Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 190, Issue 9, 2002, Pages 583-592

  Safer, Daniel J ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG USE; ETHICS; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL PRACTICE; METHODOLOGY; PRESCRIPTION; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PUBLICATION;

CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; CLINICAL TRIALS; CONFIDENTIALITY; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; DRUG COSTS; DRUG INDUSTRY; DUPLICATE PUBLICATION; FRAUD; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIODICALS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; PUBLICATION BIAS; RESEARCH DESIGN; RESEARCH SUPPORT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036742342     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00005053-200209000-00002     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Allison DB, Casey DE (2001) Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 62 (Suppl 7):22-31.
2. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M, Chandler LP, Cappelleri JC, Infante MC, Weiden PJ (1999) Antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Am J Psychiatry 156:1686-1696.
3. Anderson IM (2000) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants. J Affect Disord 58:19-36.
4. Angell M (2000a) Is academic medicine for sale? N Engl J Med 342:1516-1518.
5. Angell M (2000b) The pharmaceutical industry - to whom is it accountable? N Engl J Med 342:1902-1904.
6. Angell M (2001) Medicine in the noise age: what can we believe? Accountability Res 8:189-195.
7. Armitage R, Yonkers K, Cole D, Rush J (1997) A multicenter, double-blind comparison of the effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep architecture and quality of sleep in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17:161-168.
8. Avorn J, Chen M, Hartley R (1982) Scientific versus commercial sources of influence on the prescribing behavior of physicians. Am J Med 73:4-8.
9. Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH (1988) Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:79-91.
10. Barry P (2000, April) What's behind high drug prices in the U.S.? AARP Bulletin 4:4-10.
11. Beasley CM, Dellva MA, Tamura RN, Morgenstern H, Glazer WM, Ferguson K, Tollefson GD (1999) Randomized double-blind comparison of the incidence of tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia during long-term treatment with olanzapine or haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry 174:23-30.
12. Bero LA, Galbraith A, Rennie D (1992) The publication of sponsored symposiums in medical journals. N Engl J Med 327:1135-1140.
13. Bitter I, Dossenbach M, Martenyi F, Slabber M (2000) Olanzapine versus clozapine in patients non-responsive to standard acceptable treatment of schizophrenia. Poster presented at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, Ill.
14. Blumenthal D (1996) Ethics issues in academic-industry relationships in the life sciences. Acad Med 71:1291-1296.
15. Bobbio M, Demichelis B, Giustetto G (1994) Completeness of reporting trial results. Lancet 343:1209-1211.
16. Bodenheimer T (2000) Uneasy alliance: clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. N Engl J Med 342:1539-1544.
17. Bondolfi G, Dufour H, Patris M, May JP, Billeter U (1998) Risperidone versus clozapine in treatment resistant chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 155:499-504.
18. Borenstein D (2000, November 17) Pharmaceutical companies. Psychiatric News 35:3.
19. Borison RL, Pathiraja AP, Diamond BI, Meibach RC (1992) Risperidone: clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 28:213-218.
20. Breier A, Hamilton SH (1999) Comparative efficacy of olanzapine and haloperidol for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:403-411.
21. Brenner HD, Dencker SJ, Goldstein MJ, Hubbard JW, Keegan DL (1990) Defining treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 16:551-561.
22. Brett AS (1989) Treating hypercholesterolemia: how should practicing physicians interpret the published data for patients. N Engl J Med 321:676-680.
23. Bruggeman R, Linden CV, Buitelaar JK, Gericke GS, Hawkridge SM, Temlett JA (2001) Risperidone versus pimozide in Tourette's disorder: a comparative double-blind, parallel-group study. J Clin Psychiatry 62:50-56.
24. Carpenter WT (2001) Industry phase IV trials are of little or no value: pro. J Psychotic Disorders 5(4):3&13.
25. Carpenter WT (2002) From clinical trial to prescription. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:282-285.
