메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 789-801

Valproic acid toxicity: Overview and management

Author keywords

Carnitine; Cerebral edema; Hyperammonemia; Toxicology; Valproic acid

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACTIVATED CARBON; CARNITINE; NALOXONE; SODIUM CHANNEL; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 0036443425     PISSN: 07313810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CLT-120014645     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (213)

References (110)
  • 1
    • 0030833795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiorgan system failure caused by valproic acid toxicity
    • Pinkston, R.; Walker, L.A. Multiorgan system failure caused by valproic acid toxicity. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1997, 15, 504-506.
    • (1997) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.15 , pp. 504-506
    • Pinkston, R.1    Walker, L.A.2
  • 2
    • 0033972320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive review of the psychiatric uses of valproate
    • Davis, L.L.; Ryan, W.; Adinoff, B.; Petty, F. Comprehensive review of the psychiatric uses of valproate. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2000, 20 (Suppl. 1), 1S-7S.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Davis, L.L.1    Ryan, W.2    Adinoff, B.3    Petty, F.4
  • 3
    • 0034536086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipolar disorder: Diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations
    • Evans, D.L. Bipolar disorder: Diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2000, 61 (Suppl. 13), 26-31.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Psychiatry , vol.61 , Issue.SUPPL. 13 , pp. 26-31
    • Evans, D.L.1
  • 4
    • 0034534110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment guidelines: Current and future management of bipolar disorder
    • Goldberg, J.F. Treatment guidelines: Current and future management of bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2000, 61 (Suppl. 13), 12-18.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Psychiatry , vol.61 , Issue.SUPPL. 13 , pp. 12-18
    • Goldberg, J.F.1
  • 5
    • 0034533694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ever-increasing pharmacopoeia for the management of patients with bipolar disorder
    • Nemeroff, C.B. An ever-increasing pharmacopoeia for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2000, 61 (Suppl. 13), 19-25.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Psychiatry , vol.61 , Issue.SUPPL. 13 , pp. 19-25
    • Nemeroff, C.B.1
  • 6
    • 0033767776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous valproate sodium (Depacon) aborts migraine rapidly: A preliminary report
    • Mathew, N.T.; Kailasam, J.; Meadors, L.; Chernyschev, O.; Gentry, P. Intravenous valproate sodium (Depacon) aborts migraine rapidly: A preliminary report. Headache 2000, 40, 720-723.
    • (2000) Headache , vol.40 , pp. 720-723
    • Mathew, N.T.1    Kailasam, J.2    Meadors, L.3    Chernyschev, O.4    Gentry, P.5
  • 7
    • 0033767779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of intravenous valproate sodium in status migraine
    • Norton, J. Use of intravenous valproate sodium in status migraine. Headache 2000, 40, 755-757.
    • (2000) Headache , vol.40 , pp. 755-757
    • Norton, J.1
  • 8
    • 0034795863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid is effective in migraine prophylaxis at low serum levels: A prospective open-label study
    • Kinze, S.; Clauss, M.; Reuter, U.; Wolf, T.; Dreier, J.P.; Einhaupl, K.M.; Arnold, G. Valproic acid is effective in migraine prophylaxis at low serum levels: A prospective open-label study. Headache 2001, 41, 774-778.
    • (2001) Headache , vol.41 , pp. 774-778
    • Kinze, S.1    Clauss, M.2    Reuter, U.3    Wolf, T.4    Dreier, J.P.5    Einhaupl, K.M.6    Arnold, G.7
  • 9
    • 0035119485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase II study to establish the efficacy toxicity of sodium valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain
    • Hardy, J.R.; Rees, E.A.J.; Gwilliam, B.; Ling, J.; Broadley, K.; A'Hern, R. A phase II study to establish the efficacy and toxicity of sodium valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2001, 21, 204-209.
    • (2001) J. Pain Symptom Manag. , vol.21 , pp. 204-209
    • Hardy, J.R.1    Rees, E.A.J.2    Gwilliam, B.3    Ling, J.4    Broadley, K.5    A'Hern, R.6
  • 11
    • 0029742111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1995 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System
    • Litovitz, T.L.; Felberg, L.; White, S.; Klein-Schwartz, W. 1995 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1996, 14, 487-537.
    • (1996) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.14 , pp. 487-537
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Felberg, L.2    White, S.3    Klein-Schwartz, W.4
  • 12
    • 0026228914 scopus 로고
    • 1990 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System
    • Litovitz, T.L.; Bailey, K.M.; Schmitz, B.F.; Holm, K.C.; Klein-Schwartz, W. 1990 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1991, 9, 461-509.
