Clinically relevant pharmacology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: An overview with emphasis on pharmacokinetics and effects on oxidative drug metabolism

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 32, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1997, Pages 1-21

  Preskorn, Sheldon H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE WICHITA   (United States)

^b Via Christi Rehabilitation Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIESTROGEN; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CITALOPRAM; CYTOCHROME P450; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MACROLIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORFLUOXETINE; OPIATE; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; SODIUM CHANNEL; STEROID; TOLBUTAMIDE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

AGE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DEPRESSION; DROWSINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG OXIDATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; FATIGUE; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENDER; HEADACHE; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; NERVOUSNESS; PARESTHESIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SWEATING; TREMOR; VERTIGO; VISUAL DISORDER;

EID: 0031025875     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199700321-00003     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Montgomery SA, Dufour H, Brion S, et al. The prophylactic efficacy of fluoxetine in unipolar depression. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153 Suppl. 3: 69-76
2. Eric LA. A prospective double-blind comparative multicentre study of paroxetine and placebo in preventing recurrent major depression episodes. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29 Suppl. 11: 254S-255S
3. Doogan DP, Caillard V. Sertraline in the prevention of depression. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160: 217-22
4. Preskorn S. The clinically relevant pharmacology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Caddo, Oklahoma: Professional Communications Inc., 1996
5. Preskorn S. Comparison of the tolerability of buproprion, fluoxetine, imipramine, nefazodone, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56 Suppl. 6: 12-21
6. Preskorn S. Targeted pharmacotherapy in depression management: comparative pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 9 Suppl. 3: 13-9
7. Van Harten J. Clinical pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol 1993; 24 (3): 203-20
8. Goodnick PJ. Pharmacokinetic optimisation of therapy with newer antidepressants. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994; 27: 307-30
9. Lane R, Baldwin D, Preskorn S. The SSRIs: advantages, disadvantages and differences. J Psychopharmacol 1995; 9 (2) Suppl.: 163-78
10. Janicak PPG, Davis J, Preskorn SH, et al. Principles and practice of psychopharmacotherapy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994
11. Marsden C, Tyrer P, Casey P, et al. Changes in human whole blood 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and platelet 5-HT uptake during treatment with paroxetine, a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor. J Psychopharmacol 1987; 1: 244-50
12. Wernicke JF, Dunlop SR, Dornseif BE, et al. Fixed dose fluoxetine therapy for depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987; 23: 164-8
13. Wernicke JF, Dunlop SR, Dornseif BE, et al. Low dose fluoxetine therapy for depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 183-8
14. Dunner DL, Dunbar GC. Optimal dose regimen for paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 Suppl. 2: 21-6
15. Fabre LF, Abuzzahab FS, Amin M, et al. Sertraline safety and efficacy in major depression: a double-blind fixed dose comparison with placebo. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 592-602
16. Bjerkenstedt L, Flyckt L, Overo KF, et al. Relationship between clinical effects, serum drug concentration and serotonin uptake inhibition in depressed patients treated with citalopram. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 28: 553-7
17. Dufour H, Bouchacourt M, Thermoz P, et al. Citalopram - a highly selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor - in the treatment of depressed patients. Int Clin Psycopharmacol 1987; 2: 225-37
18. Preskorn SH, Silkey B, Beber J, et al. Antidepressant response and plasma concentrations of fluoxetine. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1991; 3: 147-51
19. Kelly MW, Perry PJ, Holstad SG, et al. Serum fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations and antidepressant response. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 165-70
20. Bouquet S, Vandel S, Bertschy S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine in depressed patients: personal results. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 15 Suppl. 1: 82A-83A
21. Kasper S, Dotsch M, Vieira A, et al. Plasma concentration of fluvoxamine and maprotiline in major depression: implications on therapeutic efficacy and side effects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1993; 3: 13-21
22. Laursen AL, Mikkelsen PL, Rasmussen S, et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of depression - a randomized comparison with amitriptyline. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985; 71: 249-55
