The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: From urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction

Microcirculation

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 161-175

  Meneshian, Avedis ^a   Bulkley, Gregory B ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Endothelium; Free radicals; Ischemia reperfusion; Leukocytes; Oxidase; Reactive oxygen species; Reticuloendothelial system; Signal transduction; Xanthine

Indexed keywords

URIC ACID; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ANIMAL; ENZYMOLOGY; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASCULITIS;

ANIMALS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; REPERFUSION INJURY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; URIC ACID; VASCULITIS; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

EID: 0036652942     PISSN: 10739688     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.mn.7800136     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Adachi T, Fukushima T, Usami Y, Hirano K. (1993). Binding of human xanthine oxidase to sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the endothelial cell surface. Biochem J 289:523-527.
2. - generation by xanthine oxidase of pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 85:739-745.
3. 2-dependent type: amino acid sequence of rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase and identification of the cleavage sites of the enzyme protein during irreversible conversion by trypsin. J Biol Chem 265: 14170-14175.
4. Arai T, Kelly SA, Brengman ML, Takano M, Smith EH, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Bulkley GB. (1998). Ambient but not incremental oxidant generation effects intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) induction by TNF-α in endothelium. Biochem J 331: 853-861.
5. Argenbright LW, Letts LG, Rothlein R. (1991). Monoclonal antibodies to the leukocyte membrane CD18 glycoprotein complex and to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibit leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in rabbits. J Leukoc Biol 49:253-257.
6. Ayajiki K, Kindermann M, Hecker M, Fleming I, Busse R. (1996). Intracellular pH and tyrosine phosphorylation but not calcium determine shear stress-induced nitric oxide production in native endothelial cells. Circ Res 78:750-758.
7. Baatard R, Pradier F, Dantal J, Karam G, Cantarovich D, Hourmant M, Bourbigot B, Soulillou JP. (2001). Prospective randomized comparison of University of Wisconsin and UW-modified, lacking hydroxyethyl-starch, cold-storage solutions in kidney transplantation. Transplantation 55:31-35.
8. Babior BM. (1999). NADPH oxidase: an update. Blood 93:1464-1476.
9. --producing enzyme of human neutrophils: further properties. J Biol Chem 256:2321-2323.
10. Baker GL, Autor AP, Corry RJ. (1985). Effect of allopurinol on kidneys after ischemia and reperfusion. Current Surgery 42:466-469.
11. Ballou D, Palmer G, Massey V. (1969). Direct demonstration of superoxide, anion production during the oxidation of reduced flavin and of its catalytic decomposition by erythrocuprein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 36:898-904.
12. Battelli MG. (1980). Enzymic conversion of rat liver xanthine oxidase from dehydrogenase (D form) to oxidase (O form). FEBS Lett 113:47-51.
13. Battelli MG, Abbondanza A, Stirpe F. (1992). Effects of hypoxia and ethanol on xanthine oxidase of isolated rat hepatocytes: conversion from D to O form and leakage from cells. Chem Biol Interact 83: 73-84.
14. Battelli MG, Lorenzoni E, Stirpe F. (1973). Milk xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) and type O (oxidase). Purification, interconversion, and some properties. Biochem J 131:191-198.
15. Bienvenu K, Granger DN. (1993). Molecular determinants of shear rate-dependent leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules. Am J Physiol 264:H1504-H1508.
16. Bounous G. (1967). Role of the intestinal contents in the pathophysiology of acute intestinal ischemia. Am J Surg 114:368-375.
17. Bruder G, Heid H, Jarasch E-D, Keenan TW, Mather IH. (1982). Characteristics of membrane-bound and soluble forms of xanthine oxidase from milk and endothelial cells of capillaries. Biochim Biophys Acta 701:357-369.
18. Bruder G, Jarasch E-D, Heid HW. (1984). High concentrations of antibodies to xanthine oxidase in human and animal sera. Molecular characterization. J Clin Invest 74:783-794.
19. Bulkley GB. (1983). The role of oxygen free radicals in human disease processes. Surgery 94:407-411.
20. Bulkley GB. (1993). Endothelial xanthine oxidase: a radical transducer of inflammatory signals for reticuloendothelial activation. Br J Surg 80:684-686.
