Management of brain metastases

Journal of Neurology

Volumn 249, Issue 10, 2002, Pages 1357-1369

  Soffietti, Riccardo ^a   Ruda, Roberta ^a   Mutani, Roberto ^a  

^a San Giovanni Battista Health and Hospital Corporation   (Italy)

Author keywords

Brain metastases; Diagnosis; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CARMUSTINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOSTATIC AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; IRINOTECAN; LOBRADIMIL; METHOTREXATE; NITROSOUREA DERIVATIVE; PACLITAXEL; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; RADIOSENSITIZING AGENT; THIOTEPA; TOPOTECAN; VALPROIC ACID;

BRAIN BIOPSY; BRAIN CANCER; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN METASTASIS; BRAIN SURGERY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CHEMOSENSITIVITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIOSURGERY; REVIEW; SEIZURE; STEREOTAXIC SURGERY; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANTICONVULSANTS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DRUG THERAPY; HUMANS; NEUROSURGERY; PROGNOSIS; RADIOSURGERY; RADIOTHERAPY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036405461     PISSN: 03405354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-002-0870-6     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Abrahams JM, Torchia M, Putt M, Kaiser LR, Judy KD (2001) Risk factors affecting survival after brain metastases from non-small cell lung carcinoma: a follow-up study of 70 patients. J Neurosurg 95: 595-600
2. Abrey LE, Olson JD, Raizer JJ, Mack M, Rodavitch A, Boutros DY (2001) A phase II trial of temozolomide for patients with recurrent or progressive brain metastases. J Neuro oncol 53: 259-265
3. Adler JR, Cox RS, Kaplan I, Martin DP (1992) Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases. J Neurosurg 76: 444-449
4. Alexander E, Moriarty TM, Davis RB, Wen PY, Fine HA, Black PM, Kooy HM, Loeffler JS (1995) Stereotactic radiosurgery for the definitive, noninvasive treatment of brain metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 34-40
5. Arbit E, Wronski M, Burt M, Galicich JH (1995) The treatment of patients with recurrent brain metastases: a retrospective analysis of 109 patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 76: 765-773
6. Arnold SM, Patchell RA (2001) Diagnosis and management of brain metastases. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 15: 1085-1107
7. Auchter RM, Lamond JP, Alexander E, Buatti JM, Chappell R, Friedman WA, Kinsella TJ, Levin AB, Noyes WR, Schultz CJ, Loeffler JS, Mehta MP (1996) A multi-institutional outcome and prognostic factor analysis of radiosurgery for resectable single brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35: 27-35
8. Bartus RT (1999) The blood-brain barrier as a target for pharmacological modulation. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2: 152-167
9. Berk L (1995) An overview of radiotherapy trials for the treatment of brain metastases. Oncology 9: 1205-1219
10. Bezjak A, Adam J, Barton R, Panzarella T, Laperriere N, Wong CS, Mason W, Buckley C, Levin W, McLean M, Wu JSY, Sia M, Kirkbride P (2002) Symptom response after palliative radiotherapy for patients with brain metastases. Eur J Cancer 38: 487-496
11. Bindal RK, Sawaya R, Leavens ME, Lee JJ (1993) Surgical treatment of multiple brain metastases. J Neurosurg 79: 210-216
12. Bindal RK, Sawaya R, Leavens ME, Hess KR, Taylor SH (1995) Reoperation for recurrent metastatic brain tumors. J Neurosurg 83: 600-604
13. Bindal AK, Bindal RK, Hess KR, Shiu A, Hassenbusch SJ, Shi WM, Sawaya R (1996) Surgery versus radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastasis. J Neurosurg 84: 748-754
14. Boogerd W, Dalesio O, Bais EM, van der Sande JJ (1992) Response of brain metastases from breast cancer to systemic chemotherapy. Cancer 69: 972-980
15. Borgelt BB, Gelber RD, Kramer S, Brady LW, Chang CH, Davis LW, Perez CA, Hendrickson FR (1980) The palliation of brain metastases: final results of the first two studies by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6: 1-9
16. Bouffet E, Doumi N, Thiesse P, Mottolese C, Jouvet A, Lacroze M, Carrie C, Frappaz D, Brunat-Mentigny M (1997) Brain metastases in children with solid tumors. Cancer 79: 403-410
17. Brada M, Foord T (2002) Radiosurgery for brain metastases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 14: 28-30
18. Buatti JM, Friedman WA, Meeks SL, Bova FJ (2000) RTOG 90-05: the real conclusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 269-271
