Carrying capacity as "informed judgment": The values of science and the science of values

Environmental Management

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 157-168

  Manning, Robert E ^a   Lawson, Steven R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

Author keywords

Carrying capacity; Environmental issues; Norms; Parks; Science; Standards of quality; Values; Wilderness

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; NATURAL RESOURCES; STANDARDS;

WILDERNESS MANAGEMENT;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

CARRYING CAPACITY; PARK MANAGEMENT; PROTECTED AREA; WILDERNESS AREA;

DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT; STANDARD; ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MANAGEMENT; PUBLIC OPINION; RECREATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; KNOWLEDGE; POLICY MAKING; PUBLIC OPINION; RECREATION; SOCIAL VALUES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0036673083     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-002-2772-x     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Dennis, D. 1998. Analyzing public inputs to multiple objective decisions on national forests using conjoint analysis. Forest Science 44:421-429.
2. Donnelly, M., and others. 1992. Measuring backcountry standards in visitor surveys. Pages 38-52 in Defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management-workshop proceedings: General technical report PNW-305. USDA Forest Service.
3. Graefe, A., and others. 1990. Visitor impact management: The planning framework. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, DC.
4. Green, P., and V. Srinivasan. 1978. Conjoint analysis in colisumer research: Issues and outlook. Journal of Consumer Research 5:103-123.
5. Hammitt, W., and D, Cole. 1998. Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. John Wiley, New York, 361 pp.
6. Heberlein, T., and others. 1986. Using a social carrying capacity model to estimate the effects of marina development at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Leisure Sciences 8:257-74.
7. Heywood, J. 1993a. Behaxioral conventions in higher density, day use wildland/urban recreation settings: A preliminary case study. Journal of Leisure Research 25:39-52.
8. Heywood, J. 1993b. Game theory: A basis for analyzing emerging norms and conventions in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 15:37-48.
9. Heywood, J. 1996a. Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 18:355-363.
10. Heywood, J. 1996b. Social regularities in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 18:23-37.
11. Hof, M., and others. 1994. Getting a handle on visitor carrying capacity - a pilot project at Arches National Park. Park Science 14:11-13.
12. Jackson, J. 1965. Structural characteristics of norms. Pages 301-309 in I. D. Steiner and M. F. Fishbein (eds.) Current studies of social psychology. Holt, Rinehart, Winston, New York.
13. Lawson, S., and R. Manning. 2001a. Crossing experiential boundaries: Visitor preferences regarding tradeoffs among social, resource, and managerial attributes of the Denali wilderness experience. Thee George Wright Forum 18(3):10-27.
14. Lawson, S., and R. Manning, 2000a. Crowding versus access at Delicate Arch, Arches National Park: An indifference curve analysis. Pages 135-143 in Proceedings of the third symposium on social aspects and recreation research. Tempe, Arizona.
15. Lawson, S., and R. Manning. 2000b. Evaluating multiple dimensions of visitors' tradeoffs between access and crowding at Arches National Park using indifference curve analysis. Pages 167-175 in Proceedings of the 2000 northeastern recreation research symposium. Bolton Landing, New York.
16. Lawson, S., and R. Manning. 2001b. Solitude versus access: A study of tradeoffs in outdoor recreation using indifference curve analysis. Leisure Sciences, 23:179-191.
17. Lawson, S., and R. Manning. 2002. Tradeoffs among social, resource, and management attributes of the Denali wilderness experience: A contextual approach to normative research. Leisure Sciences (in press).
18. Louviere, J., and H. Timmermans. 1990a. Stated preference and choice models applied to recreation research: A review. Leisure Sciences 12:9-32.
19. Louviere, J., and H. Timmermans. 1990b. Using hierarchical information integration to model consumer responses to possible planning actions: Recreation destination choice illustration. Environment and Planning 22:291-308.
20. Louviere, J., and G. Woodworth. 1985. Models of park choice derived from experimental and observational data: A case study in Johnston County, Iowa. University of Iowa Technical Report, Iowa City, Iowa.
21. MacCrimmon, K., and M. Toda. 1969. The experimental determination of indifference curves. Review of Economic Studies 36:433-451.
22. Mackenzie, J. 1993. A comparison of contingent preference models. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75:593-603.
23. Manning, R. 1999. Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 374 pp.
24. Manning, R., and others. 1995. The visitor experience and resource protection process: The application of carrying capacity to Arches National Park. The George Wright Forum 12:41-55.
25. Manning, R., and others. 1996a. Crowding norms at front-country sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences 18:39-59.
26. Manning, R., and others. 1996b. Social carrying capacity of natural areas: Theory and application in the US National Parks. Natural Areas Journal 16:118-127.