21. Bulkley GB. (1994). Reactive oxygen metabolites and reperfusion injury: aberrant triggering of reticuloendothelial function. Lancet 344:934-936.
22. Chambers DJ, Braimbridge MV, Hearse DJ. (1987). Free radicals and cardiophlegia: allopurinol and oxypurinol reduce myocardial injury following ischemic arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 44:291-297.
23. Della Corte E, Stirpe F. (1972). The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase. Involvement of thiol groups in the conversion of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) into oxidase (type O) and purification of the enzyme. Biochem J 126:739-745.
24. DeRubertis FR, Craven PA. (1976). Calcium-independent modulation of cyclic GMP and activation of guanylate cyclase by nitrosamines. Science 193:897-899.
25. Doré M, Korthuis RJ, Granger DN, Entman ML, Smith CW. (1993). P-selectin mediates spontaneous leukocyte rolling in vivo. Blood 82:1308-1316.
26. Dupont GP, Huecksteadt TP, Marshall BC, Ryan US, Michael JR, Hoidal JR. (1992). Regulation of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activity and gene expression in cultured rat pulmonary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 89:197-202.
27. Eddy LJ, Stewart JR, Jones HP, Engerson TD, McCord JM, Downey JM. (1987). Free radical-producing enzyme, xanthine oxidase, is undetectable in human hearts. Am J Physiol 253:H709-H711.
28. Enroth C, Eger BR, Okamoto K, Nishino T, Nishino T, Pai EF. (2001). Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: structure-based mechanism of conversion. PNAS 97: 10723-10728.
29. Fleming I, Bauersachs J, Busse R. (1997). Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent activation of the endothelial NO synthase. J Vasc Res 34:165-174.
30. Friedl HP, Till GO, Ryan US, Ward PA. (1989). Mediator-induced activation of xanthine oxidase in endothelial cells. FASEB J 3:2512-2518.
31. Fuh KC, Meneshian A, Bulkley GB. (2001). Signal transduction by reactive oxygen species. Surgery (in press, 2002).
32. Granger DN, Kubes P. (1994). The microcirculation and inflammation: modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. J Leukoc Biol 55:662-675.
33. Granger DN, Kubes P. (1996). Nitric oxide as anti-inflammatory agent. Methods Enzymol 269:434-442.
34. Granger DN, Rutili G, McCord JM. (1981). Superoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia. Gastroenterology 81:22-29.
35. Grisham MB, Hernandez LA, Granger DN. (1986). Xanthine oxidase and neutrophil infiltration in intestinal ischemia. Am J Physiol 251:G567-G574.
36. Grum CM, Gallagher KP, Kirsh MM, Shlafer M. (1989). Absence of detectable xanthine oxidase in human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 21:263-267.
37. Hansson R. (1983). Protective effects of free radical scavengers and allopurinol in rabbits. In: Postischemic Renal Damage. University of Goteborg. Goteborg, Sweden. 7-107.
38. Hille R, Nishino T. (1995). Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase. FASEB J 9:995-1003.
39. Horie Y, Wolf R, Miyasaka M, Anderson DC, Granger DN. (1996). Leukocyte adhesion and hepatic microvascular responses to intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion in rats. Gastroenterology 111:666-673.
40. Hoshino T, Maley WR, Bulkley GB, Williams GM. (1988). Ablation of free radical-mediated reperfusion injury for the salvage of kidneys taken from non-heart-beating donors: a quantitative evaluation of the proportion of injury caused by reperfusion following periods of warm, cold, and combined warm and cold ischemia. Transplantation 45:284-289.
41. Hoshino T, Maley WR, Williams GM, Bulkley GB. (1988). Relationship between timing of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition and the prevention of postischemic renal injury. FASEB J 2:A1867.
42. Houston M, Estevez A, Chumley P, Aslan M, Marklund S, Parks DA, Freeman BA. (1999). Binding of xanthine oxidase to vascular endothelium. Kinetic characterization and oxidative impairment of nitric oxide-dependent signaling. J Biol Chem 274:4985-4994.
43. Ichida K, Amaya Y, Noda K, Minoshima S, Hosoya T, Sakai O, Shimizu N, Nishino T. (1993). Cloning of cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene. Gene 133:279-284.