26. Caudill TS, Johnson MS, Rich EC, McKinney P (1996) Physicians, pharmaceutical sales representatives and the cost of prescribing. Arch Fam Med 5:201-206.
27. Chalmers I (1990) Underreporting research is scientific misconduct. JAMA 263:1405-1408.
28. Cho MK, Bero LA (1996) The quality of drug studies in symposium proceedings. Ann Intern Med 124:485-489.
29. Chouinard G, Jones B, Remington G, Bloom D, Addington D, MacEwan GW, Labelle A, Beauclair L, Arnott W (1993) A Canadian multi-center placebo-controlled study of fixed doses of risperidone and halperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 13:25-40.
30. Chren MM, Landefeld CS (1994) Physicians' behavior and their interactions with drug companies. JAMA 271:684-689.
31. Christiansen PE, Behnke K, Black CH, Ohrstrom JK, Bork-Rasmussen H, Nilsson J (1996) Paroxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression in general practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand 93:158-163.
32. Claus A, Bollen J, De Cuyper H, Eneman M, Malfroid M, Peuskens J, Heylen S (1992) Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85:295-305.
33. Coleman CC, Cunningham LA, Foster VJ, Batey SR, Donahue RM, Houser TL, Ascher JA (1999) Sexual dysfunction associated with the treatment of depression: a placebo-controlled comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline treatment. Ann Clin Psychiat 60:205-215.
34. Conley RP (2001) Industry phase IV trials are of little or no value: con. J Psychotic Disorders 5(4):3, 13.
35. Conley RR, Tamminga CA, Kelly DL, Richardson CM (1999a) Treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients respond to clozapine after olanzapine non-response. Biol Psychiatry 46:73-77.
36. Conley RR, Love RC, Kelly DL, Bartko JJ (1999b) Rehospitalization rates of patients recently discharged on a regimen of risperidone or clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 156:863-868.
37. Council on Scientific Affairs (1990) Conflicts of interest in medical center/industry research relationships. JAMA 263:2790-2793.
38. Croft H, Settle E, Houser T, Batey SR, Donahue MJ, Ascher JA (1999) A placebo-controlled comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and effects on sexual functioning of sustained-release bupropion and sertraline. Clin Therap 21:643-658.
39. Davidoff F (2002) Between the lines: navigating the uncharted territory of industry-sponsored research. Health Affairs 21: 235-242.
40. Davidoff F, De Angelis CD, Drazen JM, Hoey J, Hojgaard L, Horton R (2001) Sponsorship, authorship, and accountability JAMA 286:1232-1234.
41. Davidson RA (1986) Source of funding and outcome of clinical trials. J Gen Intern Med 1:155-158.
42. Deo R, Soni S, Rastogi SC, Levine S, Plant I (1990) Remoxipride and haloperidol in the acute phase of schizophrenia: a double-blind comparison. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82(Suppl. 358):120-124.
43. Dickersin K, Chan S, Chalmers TC, Sacks HS, Smith H (1987) Publication bias and clinical trials. Controlled Clin Trials 8:343-353.
44. Eichenwald K, Kolata G (1999a, May 16) Drug trials hide conflicts for doctors. New York Times, pp.1, 28.
45. Eichenwald K, Kolata G (1999b, May 17) A doctor's drug studies turn into fraud. New York Times, pp. A1, A16.
46. Emsley RA (1999) Partial response to antipsychotic treatment: the patient with enduring symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 60(Suppl 23):10-13.
47. Feiger A, Kiev A, Shrivastava RK, Wisselink PG, Wilcox CS (1996) Nefazodone versus sertraline in outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 57(Suppl 2):53-62.
48. Feinstein AR (1992) Invidious comparisons-and unmet clinical challenges. Am J Med 92:117-120.
49. Flanagin A, Carey LA, Fontanarosa PB, Phillips SG, Pace BP, Lundberg MD, Rennie D (1998) Prevalence of articles with honorary authors and ghost writers in peer-reviewed medical journals. JAMA 280:222-224.