19. Byrne TN, Cascino TL, Posner JB (1983) Brain metastasis from melanoma. J Neurooncol 1: 313-317
20. Cairncross JG, Posner JB (1983) The management of brain metastases. In: Walker MD (ed) Oncology of the Nervous System. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, pp 342-377
21. Carde P, Timmerman R, Mehta MP, Koprowski CD, Ford J, Tishler RB, Miles D, Miller RA, Renschler MF (2001) Multicenter phase Ib/II trial of the radiation enhancer motefaxin gadolinium in patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 19: 2074-2083
22. Chen JCT, Petrovich Z, Giannotta SL, Yu C, Apuzzo ML (2000) Radiosurgical salvage therapy for patients presenting with recurrence of metastatic disease to the brain. Neurosurgery 46: 860-867
23. Chidel MA, Suh JH, Reddy CA, Chao ST, Lundbeck MF, Barnett GH (2000) Application of recursive partitioning analysis and evaluation of the use of whole brain radiation among patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 993-999
24. Chougule PB, Burton-Williams M, Saris S (2000) Randomized treatment of brain metastases with gamma knife radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy or both. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48 (suppl): 114
25. Christodoulou C, Bafaloukos D, Kosmidis P, Samantas E, Bamias A, Papakostas P, Karabelis A, Bacoyannis C, Skarlos DV (2001) Phase II study of temozolomide in heavily pretreated cancer patients with brain metastases. Ann Oncol 12: 249-254
26. Cohen N, Strauss G, Lew R, Silver D, Recht L (1988) Should prophylactic anticonvulsants be administered to patients with newly-diagnosed cerebral metastases? A retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 6: 1621-1624
27. Colleoni M, Graiff C, Nelli P, Vicario G, Sgarbossa G, Pancheri F, Manente P (1997) Activity of combination chemotherapy in brain metastases from breast and lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 20: 303-307
28. Davis PC, Hudgins PA, Peterman SB, Hoffman JC Jr (1991) Diagnosis of cerebral metastases: double dose delayed CT vs contrast enhanced MR imaging. AJNR 12: 293-300
29. De Angelis LM, Delattre JY, Posner JB (1989) Radiation-induced dementia in patients cured of brain metastases. Neurology 39: 789-796
30. De Angelis LM, Mandell LR, Thaler HT, Kimmel DW, Galicich JH, Fuks Z, Posner JB (1989) The role of postoperative radiotherapy after resection of single brain metastases. Neurosurgery 24: 798-805
31. De Angelis LM (1992) The management of a single CNS metastasis. In: Hachinski VC (ed) Challenges in Neurology. FA Davis Company, Philadelphia, pp 257-267
32. De la Monte SM, Moore GW, Hutchins GM (1983) Pattern of distribution of metastases from malignant melanoma in humans. Cancer Res 43: 3427-3433
33. Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, Laporte S, Faivre R, Charbonnier B, Barral FG, Huet Y, Simonneau G (1998) A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group. N Engl J Med 338: 409-415
34. Delattre JY, Krol G, Thaler HT, Posner JB (1988) Distribution of brain metastases. Arch Neurol 45: 741-744
35. Delattre JY, Safai B, Posner JB (1988) Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients receiving cranial irradiation and phenytoin. Neurology 38: 194-198
36. Diener-West M, Dobbins TW, Phillips TL, Nelson DF (1989) Identification of an optimal subgroup for treatment evaluation of patients with brain metastases using RTOG Study 7916. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16: 669-673
37. Doolittle ND, Anderson CP, Bleyer WA, Cairncross JG, Cloughesy T, Eck SL, Guastadisegni P, Hall WA, Muldoon LL, Patel SJ, Peereboom D, Siegal T, Neuwelt EA, for the Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Consortium (2001) Importance of dose intensity in neuro-oncology clinical trials: Summary Report of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Consortium. Neuro-Oncology 3: 46-54
38. Ellerhorst J, Strom E, Nardone E, McCutcheon I (2001) Whole brain irradiation for patients with metastatic melanoma: a review of 87 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49: 93-97
39. Engenhardt RB, Kimmig N, Hover KH, Wowra B, Romahn J, Lorenz WJ, van Kaick G, Wannenmacher M (1993) Long-term follow-up for brain metastases treated by percutaneous single high dose irradiation. Cancer 71: 1353-1361
40. Ewend MG (2000) Surgical treatment of brain metastases. Proocedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of Society of Neuro-Oncology (SNO), November 9, Chicago, pp 1-3