27. Manning, R., and others. 1997a. Acadia National Park carriage road study: Phase III Research. Technical Report NPS/NESO-RNR/NRTR/98-1. US National Park Service.
28. Manning, R., and others. 1997b. Acadia National Park Carriage Road study: Phase II research. Technical Report NPS/NESO-RNR/NRTR/98-3. US National Park Service.
29. Manning, R., and others. 1998. Day use hiking in Grand Canyon National Park. University of Vermont Technical Report, Burlington, Vermont.
30. Manning, R., and others. 1999a. Research to support visitor management at Alcatraz Island. University of Vermont Technical Report, Burlington, Vermont.
31. Manning, R., and others. 2000. Carrying capacity research for Yosemite Valley: Phase II study. University of Vermont Technical Report, Burlington, Vermont.
32. Manning, R., and others. 1999b. Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches. Leisure Sciences 21:219-229.
33. Manning, R. and others. 1999c. Research to support visitor management at Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island National Monuments. University of Vermont Technical Report, Burlington, Vermont.
34. Manning, R., and others. 1999d. Carrying capacity research for Yosemite Valley: Phase I study. University of Vermont Technical Report, Burlington, Vermont.
35. Martin, S., and others. 1989. Wilderness campsite impacts: Do managers and visitors see them the same? Environmental Management 13:623-629.
36. McDonald, C. 1996. Normative perspectives on outdoor recreation behavior: Introductory comments. Leisure Sciences 18:1-6.
37. National Park Service. 1997. VERP: The visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) framework - a handbook for planners and managers. Technical Report. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.
38. Nicholson, W. 1995. Microeconomic theory: Basic principles and extensions, 6th ed. The Dryden Press, Fort Worth.
39. Noe, F. 1992. Further questions about the management and conceptualization of backcountry encounter norms. Journal of Leisure Research 24:86-92.
40. Patterson, M., and W. Hammitt. 1990. Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude. Journal of Leisure Research 22:259-275.
41. Pindyck, R., and D. Rubinfeld. 1995. Microeconomics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
42. Potter, F., and R. Manning. 1984. Application of the wilderness travel simulation model to the Appalachian Trail in Vermont. Environmental Management 8:543-550.
43. Roggenbuck, J., and others. 1991. River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 23:133-153.
44. Schechter, M., and R. Lucas. 1978. Simulation of recreational use for park and wilderness management. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
45. Schroeder, H., and others. 1990. Monetary and nonmonetary trade-offs of urban forest site attributes in a logit model of recreation choice. General Technical Report RM-197. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
46. Shelby, B. 1981. Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research 13:129-138.
47. Shelby, B., and R. Harris. 1985. Comparing methods for determining visitor evaluations of ecological impacts: Site visits, photographs, and written descriptions. Journal of Leisure Research 17:57-67.
48. Shelby, B., and T. Heberlein. 1984. A conceptual framework for carrying capacity determination. Leisure Sciences 6:433-451.
49. Shelby, B., and T. Heberlein. 1986. Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
50. Shelby, B., and B. Shindler. 1990. Interest group norms for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Paper presented at the Third Conference on Society and Resource Management, College Station, Texas.
51. Shelby, B., and J. Vaske. 1991. Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research 23:173-187.
52. Shelby, B., and D. Whittaker. 1995. Flows and recreation quality on the Dolores River: Integrating overall and specific evaluations. Rivers 5:121-132.
53. Shelby, B., and others. 1988. User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Journal of Leisure Research 20:245-256.
54. Shelby, B., and others. 1996. Norms, standards and natural resources. Leisure Sciences 18:103-123.
55. Stankey, G., and R. Manning. 1986. Carrying capacity of recreation settings. A literature review: The President's Commission on Americans Outdoors. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. M-47-M-57.
56. Stankey, G., and others. 1985. The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. General Technical Report INT-176. USDA Forest Service.
57. Vaske, J., and M. Donnelly. 1988. Normative evaluations of wildlife management. Paper presented at the annual congress of the National Recreation and Park Association, Indianapolis, Indiana.
58. Vaske, J., and others. 1986. Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method, and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 18:137-153.
59. Vaske, J., and others. 1996. Country of origin, encounter norms and crowding in a frontcountry setting. Leisure Sciences 18:161-165.
60. Wang, B., and R. Manning. 1999. Computer simulation modeling for recreation management: A study on carriage road use in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. Environmental Management 23:193-203.
61. Whittaker, D., and B. Shelby. 1988. Types of norms for recreation impact: Extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 20:261-273.
62. Williams, D., and others. 1991. The effect of norm-encounter compatibility on crowding perceptions, experience, and behavior in river recreation settings. Journal of Leisure Research 23:154-172.