23. Tasker TCG, Kaye CM, Zussman Bd, et al. Paroxetine plasma levels: lack of correlation with efficacy or adverse events. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80 Suppl. 350: 152-5
24. Preskorn SH, Harvey A. Biochemical and clinical dose-response curves with sertraline. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 59: 180
25. Lemberger L, Bergstrom RF, Wolen RL, et al. Fluoxetine: clinical pharmacology and physiologic disposition. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46 (3 Pt 2): 14-9
26. Wood K, Swade C, Abou-Saleh M, et al. Drug plasma levels and platelet 5-HT uptake inhibition during long-term treatment with fluvoxamine or lithium in patients with affective disorders. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 15 Suppl. 3: 365S-368S
27. Wong DT, Fuller RW, Robertson DW. Fluoxetine and its two enantiomers as selective serotonin uptake inhibitors. Acta Pharm Nord 1990; 2: 171-80
28. Wong DT, Bymaster FP, Reid LR, et al. Norfluoxetine enantiomers as inhibitors of serotonin uptake in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993; 8: 337-44
29. Fuller RW, Snoddy HD, Krushinski JH, et al. Comparison of norfluoxetine enantiomers as serotonin uptake inhibitors in vivo. Neuropharmacology 1992; 31: 997-1000
30. Norman TR, Gupta RK, Burrows GD, et al. Relationship between antidepressant response and plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 8: 25-9
31. Stevens JC, Wrighton SA. Interaction of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine with human liver cytochromes P450. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 266 (2): 964-71
32. Hyttel J, Bøgesø KP, Perregard J, et al. The pharmacological effect of citalopram resides in the S-(+)-enantiomer. J Neural Transmission 1992; 88: 157-60
33. Rochat B, Amey M, Baumann P. Analysis of enantiomers of citalopram and its demethylated metabolites in plasma of depressive patients using chiral reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 1995; 17: 273-9
34. Baumann P, Rochat B. Comparative pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a look behind the mirror. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10 Suppl. 1: 15-21
35. Preskorn SH. Pharmacokinetics of antidepressants: why and how they are relevant to treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54 Suppl. 9: 14-34
36. Brøsen K, Skjelbo E, Rasmussen BB, et al. Fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P4501A2. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45 (6): 1211-4
37. Rasmussen BB, Maenpaa J, Pelkonen O, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and theophylline metabolism in human liver microsomes: potent inhibition by fluvoxamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 39: 151-9
38. von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Duan SX, et al. In vitro biotransformation of phenacetin to acetaminophen: metabolic inhibition by antidepressants. Am Soc Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 59: 175
39. Crewe HK, Lennard MS, Tucker GT, et al. The effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) activity in human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34: 262-5
40. Skjelbo E, Brøsen K. Inhibitors of imipramine metabolism by human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34: 256-61
41. von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Court MH, et al. Inhibition of alprazolam and desipramine hydroxylation in vitro by paroxetine and fluvoxamine: comparison with other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: 125-31
42. Otton SV, Ball SE, Cheung SW, et al. Comparative inhibition of the polymorphic enzymes CYP2D6 by venlafaxine (VF) and other 5HT uptake inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55 (2): 141
43. Otton SV, Wu D, Joffe RT, et al. Inhibition by fluoxetine of cytochrome P450 2D6 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 401-9
44. von Moltke L, Greenblatt D, Cotreau-Bibbo M, et al. Inhibitors of alprazolam metabolism in vitro: effect of serotonin-reuptake-inhihitor antidepressants, ketoconazole and quinidine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38: 23-31
45. Sindrup SH, Brøsen K, Hansen MG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of citalopram in relation to the sparteine and the mephenytoin oxidation polymorphisms. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15: 11-7
46. Goldslein JA, de Morais SM. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP 2C subfamily. Pharmacogenetics 1994; 4: 285-99
47. Kupfer A, Preisig R. Pharmacogenetics of p-mephenytoin: a new drug hydroxylation polymorphism in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 26: 753-9
48. Overmars H, Scherpenisse PM, Post LC. Fluvoxamine maleate: metabolism in man. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1983; 8: 269-80
49. de Vries MH, Raghoebar M, Mathlener IS, et al. Single and multiple oral dose oral fluvoxamine kinetics in young and elderly subjects. Ther Drug Monit 1992; 14: 493-8
50. Van Harten J, Stevens LA, Raghoebar M, et al. Fluvoxamine does not interact with alcohol or potentiate alcohol-related impairment of cognitive function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 427-35
51. Bergstrom RF, Lemberger L, Farid NA, et al. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine: a review. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153 Suppl. 3: 47-50