    • (1991) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.9 , pp. 461-509
    • Litovitz, T.L.1    Bailey, K.M.2    Schmitz, B.F.3    Holm, K.C.4    Klein-Schwartz, W.5
  • 13
    • 0017652396 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sodium valproate
    • Klotz, U.; Antonin, K.H. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sodium valproate. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1977, 21, 736-743.
    • (1977) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.21 , pp. 736-743
    • Klotz, U.1    Antonin, K.H.2
  • 14
    • 0024996085 scopus 로고
    • The effect of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion on serum valproic acid concentration
    • Kandrotas, R.J.; Love, J.M.; Gal, P.; Oles, K.S. The effect of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion on serum valproic acid concentration. Neurology 1990, 40, 1456-1458.
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 1456-1458
    • Kandrotas, R.J.1    Love, J.M.2    Gal, P.3    Oles, K.S.4
  • 15
    • 0021638232 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid and metabolites: Pharmacological and toxicological studies
    • Nau, H.; Loscher, W. Valproic acid and metabolites: Pharmacological and toxicological studies. Epilepsia 1984, 25 (1), S14-S22.
    • (1984) Epilepsia , vol.25 , Issue.1
    • Nau, H.1    Loscher, W.2
  • 16
    • 0033774738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-flux hemodialysis without hemoperfusion is effective in acute valproic acid overdose
    • Kane, S.L.; Constantiner, M.; Staubus, A.E.; Meinecke, C.D.; Sedor, J.R. High-flux hemodialysis without hemoperfusion is effective in acute valproic acid overdose. Ann. Pharmacother. 2000, 34, 1146-1151.
    • (2000) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.34 , pp. 1146-1151
    • Kane, S.L.1    Constantiner, M.2    Staubus, A.E.3    Meinecke, C.D.4    Sedor, J.R.5
  • 17
    • 0027475092 scopus 로고
    • Acute valproic acid intoxication: Enhanced drug clearance with oral-activated charcoal
    • Farrar, H.C.; Herold, D.A.; Reed, M.D. Acute valproic acid intoxication: Enhanced drug clearance with oral-activated charcoal. Crit. Care Med. 1993, 21, 299-301.
    • (1993) Crit. Care Med. , vol.21 , pp. 299-301
    • Farrar, H.C.1    Herold, D.A.2    Reed, M.D.3
  • 18
    • 0031026318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of repeated-dose activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate in healthy volunteers
    • Al-Shareef, A.; Buss, D.C.; Shetty, H.G.M.; Ali, N.; Routledge, P.A. The effect of repeated-dose activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1997, 43, 109-111.
    • (1997) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.43 , pp. 109-111
    • Al-Shareef, A.1    Buss, D.C.2    Shetty, H.G.M.3    Ali, N.4    Routledge, P.A.5
  • 19
    • 0029994070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed peak serum valproic acid in massive divalproex overdose-treatment with charcoal hemoperfusion
    • Graudins, A.; Aaron, C.K. Delayed peak serum valproic acid in massive divalproex overdose-treatment with charcoal hemoperfusion. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1996, 34, 335-341.
    • (1996) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 335-341
    • Graudins, A.1    Aaron, C.K.2
  • 21
    • 0023162502 scopus 로고
    • Determination of valproic acid and it metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring
    • Tatsuhara, T.; Muro, H.; Matsuda, Y.; Imai, Y. Determination of valproic acid and it metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. J. Chromatogr. 1987, 399, 183-195.
    • (1987) J. Chromatogr. , vol.399 , pp. 183-195
    • Tatsuhara, T.1    Muro, H.2    Matsuda, Y.3    Imai, Y.4
  • 22
    • 0033985895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy in the presence of topiramate
    • Hamer, H.M.; Knake, S.; Schomburg, M.A.; Rosenow, F. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy in the presence of topiramate. Neurology 2000, 54, 230-232.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 230-232
    • Hamer, H.M.1    Knake, S.2    Schomburg, M.A.3    Rosenow, F.4
  • 26
    • 0025250366 scopus 로고
    • Acute valproic acid overdose. Clinical course and pharmacokinetic disposition of valproic acid and metabolites
    • Dupuis, R.E.; Lichtman, S.N.; Pollack, G.M. Acute valproic acid overdose. Clinical course and pharmacokinetic disposition of valproic acid and metabolites. Drug Saf. 1990, 5, 65-71.
    • (1990) Drug Saf. , vol.5 , pp. 65-71
    • Dupuis, R.E.1    Lichtman, S.N.2    Pollack, G.M.3
  • 27
    • 0021963635 scopus 로고
    • Concentration-effect relationships of valproic acid
    • Chadwick, D.W. Concentration-effect relationships of valproic acid. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1985, 10, 155-163.