44. Jarasch E-D, Bruder G, Heid HW. (1986). Significance of xanthine oxidase in capillary endothelial cells. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 548:39-46.
45. Jarasch ED, Grund C, Bruder G, Heid HW, Keenan TW, Franke WW. (1981). Localization of xanthine oxidase in mammary-gland epithelium and capillary endothelium. Cell 25:67-82.
46. Johnson WD, Kayser KL, Brenowitz JB, Saedi SF. (1991). A randomized controlled trial of allopurinol in coronary bypass surgery. Am Heart J 121:20-24.
47. Jourd'heuil D, Grisham MB, Granger DN. (1999). Nitric oxide and the gut. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1:384-388.
48. Kapacz M, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Beresewucz A. (1993). Reperfusion arrhythmias and purine wash-out in isolated rat and rabbit heart. Effect of allopurinol, dimethylthiourea and calcium reduction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 25:859-874.
49. Kishimoto TK, Anderson DC. (1922). The role of integrins in inflammation. In: Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates (JI Gallin, IM Goldstein, and R Snyderman, Eds.) Raven, New York. 353-406.
50. Klatt P, Molina EP, García de Lacoba M, Padilla CA, Martínez-Galisteo E, Bárcena JA, Lamas S. (1999). Redox regulation of c-Jun DNA binding by reversible S-glutathiolation. FASEB J 13:1481-1490.
51. Klein A, Wang D, Takao S, Kondo S, Bulkley C. (1990). Oxidant-mediated phagocytic killing by the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. Gastroenterology 108:A295.
52. Klein A, Zhadkevich M, Margolick J, Winkelstein J, Bulkley G. (1994). Quantitative discrimination of hepatic, reticuloendothelial clearance and phagocytic killing. J Leukoc Biol 55:248-252.
53. Klein AS, Zhadkevich M, Wang D, Margolick JB, Winkelstein JA, Bulkley GB. (1996). Discriminant quantitation of posttransplant hepatic reticuloendothelial function. The impact of ischemic preservation. Transplantation 61:1156-1161.
54. Koyama I, Bulkley GB, Williams GM, Im MJ. (1985). The role of oxygen free radicals in mediating the reperfusion injury of cold-preserved ischemic kidneys. Transplantation 40:590-595.
55. Kuehl FA Jr, Humes JL, Torchiana ML, Ham EA, Egan RW. (1979) Oxygen-centered radicals in inflammatory processes. In: Advances in Inflammation Research (G Weissman, B Samuelsson, and R Paoletti, Eds.) Raven Press. New York. 419-430.
56. Kukreja RC, Kontos HA, Hess ML, Ellis EF. (1986). PGH synthase and lipoxygenase generate superoxide in the presence of NADH or NADPH. Circ Res 59: 612-619.
57. Kurose I, Anderson DC, Miyasaka M, Tamatani T, Paulson JC, Todd RF, Rusche JR, Granger DN. (1994). Molecular determinants of reperfusion-induced leukocyte adhesion and vascular protein leakage. Circ Res 74:336-343.
58. Land W, Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Illner W-D, Abendroth D, Rutili G, Arfors KE, Messmer K. (1994). The beneficial effect of human recombinant superoxide dismutase on acute and chronic rejection events in recipients of cadaveric renal transplants. Transplantation 57:211-217.
59. Lapenna D, Mezzetti A, De Gioia S, Ciofani G, Marzio L, Di Ilio C, Cuceurullo G. (1992). Heparin: does it act as an antioxidant in vivo? Biochem Pharm 44: 188-191.
60. Lefer DJ, Scalia R, Campbell B, Nossull T, Hayward R, Salamon M, Grayson J, Lefer AM. (1997). Peroxynitrite inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. J Clin Invest 99:684-691.
61. Ley K, Gaehtgens P, Fennie C, Singer MS, Lasky LA, Rosen SD. (1991). Lectin-like cell adhesion molecule 1 mediates leukocyte rolling in mesenteric venules in vivo. Blood 77:2553-2555.
62. 2 in protecting against preservation/reperfusion injuries in a hypotensive canine renal autotransplant model. Transpl Proc 22: 466-468.
63. Lindell SL, Gandolph D, Southard JH, Belzer FO. (1991). Comparison of PBS, HTK, and UW solutions for kidney preservation. Transplant Proc 23: 2399-2401.
