Social carrying capacity of natural areas: Theory and application in the U.S. national parks

Natural Areas Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 118-127

  Manning, Robert E ^a   Lime, David W ^b,d   Hof, Marilyn ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c NATIONAL PARK SERVICE   (United States)

^d National Park Service

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; MONITORING; PROTECTED AREA; QUALITY MONITORING; SOCIAL CARRYING CAPACITY; VISITOR PRESSURE;

USA, UTAH, ARCHES NATIONAL PARK;

EID: 0030458075     PISSN: 08858608     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Burch, W.R., Jr. 1984. Much ado about nothing-some reflections on the wider and wilder implications of social carrying capacity. Leisure Sciences 6:487-496.
2. Bury, R.L. 1976. Recreation carrying capacity - hypothesis or reality? Parks and Recreation 1(1):23-25, 56-58.
3. Chenoweth, R.E. 1990. Image-capture computer technology and aesthetic regulation of landscapes adjacent to public lands. Pp. 563-568 in D.W. Lime, ed., Managing American's Enduring Wilderness Resource, proceedings of the conference, September 11-14, 1989, Minneapolis, Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, St. Paul.
4. Chilman, K., D. Foster, and A. Everson. 1990. Updating the recreational carrying capacity process: recent refinements. Pp. 234-239 in D.W. Lime, ed., Managing America's Enduring Wilderness Resource, proceedings of the conference, September 11-14, 1989, Minneapolis, Minnesota. University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
5. Dasmann, R.F. 1964. Wildlife Biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Frissell, S.S. and G.H. Stankey. 1992. Wilderness environmental quality: search for social and ecological harmony. In Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters Annual Conference, Washington, D.C.
7. Godin, V.B. and R.E. Leonard. 1977. Design capacity for backcountry recreation management planning. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 32(4):161-164.
8. Graefe, A.R., F.R. Kuss, and J.J. Vaske. 1990. Visitor Impact Management (Volume II): the Planning Framework. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, D.C.
9. Heberlein, T.A., G.E. Alfano, and L.H. Ervin. 1986. Using a social carrying capacity model to estimate the effects of marina development at the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Leisure Sciences 8:257-274.
10. Kuss, F.R., A.R. Graefe, and J.J. Vaske. 1990. Visitor Impact Management (Volume I): a Review of Research. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, D.C.
11. Lime, D.W. 1970. Research for determining use capacities on the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Naturalist 21(4):9-13.
12. Lime, D.W. 1990. Image capture technology: an exciting new tool for wilderness managers! Pp. 549-552 in D.W. Lime, ed., Managing America's Enduring Wilderness Resource, proceedings of the conference, September 11-14, 1989, Minneapolis, Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, St. Paul.
13. Lime, D.W., R.E. Manning, M.E. Lewis, and W.A. Friemund. 1994. Indicators and standards of quality for the visitor experience at Arches National Park: Phase II research. University of Minnesota Cooperative Park Studies Unit, St. Paul. 351 p.
14. Lime, D.W. and G.H. Stankey. 1971. Carrying capacity: maintaining outdoor recreation quality. Pp. 174-184 in Recreation Symposium Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
15. Manning, R.E. 1985. Crowding norms in back-country settings. Journal of Leisure Research 17:75-89.
16. Manning, R.E. 1986. Studies in Outdoor Recreation. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
17. Manning, R.E., D.W. Lime, R.F. McMonagle, and P. Nordin. 1993. Indicators and standards of quality for the visitor experience at Arches National Park: Phase I research. University of Minnesota Cooperative Park Studies Unit, St. Paul. 54 p.
18. Nassauer, J.I. 1990. Using image capture technology to generate wilderness management solutions. Pp. 553-562 in D.W. Lime, ed., Managing America's Enduring Wilderness Resource, proceedings of the conference, September 11-14, 1989, Minneapolis, Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, St. Paul.
19. Pitt, D.G. 1990. Developing an image capture system to see wilderness management solutions. Pp. 541-548 in D.W. Lime, ed., Managing America's Enduring Wilderness Resource, proceedings of the conference, September 11-14, 1989, Minneapolis, Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, St. Paul.
20. Roggenbuck, J.W., D.R. Williams, S.P. Bange, and D.J. Dean. 1991. River float trip encounter norms: questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 23:133-152.
21. Roggenbuck, J.W., D.R. Williams, and A.E. Watson. 1993. Defining acceptable conditions in wilderness. Environmental Management 17(2):187-197.
22. Shelby, B. and T.A. Heberlein. 1986. Carrying Capacity in Recreation Settings. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
23. Shelby, B., G. Stankey, and B. Shindler (eds.). 1992. Defining wilderness quality: the role of standards in wilderness management - a workshop proceedings. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-305, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific North-west Research Station, Portland, Ore. 114 p.
24. Shelby, B. and J.J. Vaske. 1991. Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: a comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research 23:173-187.
25. Stankey, G.H., D.N. Cole, R.C. Lucas, M.E. Petersen, S.S. Frissell, and R.F. Washburne. 1985. The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. General Technical Report INT-176, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 37 p.
26. Stankey, G.H. and D.W. Lime. 1973. Recreational carrying capacity: an annotated bibliography. General Technical Report INT-3, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 45 p.
27. Stankey, G.H. and R.E. Manning, 1988. Carrying Capacity of Recreation Settings: A Literature Review. The President's Commission on Americans Outdoors.
28. Stankey, G.K., S.F. McCool, and G.C. Stokes. 1984. Limits of acceptable change: a new framework for managing the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex. Western Wildlands 10(3):33-37.
29. Summer, E.L. 1936. Special report on a wildlife study in the High Sierra in Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks and adjacent territories. Unpublished report of the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
30. U.S. National Park Service. 1992. Grand Canyon National Park visitor use management workshop findings and recommendations. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Denver, Colo. 41 p.
31. U.S. National Park Service. 1993. Special report. VERP: a process for addressing visitor carrying capacity in the National Park System. Working draft paper. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Denver, Colo. 20 p.
32. S. National Park Service. 1995. The Visitor Experience and Resource Protection Implementation Plan: Arches National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Denver, Colo.
33. U.S. Public Law 95-625. 95th Congress, 1978. General Authorities Act.
34. Vaske, J.J., B. Shelby, A.R. Graefe, and T.A. Heberlein. 1986. Backcountry encounter norms: theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 18(3):137-153.
35. Wagar, J.A. 1964. The Carrying Capacity of Wild Lands for Recreation. Forest Science Monograph 7, Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C.
36. Wagar, J.A. 1974. Recreational carrying capacity reconsidered. Journal of Forestry 72:274-278.
37. Washburne,R.F. 1982. Wilderness recreational carrying capacity: are numbers necessary? Journal of Forestry 80:720-728.
38. Whittaker, D. and B. Shelby. 1988. Types of norms for recreation impacts: extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 20:261-273.