancer mortality among Canadians of European, South Asian and Chinese origin from 1979 to 1993: An analysis of 1.2 million deaths. Can Med Assoc J. 1999;161:132-138.
8. Ecological analysis of the association between mortality and major risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization MONICA Project. Int J Epidemiol. 1994;23(3):505-516.
9. World Health Report, 1997. Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1997.
10. Cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;48:993-996.
11. Wechsler H, Rigotti NA, Gledhill-Hoyt J, et al. Increased levels of cigarette use among college students: A cause for national concern. JAMA. 1998;280:1673-1678.
12. Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 1999.
13. Jenkins CN, Dai PX, Ngoc DH, et al. Tobacco use in Vietnam. Prevalence, predictors, and the role of the transnational tobacco corporations. JAMA. 1997;277:1726-1731.
14. Pandey MR, Neupane RP, Gautam A. Epidemiological study of tobacco smoking behaviour among adults in a rural community of the hill region of Nepal with special reference to attitude and beliefs. Int J Epidemiol. 1988;17:535-541.
15. Mackay J. Women and tobacco: International issues. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1996;51:48-51.
16. Yang G, Fan L, Tan J, et al. Smoking in China: Findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. JAMA. 1999;282: 1247-1253.
17. Liu BQ, Peto R, Chen ZM, et al. Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ. 1998;317:1411-1422.
18. Singh RB, Sharma JP, Rastogi V, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery disease and coronary risk factors in rural and urban populations of north India. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:1728-1735.
19. van den Hoogen PC, Feskens EJ, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. The relation between blood pressure and mortality due to coronary heart disease among men in different parts of the world. Seven Countries Study Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1-8.
20. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and National High Blood Pressure Education Program; 1997. NIH Publication 98-4080.
21. Jones DW, Kim JS, Kim SJ, et al. Hypertension awareness, treatment and control rates for an Asian population: Results from a national survey in Korea. Ethn Health. 1996;1(3): 269-273.
22. Wu X, Huang Z, Stamler J, et al. Changes in average blood pressure and incidence of high blood pressure 1983-1984 to 1987-1988 in four population cohorts in the People's Republic of China. The PRC-USA Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology Research Group. J Hypertens. 1996;14(11):1267-1274.
23. Janus ED, Postiglione A, Singh RB, et al. The modernization of Asia. Implications for coronary heart disease. Council on Arteriosclerosis of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. Circulation. 1996;94:2671-2673.
24. Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Powell R. Dietary fat intake in the US population. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:207-212.
25. Pan WH, Chiang BN. Plasma lipid profiles and epidemiology of atherosclerotic diseases in Taiwan - A unique experience. Atherosclerosis. 1995;118:285-295.
26. Erasmus RT, Uyot C, Pakeye T. Plasma cholesterol distribution in a rural Nigerian population - Relationship to age, sex and body mass. Cent Afr J Med. 1994;40:299-302.
27. Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP, et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA. 1995;274(2):131-136.
28. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the developing world. A multicentre collaborative study in the International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN). INCLEN Multicentre Collaborative Group. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:841-847.
29. Walker AR, Sareli P. Coronary heart disease: Outlook for Africa. J R Soc Med. 1997;90:23-27.
30. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1996.
31. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414-1431.
32. Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, et al. Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: Incidence, risk factors and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1990;6:1-27.
33. Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:518-524.
34. Fujimoto WY. Overview of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in different population groups. Diabet Med. 1996;13:S7-S10.
35. Keil U, Kuulasmaa K. WHO MONICA Project: risk factors. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:S46-S55.
36. Dobson AJ, Evans A, Ferrario M, et al. Changes in estimated coronary risk in the 1980s: Data from 38 populations in the WHO MONICA Project. World Health Organization. Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular diseases. Ann Med. 1998;30:199-205.
37. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, et al. Overweight and obesity in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:39-47.
38. Hodge AM, Dowse GK, Gareeboo H, et al. Incidence, increasing prevalence, and predictors of change in obesity and fat distribution over 5 years in the rapidly developing population of Mauritius. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996;20:137-146.
39. Steyn K, Jooste PL, Bourne L, et al. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in the black population of the Cape Peninsula. The BRISK study. S Afr Med J. 1991;79:480-485.
40. World Health Report, 1998. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1998. WHO/NUT/NCD/98.1.
41. Flegal KM, Troiano RP. Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in the US population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24:807-818.
42. Chinn S, Rona RJ. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British children, 1974-94. BMJ. 2001;322(7277):24-26.
43. Sit CS, Yeung DL. Growth of infants and children in China. Indian Pediatr. 1999;36:464-475.
44. de Onis M, Blossner M. Prevalence and trends of overweight among preschool children in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1032-1039.
45. Williams JE, Massing M, Rosamond WD, et al. Racial disparities in CHD mortality from 1968-1992 in the state economic areas surrounding the ARIC study communities. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Ann Epidemiol. 1999;9:472-480.
46. Age-specific excess deaths associated with stroke among racial/ethnic minority populations - United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:94-97.
47. Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. OECD Health Data 2000. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation; 2000.
48. National Cholesterol Education Program. Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Circulation. 1994;89:1333-1445.
49. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Obesity Education Initiative. 〈http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.htm〉 Accessed on 1 February 2001.
50. Wood D, De Backer G, Faergeman O, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:1434-1503.
51. Hennekens CH, Albert CM, Godfried SL, et al. Adjunctive drug therapy of acute myocardial infarction - Evidence from clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1660-1667.
52. Healy J, McKee M. Health sector reform in central and eastern Europe: The professional dimension. Health Policy Plan. 1997;12:286-295.
53. World Health Report 2000. Health Systems, Improving Performance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2000.
54. Howson CP, Reddy KS, Ryan TJ, et al., eds. Control of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.
55. Wu Z, Yao C, Zhao D, et al. Sino-MONICA project: A collaborative study on trends and determinants in cardiovascular diseases in China, Part i: Morbidity and mortality monitoring. Circulation. 2001;103(3):462-468.