50. Friedberg M, Saffran B, Stinson TJ, Nelson W, Bennett CL (1999) Evaluation of conflict of interest in economic analyses of new drugs used in oncology. JAMA 282:1453-1457.
51. Friis S (1999) To what extent should papers submitted from drug companies be published in medical journals? Acta Psychiatr Scand 99:157-159.
52. Garattini S (1997) Are me-too drugs justified? J Nephrol 10:283-294.
53. Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, Bebbington P (2000) Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. BMJ 321:1371-1376.
54. Geerts S, Lacante P, Mignon A (1999) Venlafaxine versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed patients with concomitant anxiety. Paper presented at the 12th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. London.
55. Gilbody SM, Song F (2000) Publication bias and integrity of psychiatric research. Psychol Med 30:253-258.
56. Gilbody S, Wahlbeck K, Adams C (2002) Randomized controlled trials in schizophrenia: a critical perspective on the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 105:243-251.
57. Goldberg C (1999, April 6) Urging a freer flow of scientific ideas. New York Times.
58. Goldfinger SE (1990) Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. Ann Intern Med 112:624-626.
59. Goldstein J, Emsley R, Raniwalla J, Bailey P, Jones M (1999) Efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine compared to haloperidol in schizophrenic patients partially responsive to conventional antipsychotic treatment. Poster presented at the 39th Annual NCDEU Meeting, Boca Raton, Fl.
60. Gorelick KJ (1998) Industry affiliations and scientific conclusions. JAMA 280:1141-1142.
61. Greene WL, Concato J, Feinstein AR (2000) Claims of equivalence in medical research: are they supported by the evidence? Ann Intern Med 132:715-722.
62. Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Davies M, Clevenger N, Wu M, Arnold LE (2001) Impairment and deportment responses to different methylphenidate doses in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:180-187.
63. Gwynne P (1999) Corporate collaborations: scientists can face publishing constraints. Clientist 13(11):1, 6.
64. Heilgenstein JH, Spenser TJ, Faries DE, Biederman, Kratochvil IC, Conners CK (2000) Efficacy of tomoxetine vs placebo in pediatric outpatients with ADHD. Presented at the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Annual Meeting, New York, NY.
65. Hillman AL, Eisenberg JM, Pauly MV, Bloom BS, Glick H, Knosian B, Schwartz JS (1991) Avoiding bias in the conduct of cost-effectiveness research sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. N Engl J Med 324:1362-1365.
66. Hirshfeld RM(1998) American health care systems and depression. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20):5-10.
67. Ho BC, Miller D, Nopoulos P, Andreasen NC (1999) A comparative effectiveness study of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 60:658-663.
68. Hotopf M, Lewis G, Normand C (1997) Putting trials on trial - the costs and consequences of small trials in depression. J Epidemiol Community Health 51:354-358.
69. Huston P, Moher D (1996) Redundancy, disaggregation, and the integrity of medical research. Lancet 347:1024-1026.
70. Janssen Pharmaceutica Research Foundation (1996) Risperidol: a first choice in psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 57:62.
71. Kavoussi RJ, Segraves T, Hughes AR, Ascher JA, Johnston JA (1997) Double-blind comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 58:332-337.
72. Kessler DA (1992) Addressing the problem of misleading advertising. Ann Intern Med 116:950-951.
73. Kessler DA, Rose JL, Temple RJ, Sharpiro R, Griffin JP (1994) Therapeutic-class wars-drug promotion in the marketplace. N Engl J Med 331:1350-1353.
74. Kiev A, Feiger A (1997) A double-blind comparison of fluvoxamine and paroxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 58:146-152.
75. Krimsky S, Rothenberg LS, Stott G, Kyle G (1998) Scientific journals and their authors' financial interests: a pilot study. Psychother Psychosom 67:194-204.
76. Lane HY, Chiu WC, Chou JC, Wu ST, Su MH, Change WH (2000) Risperidone in acutely exacerbated schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 61:209-214.