    • (1985) Clin. Pharmacokinet. , vol.10 , pp. 155-163
    • Chadwick, D.W.1
  • 28
    • 0029031651 scopus 로고
    • Life threatening intoxication with sodium valproate
    • Andersen, G.; Ritland, S. Life threatening intoxication with sodium valproate. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1995, 33, 279-284.
    • (1995) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.33 , pp. 279-284
    • Andersen, G.1    Ritland, S.2
  • 31
    • 0019784208 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid and several metabolites: Quantitative determination in serum, urine, breast milk, and tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring
    • Nau, H.; Wittfoht, W. Valproic acid and several metabolites: Quantitative determination in serum, urine, breast milk, and tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring. J. Chomatogr. 1981, 226, 69-78.
    • (1981) J. Chomatogr. , vol.226 , pp. 69-78
    • Nau, H.1    Wittfoht, W.2
  • 32
    • 0018166536 scopus 로고
    • Identification of metabolites of valproic acid in serum of humans, dog, rat, and mouse
    • Jakobs, C.; Loscher, W. Identification of metabolites of valproic acid in serum of humans, dog, rat, and mouse. Epilepsia 1978, 19, 591-602.
    • (1978) Epilepsia , vol.19 , pp. 591-602
    • Jakobs, C.1    Loscher, W.2
  • 33
    • 0023926334 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid and the liver
    • Cotariu, D.; Zaidman, J.L. Valproic acid and the liver. Clin. Chem. 1988, 34 (5), 890-897.
    • (1988) Clin. Chem. , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 890-897
    • Cotariu, D.1    Zaidman, J.L.2
  • 34
    • 0034018410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of carnitine supplementation during valproic acid therapy
    • Raskind, J.Y.; El-Chaar, G.M. The role of carnitine supplementation during valproic acid therapy. Ann. Pharmacother. 2000, 34, 630-638.
    • (2000) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.34 , pp. 630-638
    • Raskind, J.Y.1    El-Chaar, G.M.2
  • 36
    • 0034257051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of valproate: A commentatory
    • Johannessen, C.U. Mechanisms of action of valproate: A commentatory. Neurochem. Int. 2000, 37, 103-110.
    • (2000) Neurochem. Int. , vol.37 , pp. 103-110
    • Johannessen, C.U.1
  • 37
    • 0022540479 scopus 로고
    • Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture
    • McLean, M.J.; MacDonald, R.L. Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 237, 1001-1011.
    • (1986) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.237 , pp. 1001-1011
    • McLean, M.J.1    MacDonald, R.L.2
  • 38
    • 0011895836 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal activity, amino acid concentration, and amino acid release in the substantia nigra of the rat after sodium valproate
    • Farrant, M.; Webster, R.A. Neuronal activity, amino acid concentration, and amino acid release in the substantia nigra of the rat after sodium valproate. Brain Res. 1986, 386, 1-11.
    • (1986) Brain Res. , vol.386 , pp. 1-11
    • Farrant, M.1    Webster, R.A.2
  • 39
    • 0031882178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysical analysis of the action of valproate on pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampal slice
    • Albus, H.; Williamson, R. Electrophysical analysis of the action of valproate on pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampal slice. Epilepsia 1998, 39, 124-139.
    • (1998) Epilepsia , vol.39 , pp. 124-139
    • Albus, H.1    Williamson, R.2
  • 41
    • 0021920685 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the pharmacological and biochemical profiles of valproic acid (VPA) and its cerebral metabolite (2-en-VPA) after oral administration in mice
    • Keane, P.E.; Simiand, J.; Morre, M. Comparison of the pharmacological and biochemical profiles of valproic acid (VPA) and its cerebral metabolite (2-en-VPA) after oral administration in mice. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 1985, 7, 83-86.
    • (1985) Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.7 , pp. 83-86
    • Keane, P.E.1    Simiand, J.2    Morre, M.3
  • 42
    • 0021843824 scopus 로고
    • Effect of valproate on brain GABA comparison with various medium chain fatty acids
    • Keane, P.E.; Morre, M. Effect of valproate on brain GABA: Comparison with various medium chain fatty acids. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1985, 17, 547-555.
    • (1985) Pharmacol. Res. Commun. , vol.17 , pp. 547-555
    • Keane, P.E.1    Morre, M.2
  • 43
    • 0034954068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major systemic toxicities and side effects of anticonvulsants
    • Swann, A.C. Major Systemic Toxicities and Side Effects of Anticonvulsants. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001, 62 (Suppl. 14), 16-21.
    • (2001) J. Clin. Psychiatry , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. 14 , pp. 16-21
    • Swann, A.C.1
  • 44
    • 0026750970 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral edema following acute sodium valproate overdose
    • Khoo, S.H.; Leyland, M.J. Cerebral edema following acute sodium valproate overdose. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1992, 30, 209-214.