41. Fetell MR, Grossman SA, Fisher JD, Erlanger B, Rowinsky E, Stockel J, Piantadosi S (1997) Preirradiation paclitaxel in glioblastoma multiforme: efficacy, pharmacology, and drug interactions. New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy Central Nervous System Consortium. J Clin Oncol 15: 3121-3128
42. Fidler IJ (1988) Origin of cancer metastases and its implications for therapy. Isr J Med Sci 24: 456-463
43. Fidler IJ, Yano S, Zhang RD, Fujimaki T, Bucana CD (2002) The seed and soil hypothesis: vascularisation and brain metastases. Lancet Oncol 3: 53-57
44. th, Sneed PK (1994) A multi-institutional experience with stereotactic radiosurgery for solitary brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 28: 797-802
45. Franciosi V, Cocconi G, Michiara M, Di Costanzo F, Fosser V, Tonato M, Carlini P, Boni C, Di Sarra S (1999) Front-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide for patients with brain metastases from breast, NSCLC or malignant melanoma: a prospective study. Cancer 85: 1599-1605
46. Fujita A, Fukuoka S, Takabatake H, Tagaki S, Sekine K (2000) Combination chemotherapy of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and irinotecan with rhG-CSF support in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer who had concurrent brain metastases at the time of diagnosis. Oncology 59: 291-295
47. Fuller BG, Kaplan ID, Adler J, Cox RS, Bagshaw MA (1992) Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: the importance of adjuvant whole brain irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23: 413-418
48. Gaspar L, Scott C, Rotman M, Asbell S, Phillips T, Wasserman T, McKenna WG, Byhardt R (1997) Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37: 745-751
49. Gaspar L, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W (2000) Validation of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 1001-1006
50. Gelber RD, Larson M, Borgelt BB, Kramer S (1981) Equivalence of radiation schedules for the palliative treatment of brain metastases in patients with favorable prognosis. Cancer 45: 1749-1753
51. Gelblum DY, Lee H, Bilsky M, Pinola C, Longford S, Wallner K (1998) Radiographic findings and morbidity in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42: 391-395
52. Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Friedberg MH, Lathi E, Choy H, Furie K, Akerley W, Wahlberg L, Lekos A, Louis S (1996) A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium prophylaxis in adults with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Neurology 46: 985-991
53. Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Forsyth PA, Recht LD, Wen PY, Chamberlain MC, Grossman SA, Cairncross JG (2000) Practice parameter: anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 54: 1886-1893
54. Graus F, Walker RW, Allen JC (1983) Brain metastases in children. J Pediatr 103: 558-561
55. Grossi F, Scolaro T, Tixi L, Loprevite M, Ardizzoni A (2001) The role of systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases from small-cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 37: 61-67
56. Hamilton MG, Hull RD, Pineo GF (1994) Venous Thromboembolism in Neurosurgery and Neurology Patients: a review. Neurosurgery 34: 280-296
57. Huang CF, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD (1999) Stereotactic radiosurgery for brainstem metastases. J Neurosurg 84: 563-568
58. Huber PE, Hawighorst H, Fuss M, van Kaick G, Wannenmacher MF, Debus J (2001) Transient enlargement of contrast uptake on MRI after linear accelerator (LINAC) stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49: 1339-1349
59. Jacot W, Quantin X, Boher JM, Andre F, Moreau L, Gainet M, Depierre A, Quoix E, Le Chevalier T, Pujol JL (2001) Brain metastases at the time of presentation of non-small lung cancer: a multi-centric AERIO analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Cancer 84: 903-909
60. Kavanagh B, Khandelwal SR, Schmidt-Ullrich RK, Roberts JD, Shaw EG, Pearlman AD, Venitz J, Dusenbery KE, Abraham DJ, Gerber MJ (2001) A phase I study of RSR13, a radiation-enhancing hemoglobin modifier: tolerance of repeated intravenous doses and correlation of pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49: 1133-1139
61. Kelly K, Bunn PA (1998) It is time to reevaluate our approach to the treatment of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer? Lung Cancer 20: 85-91