64. Massey V, Harris CM. (1997). Milk xanthine oxidoreductase: the first one hundred years. Biochem Soc Trans 25:750-755.
65. Massey V, Strickland S, Mayhew SG, Howell LG, Engel PC, Matthews RG, Schuman M, Sullivan PA. (1969). The production of superoxide anion radicals in the reaction of reduced flavins and flavoproteins with molecular oxygen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 10:891-897.
66. Matthews RG, Massey V. (1969). Isolation of old yellow enzyme in free and complexed forms. J Biol Chem 244:1779-1786.
67. Mayumi T, Chan CK, Clemens MG, Bulkley GB. (1996). Zonal heterogeneity of hepatic injury following shock/resuscitation: relationship of xanthine oxidase activity to localization of neutrophil accumulation and central lobular necrosis. Shock 5:324-332.
68. McCord JM. (1985). Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. New Engl J Med 312: 159-163.
69. McCord JM, Fridovich I. (1968). The reduction of cytochrome c by milk xanthine oxidase. J Biol Chem 243:5753-5760.
70. McCord JM, Fridovich I. (1969). Superoxide dismutase: an enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J Biol Chem 244:6049-6055.
71. McCord JM, Roy RS. (1982). The pathophysiology of superoxide: roles in inflammation and ischemia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60:1346-1352.
72. McEver RP. (1991). Selectins: novel receptors that mediate leukocyte adhesion during inflammation. Thromb Haemost 65:223-228.
73. Meyer M, Pahl HL, Baeuerle PA. (1994). Regulation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 by redox changes. Chem Biol Interact 91:91-100.
74. Morgan EJ, Stewart CP, Hopkins FG. (1922). On the anaerobic and aerobic oxidation of xanthin and hypoxanthin by tissues and by milk. Proc R Soc London Ser B 94:109-131.
75. Natarajan R, Gupta S, Fisher BJ, Ghosh S, Fowler AA. (2001). Nitric oxide suppresses IL-8 transcription by inhibiting C-Jun N-terminal kinase-induced AP-1 activation. Exp Cell Res 266:203-212.
76. Neurath H, Walsh KA. (1976). Role of proteolytic enzymes in biological regulation (a review). PNAS 73:3825-3832.
77. Nishino T, Schopfer LM, Massey V. (1989). The reactivity of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase with molecular oxygen. J Biol Chem 264:2518-2527.
78. Nishino T, Tamura I. (1991). The mechanism of conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase and the role of the enzyme in reperfusion injury. Adv Exp Med Biol 309A:327-333.
79. Owaki T, Meneshian A, Maemura K, Takao S, Wang D, Fuh KC, Bulkley GB, Klein AS. (2000). Endothelial cells potentiate phagocytic killing by macrophages via platelet-activating factor release. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 278:H269-H276.
80. Page S, Benboubetra M, Blake D, Powell D, Selase F, Stevens C. Wolstenholme A, Harrison R. (1997). Cytokine-induced activation of xanthine oxidase in human mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Soc Trans 25:958.
81. Page S, Powell D, Benboubetra M, Stevens CR, Blake DR, Selase F, Wolstenholme AJ, Harrison R. (1998). Xanthine oxidoreductase in human mammary epithelial cells: activation in response to inflammatory cytokines. Biochim Biophys Acta 1381: 191-202.
82. Parks DA, Bulkley GB, Granger DN. (1983). Role of oxygen free radicals in shock, ischemia, and organ preservation. Surgery 94:428-432.
83. Parks DA, Bulkley GB, Granger DN, Hamilton SR, McCord JM. (1982). Ischemic injury in the cat small intestine: role of superoxide radicals. Gastroenterology 82:9-15.
84. Parks DA, Granger DN. (1986). Xanthine oxidase: biochemistry, distribution and physiology. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 548:87-99.
85. Parks DA, Granger DN, Bulkley GB, Shah AK. (1985). Soybean trypsin inhibitor attenuates ischemic injury to the feline small intestine. Gastroenterology 89:6-12.
86. Parmley LF, Mufti AG, Downey JM. (1992). Allopurinol therapy of ischemic heart disease with infarct extension. Can J Cardiol 8:280-286.
87. Pfeffer KD, Huecksteadt TP, Hoidal JR. (1994). Xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activity and gene expression in renal epithelial cells. J Immunol 153:1789-1797.