52. Bergstrom RF, Peyton AL, Lemberger L. Quantification and mechanism of the fluoxetine and tricyclic antidepressant interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51: 239-48
53. Altamura AC, Moro AR, Percudani M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994; 26: 201-14
54. Hamelin BA, Turgeon J, Vallie F, et al. Genetic determinate of sertraline and fluoxetine disposition in twenty healthy volunteers. Canadian Society of Clinical Pharmacology Meeting, Sept 1995
55. Otton SV, Wu D, Joffe RT, et al. Inhibition by fluoxetine of cytochrome P450 2D6 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 401-9
56. Baumann P, Bertschy G. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibiting antidepressants (SSRIs) with other psychotropic drugs. Nord J Psychiatry 1993; 47 Suppl. 30: 13-9
57. Bolden-Watson C, Richelson E. Blockade by newly-developed antidepressants of biogenic amine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes. Life Sci 1993; 52: 1023-9
58. Hyttel J. Comparative pharmacology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Nord J Psychiatry 1993; 47 Suppl. 3: 5-12
59. Preskorn S, Alderman J, Chung M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of desipramine coadministered with sertraline or fluoxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14 (2): 90-8
60. Greenblatt DJ, Preskorn SH, Cotreau MM, et al. Fluoxetine impairs clearance of alprazolam but not of clonazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 479-86
61. Sindrup SH, Brøsen K, Gram LF, et al. The relationship between paroxetine and the sparteine oxidation polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51: 278-87
62. Bloomer JC, Woods FR, Haddock RE, et al. The role of cytochrome P4502D6 in the metabolism of paroxetine by human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 33: 521-3
63. Sindrup SH, Brøsen K, Gram LF. Pharmacokinetics of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine: nonlinearity and relation to the sparteine oxidation polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51: 288-95
64. Greb WH, Buscher G, Dierdorf HD, et al. The effect of liver enzyme inhibition by cimetidine and enzyme induction by phenobarbitone on the pharmacokinetics of paroxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80 Suppl. 350: 95-8
65. Bannister SJ, Houser VP, Hulse JD, et al. Evaluation of the potential for interactions of paroxetine with diazepam, cimetidine, warfarin, and digoxin. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80 Suppl. 35: 102-6
66. Andersen BB, Mikkelsen M, Vesterager A, et al. No influence of the antidepressant paroxetine on carbamazepine, valproate and phenytoin. Epilepsy Res 1991; 10: 201-4
67. Alderman J, Preskorn S, Greenblatt D, et al. Desipramine pharmacokinetics when coadministered with paroxetine or sertraline. J Clin Psychopharmacol. In press
68. Kaye CM, Haddock RE, Langley PF, et al. A review of the metabolism of paroxetine in man. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80 Suppl. 350: 60-75
69. Démolis JL, Angeband P, Grangé JD, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of orally administered sertraline in patients with stable chronic hepatic insufficiency and in healthy subjects. Presented at the French Association of Pharmacologists, Lille, France, 6-8 Oct, 1993
70. Fredericson OK, Toft B, Christophersen L, et al. Kinetics of citalopram in elderly patients. Psychopharmacol 1985; 86: 253-7
71. Raghoebar M, Roseboom H. Kinetics of fluvoxamine in special populations. Poster presented at symposium on variability in pharmacokinetics and drug response. Gothenburg, October 3-5: 1988
72. Wilde MI, Plosker GL, Benfield P. Fluvoxamine. An update review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic use in depressive illness. Drugs 1993; 46: 895-924
73. Feighner JP, Cohn JB. Double-blind comparative trials of fluoxetine and doxepin in geriatric patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46: 20-5
74. Preskorn SH. Recent pharmacologic advances in antidepressant therapy for the elderly. Am J Med 1993; 94 Suppl. 5 A: 2S-12S
75. Hartter S, Wetzel H, Hammes E, et al. Inhibition of antidepressant demethylation and hydroxylation by fluvoxamine in depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 1993; 110: 302-8
76. Ronfeld RA, Tremaine LM, Wilner KD. Pharmacokinetics of sertraline and its N-demethyl metabolite in elderly and young male and female volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32 Suppl. 1: 22-30
77. Harvey AT, Preskorn SH. Interactions of serotonin reuptake inhibitors with tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 783-4
78. Balant LP. Pharmacokinetics in special populations. Presented at the European Psychopharmacology Consensus Meeting as a satellite meeting to the First International Congress on Hormones, Brain and Neuropsychopharmacology: Rhodes, Greece: Sep 13-17, 1993
79. Schenker S, Bergstrom RF, Wolen RL, et al. Fluoxetine disposition and elimination in cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44: 353-9
80. Dalhoff K, Almdal TP, Bjerrum K, et al. Paroxetine in patients with cirrhosis. Psychopharmacol 1991; 103: B13
81. Warrington SJ. Clinical implications of the pharmacology of sertraline. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 6 Suppl. 2: 11-21
