Social regularities in outdoor recreation

Leisure Sciences

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 23-37

  Heywood, John L ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conventions; Emerging norms; Norms; Sanctions; Social regularities; Standards

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030509934     PISSN: 01490400     EISSN: 15210588     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01490409609513270     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Blake, J., & Davis, K. (1964). Norms, values, and sanctions. In R. E. L. Faris (Ed.), Handbook of modern sociology (pp. 456-484). Chicago: Rand McNally.
2. Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent developments in role theory. Annual review of sociology, 12, 67-92.
3. Bourricaud, F. (1981). The sociology of Talcott Parsons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Cheek, N. H. & Burch, W. R. (1976). The social organization of leisure in human society. New York: Harper & Row.
5. Cheek, N. H., Field, D. R., & Burdge, R. J. (1976). Leisure and recreation places. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science.
6. Durkheim, E. (1949). The division of labor in society. New York: Free Press.
7. Elster, J. (1989). The cement of society: A study of social order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Gibbs, J. P. (1981). Norms, deviance, and social control: conceptual matters. New York: Elsevier.
9. Hamilton, P. (1983). Talcott Parsons. London: Tavistock.
10. Heberlein, T. A. (1977). Density, crowding, and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacity. In Proceedings: River Recreation Management and Research Symposium.Minneapolis: USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-28, pp. 67-76.
11. Heckathorn, D. D. (1988). Collective sanctions and the creation of prisoner's dilemma norms. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 535-562.
12. Hewitt, J. P. (1979). Self and society: A symbolic interactionist social psychology (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
13. Heywood, J. L. (1987). Experience preferences of participants in different types of river recreation groups. Journal of Leisure Research, 19, 1-12.
14. Heywood, J. L. (1993a). Behavioral conventions as management standards. Paper presented at the Leisure Research Symposium, San Jose, CA.
15. Heywood, J. L. (1993b). Game theory: A basis for analyzing emerging norms and conventions in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 15, 37-48.
16. Heywood, J. L. (1994a). Behavioral standards for trails across the recreation opportunity spectrum. Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, Fort Collins, CO.
17. Heywood, J. L. (1994b). Differences in behavioral conventions: A comparison of US born and Mexican born Hispanics and Anglo Americans. Paper presented at the Symposium on Social Aspects and Recreation Research, San Diego, CA.
18. Horwitz, A. V. (1990). The logic of social control. New York: Plenum Press.
19. Jackson, J. (1965). Structural characteristics of norms. In I. D. Steiner & M. Fishbein (Eds.), Current studies in social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
20. Jackson, J. (1966). A conceptual and measurement model of norms and roles. Pacific Sociological Review, 35-47.
21. Jackson, J. (1975). Normative power and conflict potential. Sociological Methods & Research, 4, 237-263.
22. Kelly, J. R. (1983). Leisure identities and interactions. London: George Allen & Unwin.
23. Knack, S. (1992). Civic norms, social sanctions, and voter turnout. Rationality and Society, 4, 133-156.
24. Lewis, D. (1969). Convention: A philosophy study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
25. Manning, R. E. (1985). Crowding norms in backcountry settings: A review and synthesis. Journal of Leisure Research, 17, 75-89.
26. Müller, H. P. (1988). Social structure and civil religion: Legitimation crisis in a later Durkheimian perspective. In J. C. Alexander (Ed.), Durkheimian sociology: Cultural studies (pp. 129-158). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Neal, D. M., & Phillips, B. D. (1988). An examination of emergent norms and emergent social structures in collective behavior situations. Sociological Focus, 21, 233-243.
28. Noe, F. P., Hull R. B., & Wellman, J. D. (1982). Normative response and norm activation among ORV users within a seashore monument. Leisure Sciences, 5, 127-142.
29. Opp, K.-D. (1982). The evolutionary emergence of norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 139-149.
30. Parsons, T. (1937). The structure of social action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
31. Parsons, T, & Shils, E. A. (1951/1991). Toward a general theory of action. New York: Harper & Row.
32. Parsons, T., Bales, R. F., & Shils, E. A. (1953). Working papers in the theory of action. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
33. Parsons, T. (1951/1991). The social system. London: Routledge.
34. Pate, A. M., & Hamilton, E. E. (1992). Formal and informal deterrents to domestic violence: The Dade County spouse assault experiment. American Sociological Review, 57, 691-697.
35. Patterson, M. E., & Hammitt, W. E. (1990). Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 259-275.
36. Roggenbuck, J. W., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. P., & Dean, D. J. (1991). River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 133-153.
37. Schwartz, S. H. (1970). Moral decision making and behavior. In J. Macaulay and L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior: Some psychological studies of some antecedents and consequences (pp. 127-141). New York: Academic Press.
38. Shelby, B. (1976). Social psychological effects of crowding in wilderness: The case of river trips in the Grand Canyon. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder.
39. Shelby, B. (1981). Encounter norms in backcountry settings. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 129-138.
40. Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
41. Shelby, B., & Vaske, J. J. (1991). Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 173-187.
42. Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Harris, R. (1988). User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 245-256.
43. Turner, J. H. (1974). The structure of sociological theory. Homewood, IL: The Dorsey Press.
44. Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1987). Collective behavior (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
45. Ullman-Margalit, E. (1977). The emergence of norms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Vaske, J. J. (1977). The relationship between personal norms, social norms and reported contacts in Brule River visitors' perception of crowding. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
47. Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B., Graefe, A. R., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137-153.
48. Webster's seventh new collegiate dictionary. (1972). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.
49. Whittaker, D., & Shelby, B. (1988). Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 261-273.
50. Williams, D. R., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Bange, S. (1991). The effect of norm-encounter compatibility on crowding perceptions, experience and behavior in river recreation settings. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 154-172.
51. Wrong, D. H. (1961). The oversocialized conception of man in modern sociology. American Sociological Review, 26, 183-193.