The class Mesomycetozoea: A heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 56, Issue , 2002, Pages 315-344

  Mendoza, Leonel ^a   Taylor, John W ^a   Ajello, Libero ^a  

^a Michigan State University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

DRIP; Ichthyosporea; Neomonada; Protista; Protozoa

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; CLASSIS; FISH; FLAGELLATE; FUNGUS; ICHTHYOSPOREA; MICROORGANISM; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ZOOSPORE;

ANIMALS; BIVALVIA; EUKARYOTIC CELLS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; FISHES; FUNGI; HUMANS; MALE; PHYLOGENY;

ANIMALIA; AVES; CHOANOFLAGELLIDA; DERMOCYSTIDA; DERMOCYSTIDIUM; FUNGI; ICHTHYOPHONIDA; ICHTHYOPHONUS; ICHTHYOSPOREA; MAMMALIA; MASTIGOPHORA (FLAGELLATES); PROTISTA; PROTOZOA; PSOROSPERMIUM; RHINOSPORIDIUM SEEBERI;

EID: 0036407336     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Ahluwalia KB. 1992. New interpretations in rhinosporidiosis, enigmatic disease of the last nine decades J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 24:109-14
2. Ahluwalia KB. 1999. Culture of the organism that causes rhinosporidiosis. J. Laryngol. Otol. 113:523-28
3. Amann RI, Ludwing W, Schleifer KH. 1995. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol. Rev. 59:143-69
4. Arkush KD, Frasca S Jr, Hedrick RP. 1998. Pathology associated with the rosette agent, a systemic protist infecting salmonid fishes. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 10:1-11
5. Arseculeratne SN, Ajello L. 1998. Rhinosporidium seeberi. In Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, ed. L Ajello, RJ Hay, 4:595-643. London/Sydney/Auckland: Arnold
6. Ashworth JH. 1923. On Rhinosporidium seeberi (Wernecki, 1903) with special reference to its sporulation and affinities. Trans. R. Soc. London Edinb. 53:301-42
7. Azevedo C. 1989. Fine structure of Perkinsus atlanticus n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Perkinsea) parasite of the clam Ruditapes decussates from Portugal. J. Parasitol. 75:627-35
8. Baker GC, Beebee TJC, Ragan MA. 1999. Prototheca richardsi, a pathogen of anuran larvae, is related to a clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence. Microbiology 145:1777-84
9. Beakes GW. 1998. Relationships Between Lower Fungi and Protozoa. See Ref. 22a, pp. 351-73
10. Beebee TJC. 1991. Purification of an agent causing growth inhibition in anuran larvae and its identification as a unicellular unpigmented alga. Can. J. Zool. 69:2146-53
11. Beebee TJC, Wong ALC. 1993. Stimulation of cell division and DNA replication in Prototheca richardsi by passage through larval amphibian guts. Parasitology 107:119-24
12. Benny GL, O'Donnell K. 2000. Amoebidium parasiticum is a protozoan, not a trichomycete (Zygomycota). Mycologia 92:1133-37
13. Berbee ML, Taylor JW. 2001. Fungal molecular evolution: gene trees and geologic time. In The Mycota: Systematics and Evolution, ed. D McLaughlin, E McLaughlin P Lemke, VII, part B:229-45. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
14. Broz O, Privora M. 1951. Two skin parasites of Rana temporaria: Dermocystidium ranae Guyenot & Naville and Dermosporidium granulosum n. sp. Parasitology 24:65-69
15. Carini A. 1940. Sobre um pasasito semelhante ao "Rhinosporidium" encontrado em quistos da pele de uma "hyla." Arq. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 11:93-96
16. Cavalier-Smith T. 1997. Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms Eozoa and Neozoa. Arch. Protistenkünde. 147:237-58
17. Cavalier-Smith T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol. Rev. 73:203-66
18. Cavalier-Smith T. 1998. Neomonada and the origin of animal and fungi. See Ref. 22a, pp. 375-407
19. Cavalier-Smith T, Allsopp MTEP. 1996. Corallochytrium, an enigmatic non-flagellated protozoan related to choanoflagellates. Eur. J. Protistol. 32:306-10
20. Caullery M, Menil F. 1905. Sur les haplosporidies parasites de poisons marins. Cr. Séanc. Soc. Biol. 58:640-43
21. Cienkowski L. 1861. Ueber parasitische schläuche auf crustaceen und einigen insektenlarven (Amoebidium parasiticum m.). Bot. Ztg. 19:169-74
22. Chuan E, Kannan-Kutty M. 1975. Rhinosporidium seeberi: spherules and their significance. Pathology 7:133-37
23. Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A, eds. 1998. Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa, Vol. 56. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer
24. Daniels RA. 1980. Distribution and status of crayfish in the Pit River drainage, California. Crustaceana 38:131-38
25. de la Herran R, Garrido MA, Navas RJ, Rejon CR, Rejon MR. 2000. Molecular characterization of the ribosomal RNA gene region of Perkinsus atlanticus: Its use in phylogenetic analysis and as a target for a molecular diagnosis. Parasitology 120:345-53
26. Dukerly JS. 1914. Dermocystidium pusula Perez, parasitic on trutta fario. Zool. Anz. 44:179-82
27. Dykova L, Lom J. 1992. New evidence of fungal nature of Dermocystidium koi Hoshina and Sahara, 1950. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 8:180-85
28. Eiras JC, Silva-Souza AT. 2000. A Dermocystidium infection in Trichomycterus sp. (Osteichthyes, Trichomycteridae). Parasite 7:323-26
29. Elston RA, Harrell L, Wilkinson MT. 1986. Isolation and in vitro characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhyncus tshawytscha) rosette agent. Aquaculture 56:1-21
30. Figueras A, Lorenzo G, Ordas MC, Gouy M, Novoa B. 2000. Sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of Perkinsus atlanticus-like isolated from carpet shell clam in Galicia, Spain. Mar. Biotechnol. 2:419-28
31. Fredericks DN, Jolley JA, Lepp PW, Kosek JC, Relman DA. 2000. Rhinosporidium seeberi: A human pathogen from a novel group of aquatic protistan parasites. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:273-82
32. Goggin CL. 1994. Variation in the internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S ribosomal RNA from 5 isolates of marine parasites Perkinsus (Protist, Apicomplexa). Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 65:179-82
33. Günter V, Rug M. 1999. Life stages and tentative life cycle of Psorospermium haeckeli, a species of the novel DRIPs clade from the animal-fungal dichotomy. J. Exp. Zool. 283:31-42
34. Haeckel E. 1857. Ueber die gewebe des flusskrebses. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med. 24:469-568
35. Deleted in proof
36. Harrell LW, Elston RA, Scott TM, Wilkinson MT. 1986. A significant new systemic disease of net-pen reared chinook salmon (Oncorhyncus tshawytscha) brook stock. Aquaculture 55:249-62
37. Heckman DS, Geiser DM, Eidell BR, Stauffer RL, Kardos NL, Hedges SB. 2001. Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science 293:1129-33
38. Hedrick RP, Friedman CS, Modin J. 1989. Systemic infection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with a Dermocystidium-like species. Dis. Aquat. Org. 7:171-77
39. Herman RL. 1984. Ichthyophonus-like infection in newts (Notophthalmus viridescens rafinisque). J. Wildl. Dis. 20:55-56
40. Herr AR, Ajello L, Taylor JW, Arseculeratne SN, Mendoza L. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of Rhinosporidium seeberi's 18S small-subunit ribosomal DNA groups this pathogen among members of the protoctistant mysomycetozoan clade. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:2750-54
41. Herr AR, Ajello L, Mendoza L. 1999. Chitin synthase class 2 (CHS2) gene from the human and animal pathogen Rhinosporidium seeberi. Proc. 99th Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. p. 296 (Abstr.)
42. Deleted in proof
43. Hilgendorf F. 1883. Bemerkungen über die sogenanntekrebspest, insbesondere über Psorospermium haeckeli spec. nova. Sitz. Gess. Nat. Freun. Berlin 9:179-83
44. Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR. 1998. Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity. J. Bacteriol. 180:4765-74
45. Kerk D, Gee A, Standish M, Wainwright PO, Drum AS, et al. 1995. The rosette agent of Chinook salmon (Oncorhyncus tshawytscha) is closely related to choanoflagellates, as determined by phylogenetic analyses of its small ribosomal subunit RNA. Mar. Biol. 122:187-92
46. Kocan RM, Hershberger P, Mehl T, Elder N, Bradley M, et al. 1999. Pathogenicity of Ichthyosphonus hoferi for laboratoryreared pacific herring Clupea pallasi and its early appearance in wild Puget Sound herring. Dis. Aquat. Org. 35:23-29
47. Kotob SI, McLaughlin SM, van Berkum P, Faisal M. 1999. Discrimination between two Perkinsus spp. isolated from the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, by sequence analysis of two internal transcribed spacer region and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. Parasitology 119:363-68
48. Krucinska J, Simon E. 1968. On the parasites and epibionts of the branchial cavity in crayfish at Wrocaw and vicinity. Przegald. Zool. 12:288-90