88. Picker LJ, Warnock RA, Burns AR, Doerschuk CM, Berg EL, Butcher EC. (1991). The neutrophil selectin LCAM-1 presents carbohydrate ligands to the vascular selectins ELAM-1 and GMP-140. Cell 66: 921-933.
89. Pinkus R, Weiner LM, Daniel V. (1996). Role of oxidants and antioxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF-Kβ, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. J Biol Chem 271:13422-13429.
90. Potoka DA, Takao S, Owaki T, Bulkley GB, Klein AS. (1998). Endothelial cells potentiate oxidant-mediated Kupffer cell phagocytic killing. Free Radic Biol Med 24:1217-1227.
91. Rashid MA, William-Olsson G. (1991). Influence of allopurinol on cardiac complications in open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 52:127-130.
92. Ratych RE, Bulkley CB. (1986). Free radical-mediated post-ischemic reperfusion injury in the kidney. J Free Radic Biol Med 2:311-319.
93. Samuelsson B. (1983). Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. Science 220:568-575.
94. Sanders SA, Eisenthal R, Harrison R. (1997). NADH oxidase activity of human xanthine oxidoreductase. Generation of superoxide anion. Eur J Biochem 245:541-548.
95. Sarnesto A, Linder N, Raivio KO. (1996). Organ distribution and molecular forms of human xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase protein. Lab Invest 74:48-56.
96. Schardinger R. (1902). Z Untersuch Nahrungs Genussmittel 5:1113-1121.
97. Schiller HJ, Vickers S, Hildreth J, Mather I, Kuhajda F, Bulkley GB. (1991). Immunoaffinity localization of xanthine oxidase on the outside surface of the endothelial cell plasma membrane. Circ Shock 34:A435.
98. Schmid E, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Hack V, Dröge W. (1999). Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor kinase by phosphocreatine in combination with hydrogen peroxide: the structural basis of redox priming. FASEB J 13:1491-1500.
99. Schneeberger H, Illner WD, Abendroth D, Bulkley G, Rutili F, Williams M, Thiel M, Land W. (1989). First clinical experiences with superoxide dismutase in kidney transplantation - results of a double-blind randomized study. Transplant Proc 21(1 pt 2): 1245-1246.
100. Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Illner WD, Messmer K, Land W. (1993). The impact of free radical-mediated reperfusion injury on acute and chronic rejection events following cadaveric renal transplantation. Clin Transpl 219-232.
101. Schneeberger H, Schleibner S, Schilling M, Illner WD, Abendroth D, Hancke E, Janicke U, Land W. (1990). Prevention of acute renal failure after kidney transplantation by treatment with rh-SOD: interim analysis of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Transplant Proc 22(5):2224-2225.
102. phox-/- mouse model of chronic granulomatous disease. Infect Immun 68: 2374-2378.
103. Shatney CH, MacCarter DJ, Lillehei RC. (1976). Effects of allopurinol, propranolol and methylprednisolone on infarct size in experimental myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 37:572-580.
104. Sternbergh WC, Makhoul RG, Adelman B. (1993). Heparin prevents postischemic endothelial cell dysfunction by a mechanism independent of its anticoagulant activity. J Vasc Surg 17:318-327.
105. Stirpe F, Della Corte E. (1969). The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase. Conversion in vitro of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) to oxidase (type O). J Biol Chem 244:3855-3863.
106. Sugatani J, Fujimura K, Miwa M, Mizuno T, Sameshima Y, Saito K. (1989). Occurrence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in normal rat stomach and alteration of PAF level by water immersion stress. FASEB J 3:65-70.
107. 2 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction. Science 270:296-299.
108. Tabayashi K, Suzuki Y, Nagamine S, Ito Y, Sekino Y, Mohri H. (1991). A clinical trial of allopurinol (Zyloric) for myocardial protection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 101:713-718.
109. Takano M, Sheikh E, Hopkins E, Bulkley GB. (1999). Post-transcriptional P-selectin expression by endothelial cells in vitro is dependent upon enzymatically generated reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMS). Gastroenterolagy 116:A936-A937.
110. Takao S, Smith EH, Wang D, Chan CK, Bulkley GB, Klein AS. (1996). Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in murine peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and phagocytic killing. Am J Physiol 271:C1278-C1284.