    • (1992) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.30 , pp. 209-214
    • Khoo, S.H.1    Leyland, M.J.2
  • 45
    • 0030879724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment by direct hemoperfusion of coma possibly resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction in acute valproate intoxication
    • Matsumoto, J.; Ogawa, H.; Maeyama, R.; Okudaira, K.; Shinka, T.; Kuhara, T.; Matsumoto, I. Successful treatment by direct hemoperfusion of coma possibly resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction in acute valproate intoxication. Epilepsia 1997, 38, 950-953.
    • (1997) Epilepsia , vol.38 , pp. 950-953
    • Matsumoto, J.1    Ogawa, H.2    Maeyama, R.3    Okudaira, K.4    Shinka, T.5    Kuhara, T.6    Matsumoto, I.7
  • 47
    • 0022344718 scopus 로고
    • Acute valproate intoxication with fatal outcome in an infant
    • Janssen, F.; Rambeck, B.; Schnabel, R. Acute valproate intoxication with fatal outcome in an infant. Neuropediatrics 1985, 16, 235-238.
    • (1985) Neuropediatrics , vol.16 , pp. 235-238
    • Janssen, F.1    Rambeck, B.2    Schnabel, R.3
  • 49
    • 0022002801 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological evaluation of various metabolites and analogues of valproic acid. Anticonvulsant and toxic potencies in mice
    • Loscher, W.; Nau, H. Pharmacological evaluation of various metabolites and analogues of valproic acid. Anticonvulsant and toxic potencies in mice. Neuropharmacology 1985, 24, 427-435.
    • (1985) Neuropharmacology , vol.24 , pp. 427-435
    • Loscher, W.1    Nau, H.2
  • 50
    • 0029936983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on acute valproate intoxication
    • Murakami, K.; Sugimoto, T.; Woo, M.; Nishida, N.; Muro, H. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on acute valproate intoxication. Epilepsia 1996, 37, 687-689.
    • (1996) Epilepsia , vol.37 , pp. 687-689
    • Murakami, K.1    Sugimoto, T.2    Woo, M.3    Nishida, N.4    Muro, H.5
  • 51
    • 0035172047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of brain edema in fulminant hepatic failure, revisited
    • Blei, A.T. Pathophysiology of brain edema in fulminant hepatic failure, Revisited. Metab. Brain Dis. 2001, 16, 85-94.
    • (2001) Metab. Brain Dis. , vol.16 , pp. 85-94
    • Blei, A.T.1
  • 52
    • 0034957318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine as a pathogenic factor in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Albrecht, J.; Dolinska, M. Glutamine as a pathogenic factor in hepatic encephalopathy. J. Neurosci. Res. 2001, 65, 1-5.
    • (2001) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.65 , pp. 1-5
    • Albrecht, J.1    Dolinska, M.2
  • 53
    • 0034257070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal-astrocytic and cytosolic-mitochondrial metabolite trafficking during brain activation, hyperammonemia, and energy deprivation
    • Hertz, L.; Yu, A.C.H.; Kala, G.; Schousboe, A. Neuronal-astrocytic and cytosolic-mitochondrial metabolite trafficking during brain activation, hyperammonemia, and energy deprivation. Neurochem. Int. 2000, 37, 83-102.
    • (2000) Neurochem. Int. , vol.37 , pp. 83-102
    • Hertz, L.1    Yu, A.C.H.2    Kala, G.3    Schousboe, A.4
  • 54
    • 0026512056 scopus 로고
    • Acute ammonia toxicity is mediated by the NMDA type of glutamate receptors
    • Marcaida, G.; Felipo, V.; Hermenegildo, C.; Minana, M.D.; Grisolia, S. Acute ammonia toxicity is mediated by the NMDA type of glutamate receptors. FEBS Lett. 1992, 13 (296), 67-68,
    • (1992) FEBS Lett. , vol.13 , Issue.296 , pp. 67-68
    • Marcaida, G.1    Felipo, V.2    Hermenegildo, C.3    Minana, M.D.4    Grisolia, S.5
  • 57
    • 0018321503 scopus 로고
    • Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy
    • Batalden, P.B.; Van Dyne, B.J.; Cloyd, J. Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy. Pediatrics 1979, 64, 520-522.
    • (1979) Pediatrics , vol.64 , pp. 520-522
    • Batalden, P.B.1    Van Dyne, B.J.2    Cloyd, J.3
  • 58
    • 0026344695 scopus 로고
    • Valproic-acid-induced pancreatitis: Case report and review of the literature
    • Binek, J.; Hany, A.; Heer, M. Valproic-acid-induced pancreatitis: Case report and review of the literature. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1991, 3, 690-693.