49. Leeddale GF. 1974. How many are the kingdoms of organisms? Taxon 32:261-70
50. Léger L. 1924. Sur un organisme du type Ichthyophonus parasite du tube digestif de la lote d'eau douce. Cr. Hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 197:785-87
51. Léger L, Hesse E. 1923. Sur un champignon du type Ichthyophonus parasite de l'intestin de la truite. Cr. Hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 176:420-22
52. Levine ND. 1970. Taxonomy of the sporozoa. J. Parasitol. 56:208-9
53. Lichtwardt RW. 1997. Costa Rican gut fungi (Trichomycetes) infecting lotic insect larvae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 45:1339-83
54. Lichtwardt RW, Arenas J. 1996. Trichomycetes in aquatic insects from southern Chile. Micologia 88:844-57
55. Lichtwardt RW, Williams MC. 1990. Trichomycete gut fungi in Australian aquatic insect larvae. Can. J. Bot. 1057-74
56. Loytynoja A, Milikovitch MC. 2001. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial ADP-ATP carriers: The Plantae/Fungi/Metazoa trichotomy revisited Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:10202-7
57. Margulis L. 1996. Archeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of eukarya: Phylogenetic classification of life. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1071-76
58. Mendoza L, Ajello L, Taylor JW. 2001. The taxonomic status of Lacazia loboi and Rhinosporidium seeberi has been finally resolved with the use of molecular tools. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 18:95-98
59. Mendoza L, Herr AR, Ajello L. 2001. Causative agent of rhinosporidiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:413-15
60. Mendoza L, Herr RA, Arseculeratne SN, Ajello L. 1999. In vitro studies on the mechanism of endospore release by Rhinosporidium seeberi. Mycopathologia 148:9-15
61. Mort-Bontemps M, Gay L, Fevre M. 1997. CHS2, a chitin synthase gene from the Oomycete Saprolegnia monoica. Microbiol. 143:2009-20
62. Mulisch M. 1993. Chitin in protistan organisms. Eur. J. Protistol. 29:1-18
63. Neish GA, Hughes GC. 1980. Fungal diseases of fishes, Book 6. In Diseases of Fishes, ed. SF Snieszco, HR Axelrod, pp. 61-100. USA/New Jersey/Gt. Britain/Surrey: TFH
64. Nylund V, Westman K, Laintmaa K. 1983. Ultrastructure and taxonomic position of the crayfish parasite Psorospermium haeckeli Heilgendorf. Freshw. Crayfish 5:307-14
65. Okamoto N, Nakase K, Suzuki H, Nakai Y, Fujii K, Sano T. 1985. Life history and morphology of Ichthyophonus hoferi in vitro. Fish Pathol. 20:273-85
66. Olson RE, Dungan CF, Holt RA. 1991. Water-borne transmission of Dermocystidium salmonis in the laboratory. Dis. Aquat. Org. 12:41-48
67. Olson RE, Holt RA. 1995. The gill pathogen Dermocystidium salmonis in Oregon salmonids. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 7:111-17
68. Ordás MC, Figueras A. 1998. In vitro culture of Perkinsus atlanticus, a parasite of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussates. Dis. Aquat. Org. 33:129-36
69. Ordás MC, Novoa B, Faisal M, Mclaughlin S, Figueras A. 2001. Proteolytic activity of cultured Pseudoperkinsus tapetis extracellular products. Comp. Biol. Physiol. B 130:199-206
70. Ordás MC, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2000. Modulation of the chemiluminescence response of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovencialis) haematocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 10:611-22
71. Papema I, Kim SH. 1996. Ultrastructure of the etiological agent of systemic granuloma in goldfish. Dis. Aquat. Org. 26:43-47
72. Perkins FO. 1996. The structure of Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen and Collier, 1950) Levine, 1978 with comments on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Perkinsus spp. J. Shellfish Res. 15:67-87
73. Plehn M, Mulsow K. 1911. Der erreger der "taumelkrankheir" der salmoniden. Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitKde, Abt. 58:63-68
74. Pore RS. 1985. Prototheca taxonomy. Mycopathologia 90:129-39
75. Porter D, Smiley R. 1979. Ribosomal RNA molecular weights of trichomycetes and zygomycetes. Exp. Mycol. 3:188-93
76. Rand TG. 1994. An unusual form of Ichthyophonus hoferi (Icthyophonales: Ichthyophonaceae) from yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea from the Nova Scotia shelf. Dis. Aquat. Org. 18:21-28
77. Rand TG, White K, Cannone JJ, Gutell RR, Murphy CA, Ragan MA. 2000. Ichthyophonus irregularis sp. nov. from the yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea from the Nova Scotia shelf. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 41:31-36