111. Tan S, Yokoyama Y, Dickens E, Cash TG, Freeman BA. (1993). Xanthine oxidase activity in the circulation of rats following hemorrhagic shock. Free Radic Biol Med 15:407-414.
112. Terada LS, Donnish JJ, Shanley PF, Leff JA, Anderson BO, Repine JE. (1992). Circulating xanthine oxidase mediates lung neutrophil sequestration after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol 263: L394-L401.
113. Toledo-Pereyra LH, Simmons RL, Najarian JS. (1974). Effect of allopurinol on the preservation of ischemic kidneys perfused with plasma or plasma substitutes. Ann Surg 180:780-782.
114. Toledo-Pereyra LH, Simmons RL, Olson LC, Najarian JS. (1976). Clinical effect of allopurinol on preserved kidneys: a randomized double-blind study. Ann Surg 185:128-131.
115. Vickers S, Hildreth J, Kuhajda F, Madera P, Mather I, Baig M, Bulkley GB. (1990). Immunohistoaffinity localization of xanthine oxidase in the microvascular endothelial cells of porcine and human organs. Circ Shock 31:87.
116. Vickers S, Schiller HJ, Hildreth JEK, Bulkley GB. (1998). Immunoaffinity localization of the enzyme xanthine oxidase on the outside surface of the endothelial cell plasma membrane. Surgery 124:551-560.
117. Wajner M, Harkness RA. (1989). Distribution of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase activities in human and rabbit tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 991:79-84.
118. Wallace JL, McKnight W, Miyasaka M, Tamatani T, Paulson J, Anderson DC, Granger DN, Kubes P. (1993). Role of endothelial adhesion molecules in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury. Am J Physiol 265:G993-G998.
119. Weinbroum A, Nielsen VG, Tan S, Gelman S, Matalon S, Skinner KA, Bradley E Jr, Parks DA. (1995). Liver ischemia-reperfusion increases pulmonary permeability in rat: role of circulating xanthine oxidase. Am J Physiol 268:G988-G996.
120. Werns SW, Grum CM, Ventura A, Hahn RA, Ho PPK, Towner RD, Fantone JC, Schork MA, Lucchesi BR. (1991). Xanthine oxidase inhibition does not limit canine infarct size. Circulation 83:995-1005.
121. Wexler BC, McMurtry JP. (1981). Allopurinol amelioration of the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction in rats. Atherosclerosis 39:71-87.
122. White CR, Darley-Usmar V, Berrington WR, McAdams M, Gore JZ, Thompson JA, Parks DA, Tarpey MM, Freeman BA. (1996). Circulating plasma xanthine oxidase contributes to vascular dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. PNAS 93:8745-8749.
123. Xia M, Ilich P, Dempski R, Hille R. (1997). Recent mechanistic studies of xanthine oxidase. Biochem Soc Trans 25:768-773.
124. Yamakawa Y, Takano M, Patel M, Tien N, Takada T, Bulkley GB. (2000). Interaction of PAF, reactive oxygen species generated by xanthine oxidase, and leukocytes in the generation of hepatic injury after shock/resuscitation. Ann Surg 231:387-398.
125. Yamakawa Y, Takano M, Wilkins KB, Tien N, Patel M, Bulkley GB. (1998). Xanthine oxidase, reactive oxidants and neutrophils in hepatic injury following hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation. Gastroenterology 114:A434.
126. Yokoyama Y, Beckman JS, Beckman YK, Wheat JK, Cash TG, Freeman BA, Parks DA. (1990). Circulating xanthine oxidase: potential mediator of ischemic injury. Am J Physiol 258:G564-G570.
127. Zhang Z, Blake DR, Stevens CR, Kanczler JM, Winyard PG, Symoris MC, Benboubetra M, Harrison R. (1998). A reappraisal of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase in hypoxic reperfusion injury: the role of NADH as an electron donor. Free Radic Res 28:151-164.
128. Zimmerman BJ, Holt JW, Paulson JC, Anderson DC, Miyasaka M, Tamatani T, Todd RF, Rusche JR, Granger DN. (1994). Molecular determinants of lipid mediator-induced leukocyte adherence and emigration in rat mesenteric venules. Am J Physiol 266:H847-H853.