82. Schneker S, Bergstrom RF, Wolen RL, et al. Fluoxetine disposition and elimination in cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44: 353-9
83. Dalhoff K, Almdal TP, Pjerrum K, et al. Pharmacokinetics of paroxetine in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 41: 351-4
84. Doyle GD, Laher M, Kelly JG, et al. The pharmacokinetics of paroxetine in renal impairment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 350 Suppl.: 89-90
85. Arnoff GR, Bergstrom RF, Pottratz ST, et al. Fluoxetine kinetics and protein binding in normal and impaired renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 36: 138-44
86. Fredericson OK. Preliminary studies of the kinetics of citalopram in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 14: 69-73
87. Palmer KJ, Benfield P. Fluvoxamine: an overview of its pharmacological properties and review of its potential in non-depressive disorders. CNS Drugs 1994; 1: 57-87
88. Nebert DW. Proposed role of drug-metabolizing enzymes: regulation of steady state levels of the ligands that affect growth, homeostasis, differentiation, and neuroendocrine functions. Mol Endocrinol 1991; 5 (9): 1203-14
89. Nelson DR, Kamataki T, Waxman DJ, et al. The P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes, and nomenclature. DNA Cell Biol 1993; 12: 1-51
90. Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Mimura M, et al. Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 270: 414-23
91. Gonzalez FJ. Human cytochrome p450: problems and prospects. Trends Pharmacol 1992; 13: 346-52
92. Brøsen K. Isozyme specific drug oxidation: genetic polymorphism and drug-drug interactions. Nord J Psychiatry 1993; 47 Suppl. 30: 21-6
93. Harvey AT, Preskorn SH. Cytochrome P450 enzymes: interpretation of their interactions with SSRIs. Pt I. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16: 273-85
94. Harvey AT, Preskorn SH. Cytochrome P450 enzymes: interpretation of their interactions with SSRIs. Pt II. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16 (5): 345-55
95. Ketter TA, Flockhart DA, Post RM, et al. The emerging role of cytochrome P450 in psychopharmacology. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: 387-98
96. Fleishaker JC, Hulst LK. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the combined administration of alprazolam and fluvoxamine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 46: 35-9
97. Lasher TA, Fleishaker JC, Steenwyk RC, et al. Pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic evaluation of the combined administration of alprazolam and fluoxetine. Psychopharmacology 1991; 104: 323-7
98. Kerr BM, Thummel KE, Wurden CJ, et al. Human liver carbamazepine metabolism. Role of CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 in 10,11-epoxide formation. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47: 1969-79
99. Miles MV, Tennison MB. Erythromycin effects on multiple-dose carbamazepine kinetics. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 47-52
100. Gernaat HBPE, Van De Woude J, Touw DJ. Fluoxetine and parkinsonism in patients taking carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1604-5
101. Spina E, Avenoso A, Pollicino AM, et al. Carbamazepine coadministration with fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15: 247-50
102. Pearson HJ. Interaction of fluoxetine with carbamazepine. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 126
103. Grimsley SR, Jann MW, Carter JG, et al. Increased carbamazepine plasma concentrations after fluoxetine coadministration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 50: 10-5
104. Gidal BE, Anderson GD, Seaton TL, et al. Evaluation of the effect of fluoxetine on the formation of carbamazepine epoxide. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15: 405-9
105. Swims MP. Potential terfenadine-fluoxetine interaction. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27: 1404-5
106. Fritze J, Unsorg B, Lanczik M. Interaction between carbamazepine and fluvoxamine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991; 84: 583-4
107. Bonnet P, Vandel S, Nezelof S, et al. Carbamazepine, fluvoxamine: is there a pharmacokinetic interaction? Therapie 1992; 47: 165
108. Rapeport WG, Williams SA, Muirhead DC, et al. Absence of a sertraline-mediated effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carbamazepine. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 Suppl. 1: 20-3
109. Olkkola KT, Aranko K, Luurila H, et al. A potentially hazardous interaction between erythromycin and midazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 298-305
110. Varhe A, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Oral triazolam is potentially hazardous to patients receiving systemic antimycotics ketoconazole and itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1944; 56: 601-7
111. Gram LF, Hansen MGJ, Sindrup SH, et al. Citalopram: interaction studies with levomepromazine, imipramine, and lithium. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15: 18-24
112. Spina E, Pollicino AM, Avenoso A, et al. Effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in healthy subjects. Ther Drug Monit 1993; 15: 243-6
113. Albers LJ, Reist C, Helmeste D, et al. Paroxetine shifts imipramine metabolism. Psychiatry Res 1996; 59: 189-96
114. Brøsen K, Hansen JG, Nielsen KK, et al. Inhibition by paroxetine of desipramine metabolism in extensive but not in poor metabolizers of sparteine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 44: 349-55