    • (1991) J. Clin. Gastroenterol. , vol.3 , pp. 690-693
    • Binek, J.1    Hany, A.2    Heer, M.3
  • 59
    • 0023127978 scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhagic pancreatitis in a young child following valproic acid therapy
    • Rosenberg, H.K.; Ortega, W. Hemorrhagic pancreatitis in a young child following valproic acid Therapy. Clin. Pediatr. 1987, 26, 98-101.
    • (1987) Clin. Pediatr. , vol.26 , pp. 98-101
    • Rosenberg, H.K.1    Ortega, W.2
  • 64
    • 0033913992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial diseases represent a risk factor for valproate-induced fulminant liver failure
    • Krahenbuhl, S.; Brandner, S.; Kleinle, S.; Liechti, S.; Straumann, D. Mitochondrial diseases represent a risk factor for valproate-induced fulminant liver failure. Liver 2000, 20, 346-348.
    • (2000) Liver , vol.20 , pp. 346-348
    • Krahenbuhl, S.1    Brandner, S.2    Kleinle, S.3    Liechti, S.4    Straumann, D.5
  • 66
    • 0020589798 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal metabolism of valproic acid in fatal hepatic failure
    • Kochen, W.; Schneider, A.; Ritz, A. Abnormal metabolism of valproic acid in fatal hepatic failure. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1983, 141, 30-35.
    • (1983) Eur. J. Pediatr. , vol.141 , pp. 30-35
    • Kochen, W.1    Schneider, A.2    Ritz, A.3
  • 68
    • 0021646542 scopus 로고
    • The hepatotoxicity of valproic acid and its metabolites in rats. I. Toxicologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies
    • Kesterson, J.W.; Granneman, G.R.; Machinist, J.M. The Hepatotoxicity of valproic acid and its metabolites in rats. I. Toxicologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies. Hepatology 1984, 4, 1143-1152.
    • (1984) Hepatology , vol.4 , pp. 1143-1152
    • Kesterson, J.W.1    Granneman, G.R.2    Machinist, J.M.3
  • 69
    • 0023118253 scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed formation of delta 4-VPA, a toxic metabolite of valproic acid
    • Rettie, A.E.; Rettenmeier, A.W.; Howald, W.N.; Baillie, T.A. Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed formation of delta 4-VPA, a toxic metabolite of valproic acid. Science 1987, 235, 890-893.
    • (1987) Science , vol.235 , pp. 890-893
    • Rettie, A.E.1    Rettenmeier, A.W.2    Howald, W.N.3    Baillie, T.A.4
  • 70
    • 0027536849 scopus 로고
    • Hyperammonemia secondary to valproic acid as a cause of lethargy in a postictal patient
    • Kulick, S.K.; Kramer, D.A. Hyperammonemia secondary to valproic acid as a cause of lethargy in a postictal patient. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1993, 22, 610-612.
    • (1993) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.22 , pp. 610-612
    • Kulick, S.K.1    Kramer, D.A.2
  • 71
    • 0033928458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperlactatemia and hyperammonemia as secondary effects of valproic acid poisoning
    • Thabet, H.; Brahmi, N.; Amamou, M.; Ben Salah, N.; Hedhili, N. Hyperlactatemia and hyperammonemia as secondary effects of valproic acid poisoning. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2000, 18, 508.
    • (2000) Am. J. Emerg. Med. , vol.18 , pp. 508
    • Thabet, H.1    Brahmi, N.2    Amamou, M.3    Ben Salah, N.4    Hedhili, N.5
  • 72
    • 0031735536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case of severe hyperammonemia unconsciousness following sodium valproate intoxication
    • Lee, W.L.; Yang, C.C.; Deng, J.F.; Chen, Y.F.; Lin, H.D.; Wang, P.H. A case of severe hyperammonemia and unconsciousness following sodium valproate intoxication. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1998, 40, 346-348.
    • (1998) Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , vol.40 , pp. 346-348
    • Lee, W.L.1    Yang, C.C.2    Deng, J.F.3    Chen, Y.F.4    Lin, H.D.5    Wang, P.H.6
  • 73
    • 0023003658 scopus 로고
    • Valproate-induced inhibition of urea synthesis and hyperammonaemia in healthy subjects
    • Hjelm, M.; Oberholzer, V.; Seakins, J.; Thomas, S.; Kay, J.D.S. Valproate-induced inhibition of urea synthesis and hyperammonaemia in healthy subjects. Lancet 1986, 2, 859.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 859
    • Hjelm, M.1    Oberholzer, V.2    Seakins, J.3    Thomas, S.4    Kay, J.D.S.5
  • 74
    • 0019443208 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid and secondary hyperammonemia
    • Rawat, S.; Borkowski, W.J.; Swick, H.M. Valproic acid and secondary hyperammonemia. Neurology 1981, 31, 1173-1174.