77. Lapierre YD, Nair NP, Chouinard G, Awad AG, Saxena B (1990) A controlled dose-ranging study of remoxipride and haloperidol in schizophrenia - a Canadian multicentre trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82(Suppl 358):72-76.
78. Lauritsen K, Havelund T, Laursen LS, Madsen JR (1987) Withholding unfavorable results in drug company sponsored clinical trials. Lancet 1:1091.
79. Lecrubier Y, Judge R (1997) Long-term evaluation of paroxetine, clomipramine and placebo in panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 95:153-160.
80. Lemmens P, Brecher M, Van Baelen B (1999) A combined analysis of double-blind studies with risperidone vs. placebo and other antipsychotic agents. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99:160-170.
81. Lexchin J (1993) Interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. CMAJ 149:1401-1407.
82. Lieberman JA, Safferman A, Pollack S, Szymanski S, Johns C, Howard A (1994) Clinical effects of clozapine in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151:1744-1752.
83. Littrell KH, Johnson CG, Peabody CD, Hilligoss NM, Petty RG (2000) Olanzapine treatment for patients with schizophrenia and substance abuse. Poster at the 40th annual meeting of NCDEU, Boca Raton, Fl.
84. Longstaffe S, Moffatt ME, Whalen JC (2000) Behavioral and self-concept changes after six months of enuresis treatment. Pediatrics 105:935-940.
85. Love RC, Conley RR, Kelly DL, Bartko JJ (1999) A dose-outcome analysis of risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry 60:771-775.
86. Mandelkern M (1999) Manufacturer support and outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 60:122.
87. Marder SR, Davis JM, Chouinard G (1997) The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 58:538-546.
88. Marder SR (1999) Newer antipsychotics in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:383-384.
89. Marder SR, Meibach RC (1994) Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151:825-835.
90. Marshall M, Lockwood A, Bradley C, Adams C, Joy C, Fenton M (2000) Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomized controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 176:249-252.
91. Mc Evoy JP, Hogarty GE, Steingard S (1991) Optimal dose of neuroleptic in acute schizoprenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:739-745.
92. Modell JG, Katholi CR, Modell JD, DePalma RL (1997) Comparative sexual side effects of bupropion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline. Clin Pharmacol Ther 61:476-487.
93. Monda JM, Husmann DA (1995) Primary nocturnal enuresis: a comparison among observation, imipramine, desmopressin acetate, and bed-wetting alarm systems. J Urol 154:745-748.
94. Montejo-Gonzalez AL, Liorca G, Izquierdo JA, Ledesma A (1997) SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 23:176-183.
95. Moukheiber Z (2001) Conflicting claims, manipulated data, sniping medical ads. Forbes 167:267-268.
96. Moynihan R (2002) Drug firms hype disease as sales ploy, industry chief claims. BMJ 324:867.
97. Mullen J, Reinstein M, Bari M, Ginsberg L, Sandler N (1999) Quetiapine and risperidone in outpatients with psychotic disorders. Poster presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of the NCDEU, Boca Raton, Fl.
98. Nelson JC, Kennedy JS, Pollock BG, Thode FL, Narayan M (1999) Treatment of major depression with nortriptyline and paroxetine in patients with ischemic heart disease. Am J Psychiatry 156:1024-1028.
99. Nemeroff CB (1998) The escalating pharmaceutical company wars: Where is the academic to hide? CNS Spectrums 3:17.
100. 2A receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 156:869-875.
101. Parker G, Roy K, Wilhelm K, Mitchell P (2001) Assessing the comparative effectiveness of antidepressant therapies: a prospective clinical practice study. J Clin Psychiatry 62:117-125.
102. Patris M, Agussol P, Alby JM, Brion S, Burnat G, Castelnau D (1990) A double-blind multicentre comparison of remoxipride, at two dose levels, and haloperidol. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82(Suppl 358):78-82.
103. Peterson TJ, Dording CM, Kornbluh RA, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M (2000) A survey of prescribing in the treatment of depression. Presented at the 153rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Chicago, IL.