78. Ragan MA, Goggins CL, Cawthorn RJ, Cerenius L, Jamienson AVC, et al. 1998. A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11907-12
79. Raghu-Kumar S. 1987. Occurrence of the traustochytrid, Corallochytrium limacisperum gen. et sp. nov. in the coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea. Bot. Mar. 30:83-89
80. Richards CM. 1958. The inhibition of growth in crowded Rana pipiens tadpoles. Physiol. Zool. 31:138-51
81. Rondon MR, Augus PR, Bettermann AD, Brady SF, Grossman TH, et al. 2000. Cloning the soil metagenome: A strategy for accessing the genetic and functional diversity of uncultured microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2541-47
82. Rug M, Vogt G. 1994. Developmental stages of the crayfish parasite Psorospermium haeckeli in thoraxic arteries of Astacus astacus. J. Invert. Pathol. 64:153-55
83. Seeber GR. 1900. Un Nuevo Sporozuario Parasito del Hombre. Dos Casos Encontrados en Polypos Nasals. MD thesis, Univ. Nacional Buenos Aires, Imprenta Libreria "Boullosa"
84. Spanggaard B, Huss HH, Brescianni J. 1995. Morphology of Ichthyophonus hoferi assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy. J. Fish Dis. 18:567-77
85. Spanggaard B, Skouboe P, Rossen L, Taylor JW. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of the intercellular fish pathogen Ichthyophonus hoferi, and fungi, choanoflagellates and the rosette agent. Mar. Biol. 126:109-15
86. Trotter MJ, Whistler HC. 1965. Chemical composition of the cell wall of Amoebidium parasiticum. Can. J. Bot. 43:869-76
87. Ustinova I, Kienitz L, Huss VAR. 2000. Hyaloraphidium curvatum is not a green alga, but a lower fungus; Amoebidium parasiticum is not a fungus, but a member of the DRIPs. Protist 151:253-62
88. van Hannen EJ, Mooij W, van Agterveld MP, Gons HJ, van Laanbroek P. 1999. Detritus-dependent development of the microbial community in an experimental system: Quality analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2478-84
89. Vickerman K. 1998. Revolution Among the Protozoa. See Ref. 22a, pp. 1-24
90. Vítovec SCJ, Lom J, Kubu JHF. 1974. Dermocystidiosis - A gill disease of the carp due to Dermocystidium cyprini n.sp. J. Fish Biol. 6:689-99
91. Vogt G. 1999. In vitro induction of further development of sporocysts of the crayfish parasite Psorospermium haeckeli. Freshw. Crayfish 12:319-34
92. Vogt G, Keller M, Brandis D. 1996. Occurrence of Psorospermium haeckeli in the stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium from a population naturally mixed with the noble crayfish Astacus astacus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 25:233-38
93. Vogt G, Rug M. 1995. Microscopic anatomy and histochemistry of the crayfish parasite Psorospermium haeckely. Dis. Aquat. Org. 21:79-90
94. Vogt G, Rug M. 1999. Life stages and tentative life cycle of Psorospermium haeckeli, a species of a novel DRIPs clade from the animal-fungal dichotomy. J. Exp. Zool. 283:31-42
95. von Dietheilm-Scheer D. 1979. Psorospermium orconectis n. sp. a new parasite in Orconectes limosus. Arch. Protistenkd. 121:381-91
96. Voronin VN. 1975. On findings of Psorospermium lacustris. Izvest. Gos. Nauch. Instit. Oz. Irech. Ryb. Khoz. (Leningrad) 93:125-26
97. Ward DM, Weller R, Bateson MM. 1990. 16S rDNA sequences reveal numerous uncultured microorganisms in natural community. Nature 345:63-65
98. Wainright PO, Hinkle G, Sogin ML, Stickel SK. 1993. Monophyletic origins of the metazoans: An evolutionary link with fungi. Science 260:340-42
99. Whisler HC. 1962. Culture and nutrition of Amoebidium parasiticum. Am. J. Bot. 29:193-99
100. Whisier HC. 1968. Developmental control of Amoebidium parasiticum. Dev. Biol. 17:562-70
101. Whisler HC, Fuller M. 1968. Preliminary observations on the holdfast of Amoebidium parasiticum. Micologia 60:1068-79
102. Wong A, Beebee T. 1994. Identification of a unicellular, non-pigmented alga that mediates growth inhibition in anuran tadpoles: A new species of the genus Prototheca (Chlorophyceae: Chlorococcales). Hydrobiologia 277:85-96
103. Wootten R, Mcvicar AH. 1982. Dermocystidium from cultured eels, Anguilla anguilla L., in Scotland. J. Fish Dis. 5:215-22
104. Zettler LAA, Nerad TA, O'Kelly CJ, Sogin ML. 2001. The nucleariid amoeba: More protists at the animal-fungal boundary. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48:293-97