    • (1981) Neurology , vol.31 , pp. 1173-1174
    • Rawat, S.1    Borkowski, W.J.2    Swick, H.M.3
  • 75
    • 18344399743 scopus 로고
    • Carnitine deficiency in epilepsy: Risk factors and treatment
    • Coulter, D.L. Carnitine deficiency in epilepsy: Risk factors and treatment. J. Child Neurol. 1995, 10 (Suppl. 2), S32-S39.
    • (1995) J. Child Neurol. , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Coulter, D.L.1
  • 76
    • 0024378803 scopus 로고
    • Valproate-induced hyperammonemia of renal origin. Effect of valproate on glutamine transport in rat kidney mitochondria
    • Rumbach, L.; Cremel, G.; Marescaux, C.; Warter, J.M.; Waksman, A. Valproate-induced hyperammonemia of renal origin. Effect of valproate on glutamine transport in rat kidney mitochondria. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1989, 38, 3963-3967.
    • (1989) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.38 , pp. 3963-3967
    • Rumbach, L.1    Cremel, G.2    Marescaux, C.3    Warter, J.M.4    Waksman, A.5
  • 77
    • 0018847958 scopus 로고
    • Secondary hyperammonemia: A possible mechanism for valproate encephalopathy
    • Coulter, D.L.; Allen, R.J. Secondary Hyperammonemia: A Possible Mechanism for Valproate Encephalopathy. Lancet 1980, 1310-1311.
    • (1980) Lancet , pp. 1310-1311
    • Coulter, D.L.1    Allen, R.J.2
  • 79
    • 0023120555 scopus 로고
    • Lack of relationship between sodium valproate-induced adverse effects and the plasma concentration of its metabolite 2-propylpenten-4-oic acid
    • Paganini, M.; Zaccara, G.; Moroni, F. Lack of relationship between sodium valproate-induced adverse effects and the plasma concentration of its metabolite 2-propylpenten-4-oic acid. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1987, 32, 219-222.
    • (1987) Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.32 , pp. 219-222
    • Paganini, M.1    Zaccara, G.2    Moroni, F.3
  • 82
    • 0026633243 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal metabolism of carnitine and valproate in a case of acute encephalopathy during chronic valproate therapy
    • Murakami, K.; Sugimoto, T.; Nishida, N.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kuhura, T.; Matsumoto, I. Abnormal metabolism of carnitine and valproate in a case of acute encephalopathy during chronic valproate therapy. Brain Dev. 1992, 14, 178-181.
    • (1992) Brain Dev. , vol.14 , pp. 178-181
    • Murakami, K.1    Sugimoto, T.2    Nishida, N.3    Kobayashi, Y.4    Kuhura, T.5    Matsumoto, I.6
  • 85
    • 0026027090 scopus 로고
    • Carnitine, valproate and toxicity
    • Coulter, D.L. Carnitine, valproate and toxicity. J. Child Neurol. 1991, 6, 7-14.
    • (1991) J. Child Neurol. , vol.6 , pp. 7-14
    • Coulter, D.L.1
  • 86
    • 0025820410 scopus 로고
    • Ammonia and carnitine concentrations in children treated with sodium valproate compared with other anticonvulsant drugs
    • Thom, H.; Carter, P.E.; Cole, G.F.; Stevenson, K.L. Ammonia and carnitine concentrations in children treated with sodium valproate compared with other anticonvulsant drugs. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1991, 33, 795-802.
    • (1991) Dev. Med. Child Neurol. , vol.33 , pp. 795-802
    • Thom, H.1    Carter, P.E.2    Cole, G.F.3    Stevenson, K.L.4
  • 87
    • 0023951776 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of D,L-carnitine on valproate-induced hyperammonemia and hypoketonemia in primary cultured rat hepatocytes
    • Takeuchi, T.; Sugimoto, T.; Nishida, N.; Kobayashi, Y. Protective effect of D,L-carnitine on valproate-induced hyperammonemia and hypoketonemia in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1988, 37, 2255-2258.
    • (1988) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.37 , pp. 2255-2258
    • Takeuchi, T.1    Sugimoto, T.2    Nishida, N.3    Kobayashi, Y.4
  • 88
    • 0026655249 scopus 로고
    • In vitro effects of valproate and valproate metabolites on mitochondrial oxidations. Relevance of CoA sequestration to the observed inhibitions
    • Ponchaut, S.; van Hoof, F.; Veitch, K. In Vitro Effects of Valproate and Valproate Metabolites on Mitochondrial Oxidations. Relevance of CoA Sequestration to the Observed Inhibitions. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992, 43, 2435-2442.