104. Peuskens J, Bech P, Moller HJ, Bale R, Fleurot O, Rein W (1999) Amisulpride vs. risperidone in the treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia. Psychiat Res 88:107-117.
105. Phillips RA, Hoey J (1998) Constraints of interest: lessons at the Hospital for Sick Children. CMAJ 159:955-957.
106. Preskorn SH (1997) Clinically relevant pharmacology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 32(Suppl 1):1-21.
107. Quick J (2001) Maintaining the integrity of the clinical evidence base. Bull World Health Org 79:1093.
108. Rapaport M, Coccaro E, Sheline Y, Perse T, Holland P, Fabre L, Bradford D (1996) A comparison of fluvoxamine and fluoxetine in the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16:373-378.
109. Rennie D (1997) Thyroid storm. JAMA 277:1238-1243.
110. Rennie D (1999) Fair conduct and fair reporting of clinical trials. JAMA 282:1766-1768.
111. Rennie D, Flanagin A (1994) Authorship! Authorship! Guests, ghosts, grafters, and the two sided coin. JAMA 271:469-471.
112. Rettig RA (2000) The industrialization of clinical research. Health Aff 19:129-146.
113. Rifkin A, Doddi S, Karajgi B, Borenstein M, Wachspress M (1991) Dosage of haloperidol for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:166-170.
114. Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Cheung M, Hayes JA, Chalmers TC (1994a) Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal. JAMA 272:108-113.
115. Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Simms RW, Fortin PR, Felson DT, Minaker KL, Chalmers TC (1994b) A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis. Arch Intern Med 154:157-163.
116. Roose SP (1992) Modern cardiovascular standards for psychotropic drugs. Psychopharmacol Bull 28:35-43.
117. Rosebush PI, Mazurek MF (1999) Neurologic side effects in neuroleptic-naive patients treated with haloperidol or risperidone. Neurology 52:782-785.
118. Rudolph RL, Feiger AD (1999) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of once-daily venlafaxine extended release (XR) and fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 56:171-181.
119. Schooler NR (2000) Evaluating clinical trial data from schizophrenia research. J Clin Psychiatry Audiographic Series, 3(3):13, 18.
120. Schulman SL, Colish Y, von Zuben FC, Kodman-Jones C (2000) Effectiveness of treatment for nocturnal enuresis in a heterogeneous population. Clin Pediatrics 39:359-364.
121. Segraves RJ, Kavoussi R, Hughes AR, Batey SR, Johnston JA, Donahue R, Ascher JA (2000) Evaluation of sexual functioning in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20:122-128.
122. Sheehan D (1999) Anxiety and mood disorders. Presented at the 152nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.
123. Shenk D (1999, March 22) Money & science=ethics problems on campus Nation 268:11-18.
124. Shimm DS, Spece RG (1991) Industry reimbursement for entering patients into clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 115:148-151.
125. Shuchman M (1998) Legal issues surrounding privately funded research cause furore in Toronto. CMAJ 159:983-986.
126. Silva JC (1998) Randomized, double blind comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine in outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 59:352-357.
127. Silversides A (1998) Private sector becoming the key to research funding in Canada. CMAJ 159:397-398.
128. Simpson GM, Lindenmeyer JP (1997) Extrapyramidal symptoms in patients treated with risperidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17:194-201.
129. Sobo S (1999, October) Mood stabilizers and mood swings: In search of a definition. Psychiatric Times pp. 36-42.
130. Soumerai SB, Ross-Degnan D (1999) Inadequate prescription-drug coverage for medicare enrollees-a call to action. N Engl J Med 340:722-727.
131. Spingarn RW, Berlin JA, Strom BL (1996) When pharmaceutical manufacturers' employees present grand rounds, what do residents remember? Acad Med 71:86-88.
132. Stahl SM (1999) Selecting an atypical antipsychotic by combining clinical experience with guidelines from clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 60(Suppl 10):31-41.
133. Stolberg SG, Gerth J (2000, July 23) How companies stall generics and keep themselves healthy. New York Times pp.1,12 & 13.