115. Jann MW, Carson SW, Grimsley SR, et al. Lack of effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of imipramine and its metabolites [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 57: 207
116. Sproule BA, Otton SV, Cheung SW, et al. Does sertraline inhibit CYP 2D6 after chronic dosing? Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 57: 151
117. Zussman BD, Davie CC, Fowles SE, et al. Sertraline, like other SSRIs, is a significant inhibitor of desipramine metabolism in vivo [abstract]. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 39: 550-1
118. Kurtz D, Bergstrom R, Goldberg M, et al. Drug interaction between sertraline and desipramine or imipramine [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 34: 1009-33
119. Benfield P, Ward A. Fluvoxamine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. Drugs 1986; 32: 313-34
120. Apseloff G, Wilner KD, Gerber N, et al. Effect of sertraline on protein binding of warfarin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32 Suppl. 1: 37-42
121. Rowe H, Carmichael R, Lemberger L. The effect of fluoxetine on warfarin metabolism in the rat and man. Life Sci 1978; 23: 807-12
122. Rettie AE, Korzekwa KR, Kunze KL, et al. Hydroxylation of warfarin by human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P-450: a role for P-4502C9 in the etiology of (S)-warfarin-drug interactions. Chem Res Toxicol 1992; 5: 54-9
123. Sperber AD. Toxic interaction between fluvoxamine and sustained release theophylline in an 11-year-old boy. Drug Saf 1991; 6: 460-2
124. Bertschy G, Vandel S, Allers G, et al. Fluvoxamine-tricyclic antidepressant interaction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 40: 119-20
125. Ohmori S, Takeda S, Rikihisa T, et al. Studies on cytochrome P450 responsible for oxidative metabolism of imipramine in human liver microsomes. Biol Pharm Bull 1993; 16: 571-5
126. Lemoine A, Gautier JC, Azouluy D, et al. Major pathway of imipramine metabolism is catalyzed by cytochromes P450 1A2 and P450 3A4 in human liver. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 43: 827-32
127. Schmider J, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, et al. N-demethylation of amitriptyline in vitro: role of CYP3A isoforms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 57: 193
128. Tremaine LM, Wilner KD, Preskorn SH. A study of the potential effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of tolbutamide. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32 Suppl. 1: 31-6
129. Veronese ME, Mackenzie PI, Doecke CJ, et al. Tolbutamide and phenytoin hydroxylations by cDNA-expressed human liver cytochrome P4502C9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175: 1112-8
130. Veronese ME, Doecke C, Mackenzie P, et al. Site-directed mutation studies of human liver cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in the CYP2C subfamily. Biochem J 1993; 289 (Pt 2): 533-8
131. Rapeport WG, Muirhead DC, Williams SA, et al. Absence of effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of phenytoin. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 Suppl. 1: 24-8
132. Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke L. Fluoxetine inhibition of phenytoin metabolism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14: 375-6
133. Tassaneeyakul W, Veronese M, Birkett D, et al. Co-regulation of phenytoin and tolbutamide metabolism in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34: 494-8
134. Bertilsson L, Henthorn TK, Sanz E, et al. Importance of genetic factors in the regulation of diazepam metabolism: relationship to S-mephenytoin, but not debrisoquin, hydroxylation phenotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 45: 348-55
135. Andersson T. Omeprazole drug interaction studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 21: 195-212
136. Ishizaki T, Chiba K, Manabe K, et al. Comparison of the effects of E3810 and omeprazole on diazepam pharmacokinetics in extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55: 141
137. Wilkinson G, Guengerich FP, Branch RA. Genetic polymorphism of S-mephenytoin hydroxylation. Pharmacol Ther 1989; 43: 53-76
138. Caraco Y, Tateishi T, Wood AJJ. Ethnic effects on inhibition of drug metabolism [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55: 169
139. Yusumori T, Nagata K, Yang SK, et al. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of diazepam in human and rat: involvement of human CYP2C in N-demethylation in the substrate concentration-dependent manner. Pharmacogenetics 1993; 3: 291-301
140. Andersson T, Miners JO, Vernoese ME, et al. Diazepam metabolism by human liver microsomes is mediated by both S-mephenytoin hydroxylase and CYP 3A isoforms. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38: 131-7
141. Perucca E, Gatti G, Cipolla G, et al. Inhibition of diazepam metabolism by fluvoxamine: a pharmacokinetic study in normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 56: 471-6
142. Lemberger L, Rowe H, Bosomworth JC, et al. The effect of fluoxetine on the pharmacokinetics and psychomotor responses of diazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 43: 412-9
143. Gardner MJ, Baris BA, Wilner KD, et al. Effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of diazepam in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32 Suppl. 1: 43-9