    • (1992) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.43 , pp. 2435-2442
    • Ponchaut, S.1    Van Hoof, F.2    Veitch, K.3
  • 89
    • 0029938981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of a valproate metabolite to the trifunctional protein of fatty acid oxidation
    • Baldwin, G.S.; Abbott, F.S.; Nau, H. Binding of a valproate metabolite to the trifunctional protein of fatty acid oxidation. FEBS Lett. 1996, 384, 58-60.
    • (1996) FEBS Lett. , vol.384 , pp. 58-60
    • Baldwin, G.S.1    Abbott, F.S.2    Nau, H.3
  • 90
    • 0024341054 scopus 로고
    • Changes in urea cycle-related metabolites in the mouse after combined administration of valproic acid and an amino acid load
    • Alonso, E.; Girbes, J.; Garcia-Espana, A.; Rubio, V. Changes in urea cycle-related metabolites in the mouse after combined administration of valproic acid and an amino acid load. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1989, 272, 267-273.
    • (1989) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.272 , pp. 267-273
    • Alonso, E.1    Girbes, J.2    Garcia-Espana, A.3    Rubio, V.4
  • 91
    • 0021946366 scopus 로고
    • A single therapeutic dose of valproate affects liver carbohydrate, fat, adenylate, amino acid, coenzyme A, and carnitine metabolism in infant mice: Possible clinical significance
    • Thurston, J.H.; Carroll, J.E.; Hauhart, R.E.; Schiro, J.A. A single therapeutic dose of valproate affects liver carbohydrate, fat, adenylate, amino acid, coenzyme A, and carnitine metabolism in infant mice: Possible clinical significance. Life Sci. 1985, 36, 1643-1651.
    • (1985) Life Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 1643-1651
    • Thurston, J.H.1    Carroll, J.E.2    Hauhart, R.E.3    Schiro, J.A.4
  • 92
    • 0011805012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid overdoses: A retrospective study comparing serum drug levels and the incidence of adverse outcomes
    • Beauchamp, J.; Olson, K. Valproic Acid Overdoses: A retrospective study comparing serum drug levels and the incidence of adverse outcomes. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1999, 37, 637-638.
    • (1999) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.37 , pp. 637-638
    • Beauchamp, J.1    Olson, K.2
  • 93
    • 0025012628 scopus 로고
    • Acute sodium valproate intoxication: Occurrence of renal failure and treatment with haemoperfusion-haemodialysis
    • Roodhooft, A.M.; Van Dam, K.; Haentjens, D.; Verpooten, G.A.; Van Acker, K.J. Acute sodium valproate intoxication: Occurrence of renal failure and treatment with haemoperfusion-haemodialysis. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1990, 149, 363-364.
    • (1990) Eur. J. Pediatr. , vol.149 , pp. 363-364
    • Roodhooft, A.M.1    Van Dam, K.2    Haentjens, D.3    Verpooten, G.A.4    Van Acker, K.J.5
  • 94
    • 0029113387 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid-associated encephalopathy with coma
    • Settle, E.J., Jr. Valproic acid-associated encephalopathy with coma. Am. J. Psychiatr. 1995, 152, 1236-1237.
    • (1995) Am. J. Psychiatr. , vol.152 , pp. 1236-1237
    • Settle E.J., Jr.1
  • 95
    • 0034787976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperammonemia and coma without hepatic dysfunction induced by valproate therapy
    • Barrueto, F., Jr.; Hack, J.B. Hyperammonemia and coma without hepatic dysfunction induced by valproate therapy. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2001, 8, 999-1001.
    • (2001) Acad. Emerg. Med. , vol.8 , pp. 999-1001
    • Barrueto F., Jr.1    Hack, J.B.2
  • 96
    • 0031416649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position statement: Single-dose activated charcoal
    • American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists
    • Chyka, P.A.; Seger, D. Position statement: Single-dose activated charcoal. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1997, 35, 721-741.
    • (1997) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.35 , pp. 721-741
    • Chyka, P.A.1    Seger, D.2
  • 97
    • 0032716099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning
    • American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists
    • Anon. Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1999, 37, 731-751.
    • (1999) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.37 , pp. 731-751
  • 98
    • 0011845122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid intoxications in 96 documented cases 1995-1998: The role of hemoperfusion in therapy
    • Von Bardeleben, R.S.; Sturer, A.; Weilemann, L.S. Valproic acid intoxications in 96 documented cases 1995-1998: The role of hemoperfusion in therapy. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1998, 36, 471-472.
