Exhaustive and heuristic retrieval processes in person cognition: Further tests of the TRAP model

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 82, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 193-207

  Garcia Marques, Leonel ^b   Maddox, Keith B ^c   Hamilton, David L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

^c University of California ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEMORY; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST;

ADULT; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 0036482938     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.2.193     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Anderson, N. H. (1965). Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 394-400.
2. Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994). Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1063-1087.
3. Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (1999). Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 608-629.
4. Anderson, M. C., & Neely, J. H. (1996). Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval. In E. L. Bjork & R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Memory (pp. 237-313). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
5. Anderson, M. C., & Spellman, B. A. (1995). On the status of inhibitory mechanisms in cognition: Memory retrieval as a model case. Psychological Review, 102, 68-100.
6. Asuncion, A. G., & Lam, W. F. (1995). Affect and impression formation: Influence of mood on person memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 437-464.
7. Baddeley, A. D., Lewis, V., Eldridge, M., & Thomson, N. (1984). Attention and retrieval from long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 518-540.
8. Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automaticity in social psychology. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 169-183). New York: Guilford Press.
9. Bargh, J. A., & Thein, R. D. (1985). Individual construct accessibility, person memory, and the recall-judgment link: The case of information overload. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1129-1146.
10. Beyth-Marom, R., & Fischoff, B. (1977). Direct measures of availability and judgments of category frequency. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 9, 236-238.
11. Brown, R., & McNeill, D. (1966). The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 325-337.
12. Brown, S. C. (1968). Role of stimulus-term and serial-position cues in constant-order paired-associates. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 269-274.
13. Craik, F. I., Govoni, R., Naveh-Benjamim, M., & Anderson, N. D. (1996). The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 159-180.
14. Fernandes, M. A., & Moskovitch, M. (2000). Divided attention and memory: Evidence of substantial interference effects at retrieval and encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 155-176.
15. Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2 (4th ed., pp. 357-411). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
16. Gabrielcik, A., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). Priming and frequency estimation: A strict test of the availability heuristic. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 85-89.
17. Garcia-Marques, L., & Hamilton, D. L. (1996). Resolving the apparent discrepancy between the incongruency effect and the expectancy-based illusory correlation effect: The TRAP model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 845-860.
18. Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509-517.
19. Hamilton, D. L. (1981). Stereotyping and intergroup behavior: Some thoughts on the cognitive approach. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 333-354). Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Hamilton, D. L., Driscoll, D. M., & Worth, L. T. (1989). Cognitive organization of impressions: Effects of incongruency in complex representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 925-939.
21. Hamilton, D. L., & Rose, T. L. (1980). Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832-845.
22. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer. Jr., & T. K. Srull (Ed). Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 2. Applications (2nd ed., pp. 1-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., & Ruvolo, C. M. (1990). Stereotype-based expectancies: Effects on information processing and social behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 35-60.
24. Hart, J. T. (1965). Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. Journal of Educational Psychology, 56, 208-216.
25. Hastie, R. (1988). A computer simulation model of person memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 423-447.
26. Hastie, R., & Kumar, P. A. (1979). Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 25-38.
27. Hicks, J. L., & Marsh, R. L. (2000). Toward specifying the attentional demands of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 26, 1483-1498.
28. Higgins, E. T. (1989). Knowledge accessibility and activation: Subjectivity and suffering from unconscious sources. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 75-123). New York: Guilford Press.
29. Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133-168). New York: Guilford Press.
30. Holtgraves, T., & Srull, T. K. (1990). Ordered and unordered retrieval strategies in person memory, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 63-81.
31. Macrae, C. N., Hewstone, M., & Griffiths, R. J. (1993). Processing load and memory for stereotype-based information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 77-87.
32. Martin, D. W. (1970). Residual processing capacity during verbal organization in memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 391-397.
33. Naveh-Benjamim, M., Craik, F. I. M., Guez, J., & Don, H. (1998). Effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory: Further support for an asymmetry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1091-1104.
34. Naveh-Benjamim, M., & Guez, J. (2000). Effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes: Assessment of attentional costs and component analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1461-1482.
35. Nhouyvanisvong, A., & Reder, L. M. (1998). Rapid feeling-of-knowing: A strategy selection mechanism. In V. Y. Yzerbyt & G. Lories (Eds.), Metacognition: Cognitive and social dimensions (pp. 35-52). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Rojahn, K., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1992). Memory for schema-relevant information: A meta-analytic resolution. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 81-109.
37. Rundus, D. (1973). Negative effects of using list items as recall cues. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 43-50.
38. Sherman, J. W., & Hamilton, D. L. (1994). On the formation of interitem associative links in person memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 203-217.
39. Skowronski, J., & Welbourne, J. (1997). Conditional probability may be a flawed measure of associative strength. Social Cognition, 15, 1-12.
40. Slamecka, N. J. (1968). An examination of trace storage in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 504-513.
41. Smith, R. E., & Hunt, R. R. (2000). The influence of distinctive processing on retrieval-induced forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 503-508.
42. Srull, T., K. (1981). Person memory: Some tests of associative storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 440-463.
43. Srull, T. K., Lichtenstein, M., & Rothbart, M. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 316-345.
44. Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1989). Person memory and judgment. Psychological Review, 96, 58-83.
45. Stangor, C., & Duan, C. (1991). Effects of multiple task demands upon memory for information about social groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 357-378.
46. Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42-61.
47. Stern, L., Marrs, S., Millar, M., & Cole, E. (1984). Processing time and the recall of inconsistent and consistent behaviors of individuals and groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 253-262.
48. Trumbo, D., & Milone, F. (1971). Primary task performance as a function of encoding, retention and recall on a secondary task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 91, 273-279.
49. Wyer, R. S., Jr., & Srull, T. K. (1989). Memory and cognition in its social context. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.