134. Stone CK, Garver DL, Griffith J, Hirschowitz, Bennett J (1995) Further evidence of a dose-response threshold for haloperidol in psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 152:1210-1212.
135. Tamminga CA (2000) Evaluating clinical trial data from schizophrenia research. J Clin Psychiatry Audiographic Series, 3(3):4-5.
136. Tarabusi CC, Vickery G (1998) Globalization in the pharmaceutical industry, part 1. Int J Health Serv 28:67-105.
137. Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Tamura RN, Tran PV, Potvin JH (1997a) Blind, controlled, long-term study of the comparative incidence of treatment-emergent tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine or haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry 154:1248-1254.
138. Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Tran PV, Street JS, Krueger JA, Tamura RN, Graffeo KA, Thieme ME (1997b) Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizo-affective and schizophreniform disorders. Am J Psychiatry 154:457-465.
139. Tran P, Creanga D, Zhang F, Wang J, Vangala S, Cousins L, Tollefson G (1999) Clinical experience with olanzapine in ethnic subgroups. Poster at the 39th Annual Meeting of the NCDEU, Boca Raton, Fl.
140. Tran PV, Dellva MA, Tollefson GD, Wentley AL, Beasley CM (1998) Oral olanzapine versus oral haloperidol in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 172:499-505.
141. Tran PV, Dellva MA, Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Potvin JH, Kiesler GM (1997a) Extrapyramidal symptoms and tolerability of olanzapine versus haloperidol in the acute treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 58:205-211.
142. Tran PV, Hamilton SH, Kuntz AJ, Potvin JH, Andersen SW, Beasley C, Tollefson GD (1997b) Double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17:407-418.
143. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Carmody TJ, Donahue RM, Bolden-Watson C, Houser TL, Metz A (2001) Do bupropion SR and sertraline differ in their effects on anxiety in depressed patients? J Clin Psychiatry 62:776-781.
144. Van Putten T, Marder SR, Mintz J (1990) A controlled dose comparison of haloperidol in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:754-758.
145. Walker PW, Cole JO, Gardner EA, Hughes AR, Johnston A, Batey SR, Lineberry CG (1993) Improvement in fluoxetine-associated sexual dysfunction in patients switched to bupropion. J Clin Psychiat 54:459-465.
146. Weiden PJ (2001) Optimizing optimistically: getting the most out of the atypical antipsychotics. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, La.
147. Weiden P, Mackell J, McDonnell DD (2000) Obesity as a risk factor for antipsychotic noncompliance. Poster at the 40th Annual Meeting of the NCDEU, Boca Raton, Fl.
148. Wheatley DP, Moffaert M, Timmerman L, Kremer CM (1998) Mirtazapine: Efficacy and tolerability in comparison with fluoxetine in patients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiat 59:306-312.
149. Wille S (1986) Comparison of desmopressin and enuresis alarm for nocturnal enuresis. Arch Dis Childhood 61:30-33.
150. Wirshing DA, Marshall BD, Green MF, Mintz J, Marder SR, Wirshing WC (1999) Risperidone in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 156:1374-1379.
151. Wolfe SM (1996) Why do American drug companies spend more than $12 billion a year pushing drugs? J Gen Int Med 11:637-639.
152. Wong JZ, Zipursky RB, Beiser M, Bean G (1999) Optimal halo-peridol dosage in first-episode psychosis. Can J Psychiatry 44:164-167.
153. Woosley RL (1994) A prescription for better prescritions. Iss Sci Technol 10:59-66.
154. Zajecka J, Amsterdam JD, Quitkin FM, Reimherr FW, Rosenbaum JF (1999) Changes in adverse events reported by patients during 6 months of fluoxetine therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 60:389-394.
155. Zappala FN (1998) FDA's Rx for keeping educational programs free of industry bias. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 55:2472-2474.
156. Ziegler MG, Lew P, Singer BC (1995) The accuracy of drug information from pharmaceutical sales representatives. JAMA 273:1296-1298.