    • (1998) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.36 , pp. 471-472
    • Von Bardeleben, R.S.1    Sturer, A.2    Weilemann, L.S.3
  • 99
    • 0030879724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment by direct hemoperfusion of coma possibly resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction in acute valproate intoxication
    • Matsumoto, J.; Ogawa, H.; Maeyama, R.; Okudaira, K.; Shinka, T.; Kuhara, T.; Matsumoto, I. Successful treatment by direct hemoperfusion of coma possibly resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction in acute valproate intoxication. Epilepsia 1997, 38, 950-953.
    • (1997) Epilepsia , vol.38 , pp. 950-953
    • Matsumoto, J.1    Ogawa, H.2    Maeyama, R.3    Okudaira, K.4    Shinka, T.5    Kuhara, T.6    Matsumoto, I.7
  • 100
    • 0027273007 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous "in series" hemodialysis and hemoperfusion in the management of valproic acid overdose
    • Tank, J.E.; Palmer, B.F. Simultaneous "in series" hemodialysis and hemoperfusion in the management of valproic acid overdose. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1993, 22, 341-344.
    • (1993) Am. J. Kidney Dis. , vol.22 , pp. 341-344
    • Tank, J.E.1    Palmer, B.F.2
  • 101
    • 0011811701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of hemodialysis to enhance valproic acid (VPA) elimination
    • Ruskoky, D.; Holmes, C.; Schauben, J. Utilization of hemodialysis to enhance valproic acid (VPA) elimination. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1999, 37, 636.
    • (1999) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.37 , pp. 636
    • Ruskoky, D.1    Holmes, C.2    Schauben, J.3
  • 102
    • 0011854086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markedly elevated valproate levels do not serve as an indication for hemodialysis or hemoperfusion
    • Graeme, K.; Higgins, T.; Curry, S.; Kunkel, D. Markedly elevated valproate levels do not serve as an indication for hemodialysis or hemoperfusion. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 1999, 37, 636.
    • (1999) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.37 , pp. 636
    • Graeme, K.1    Higgins, T.2    Curry, S.3    Kunkel, D.4
  • 103
    • 0018645903 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of accidental sodium valproate overdose with an opiate antagonist
    • Steiman, G.S.; Woerpel, R.W.; Sherard, E.S., Jr. Treatment of accidental sodium valproate overdose with an opiate antagonist. Ann. Neurol. 1979, 6, 274.
    • (1979) Ann. Neurol. , vol.6 , pp. 274
    • Steiman, G.S.1    Woerpel, R.W.2    Sherard E.S., Jr.3
  • 104
    • 0024335293 scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system manifestations of a valproic acid overdose responsive to naloxone
    • Alberto, G.; Erickson, T.; Popiel, R.; Narayanan, M.; Hryhorczuk, D. Central nervous system manifestations of a valproic acid overdose responsive to naloxone. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1989, 18, 889-891.
    • (1989) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.18 , pp. 889-891
    • Alberto, G.1    Erickson, T.2    Popiel, R.3    Narayanan, M.4    Hryhorczuk, D.5
  • 105
    • 0033057097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naloxone in the reversal of coma induced by sodium valproate
    • Montero, F.J. Naloxone in the reversal of coma induced by sodium valproate. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1999, 33, 357-358.
    • (1999) Ann. Emerg. Med. , vol.33 , pp. 357-358
    • Montero, F.J.1
  • 106
    • 0035011097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An unusual presentation of opioid-like syndrome in pediatric valproic acid poisoning
    • Espinoza, O.; Maradei, I.; Ramirez, M.; Pascuzzo-Lima, C. An unusual presentation of opioid-like syndrome in pediatric valproic acid poisoning. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 2001, 43, 178-179.
    • (2001) Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , vol.43 , pp. 178-179
    • Espinoza, O.1    Maradei, I.2    Ramirez, M.3    Pascuzzo-Lima, C.4
  • 107
    • 0023951776 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of D,L-carnitine on valproate-induced hyperammonemia and hypoketonemia in primary cultured rat hepatocytes
    • Takeuchi, T.; Sugimoto, T.; Nishida, N.; Kobayashi, Y. Protective effect of D,L-carnitine on valproate-induced hyperammonemia and hypoketonemia in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1988, 37, 2255-2258.
    • (1988) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.37 , pp. 2255-2258
    • Takeuchi, T.1    Sugimoto, T.2    Nishida, N.3    Kobayashi, Y.4
  • 109
    • 0011805013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valproate-induced hyperammonemia: Preliminary evaluation of ammonia elimination with carnitine administration
    • Sztajnkrycer, M.D.; Seaglione, J.M.; Bond, G.R. Valproate-Induced hyperammonemia: Preliminary evaluation of ammonia elimination with carnitine administration. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 2001, 39, 497.
    • (2001) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.39 , pp. 497
    • Sztajnkrycer, M.D.1    Seaglione, J.M.2    Bond, G.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.