62. Kole AC, Nieweg OE, Pruim J, Hoekstra HJ, Koops HS, Roodenburg JL,Vaalburg W, Vermey A (1998) Detection of unknown occult primary tumors using Positron Emission Tomography. Cancer 82: 1160-1166
63. Kondziolka D, Patel A, Lunsford LD, Kassam A, Flickinger JC (1999) Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45: 427-434
64. Kristensen CA, Kristjansen PE, Hansen HH (1992) Systemic chemotherapy of brain metastases from SCLC: a review. J Clin Oncol 10: 1498-1502
65. Kuijlen JM, Teernstra OP, Kessels AG, Herpers MJ, Beuls EA (1996) Effectiveness of antiepileptic prophylaxis used with supratentorial craniotomies: a meta-analysis. Seizure 5: 291-298
66. Lagerwaard FJ, Levendag PC, Nowak PJ, Eijkenboom WM, Hanssens PE, Schmitz PI (1999) Identification of prognostic factors in patients with brain metastases: a review of 1292 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43: 795-803
67. Le Chevalier T, Smith FP, Caille P, Constans JP, Rouesse JG (1985) Site of primary malignancies in patients presenting with cerebral metastases: a review of 120 cases. Cancer 56: 880-882
68. Lesser GJ (1996) Chemotherapy of cerebral metastases fron solid tumors. Neurosurgery Clin North Am 7: 527-536
69. Levi ADO, Wallace MC, Bernstein M, Walters BC (1991) Venous Thromboembolism after Brain Tumor Surgery: a retrospective review. Neurosurgery 28: 859-863
70. Levin JM, Schiff D, Loeffler JS, Fine HA, Black PM, Wen PY (1993) Complications of therapy for venous thromboembolic disease in patients with brain tumors. Neurology 43: 1111-1114
71. Levine SD, Petrovich Z, Cohen-Gadol AA, Masri LS, Morton DL, O'Day SJ, Essner R, Zelman V, Yu C, Luxton G, Apuzzo ML (1999) Gamma knife radiosurgery for metastatic melanoma: an analysis of survival, outcome, and complications. Neurosurgery 44: 59-64
72. Li B,Yu J, Suntharalingam M, Kennedy AS, Amin PP, Chen Z, Yin R, Guo S, Han T, Wang Y, Yu N, Song G, Wang L (2000) Comparison of three treatment options for single brain metastasis from lung cancer. Int J Cancer 90: 37-45
73. Loeffler JS, Kooy HM, Wen PY, Fine HA, Cheng CW, Mannarino EG, Tsai JS, Alexander E (1990) The treatment of recurrent brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Clin Oncol 8: 576-582
74. Macdonald DR, Cascino T, Schold SC, Cairncross JG (1990) Response criteria for Phase II studies of malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 8: 1277-1280
75. Maesawa S, Kondziolka D, Thompson TP, Flickinger JC, Dade L (2000) Brain metastases in patients with no known primary tumor. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery. Cancer 89: 1095-1101
76. Manning MA, Cardinale RM, Benedict SH, Kavanagh BD, Zwicker RD, Amir C, Broaddus WC (2000) Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy as an alternative to radiosurgery for the treatment of patients with brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 603-608
77. Maor MH, Dubey P, Tucker SL, Shiu AS, Mathur BN, Sawaya R, Lang FF, Hassenbusch SJ (2000) Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: results and prognostic factors. Int J Cancer 90: 157-162
78. Marchetti D, Li J, Shen R (2000) Astrocytes contribute to the brain-metastatic specificity of melanoma cells by producing heparanase. Cancer Res 60: 4767-4770
79. McKenzie MR, Souhami L, Caron JL, Olivier A, Villemure JG, Podgorsak EB (1993) Early and late complications following dynamic stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Can J Neurol Sci 20: 279-285
80. Mehta MP, Rozenthal JM, Levin B, Mackie TR, Kubsad SS, Gehring MA, Kinsella TJ (1992) Defining the role of radiosurgery in the management of brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24: 619-625
81. Mehta M, Noyes W, Craig B, Lamond J, Auchter R, French M, Johnson M, Levin A, Badie B, Robbins I, Kinsella T (1997) A cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of radiosurgery vs. resection for single-brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39: 445-454
82. Merchut MP (1989) Brain metastases from undiagnosed systemic neoplasms. Arch Intern Med 149: 1076-1080
83. Mintz AH, Kestle J, Rathbone MP, Gaspar L, Hugenholtz H, Fisher B, Duncan G, Skingley P, Foster G, Levine M (1996) A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of surgery in addition to radiotherapy in patients with a single cerebral metastasis. Cancer 78: 1470-1476
84. Mintz A, Cairncross JG (1998) Treatment of a single brain metastasis. The role of radiation following surgical resection. JAMA 280: 1527-1529
85. Muacevic A, Kreth FW, Horstmann GA, Schmid-Elsaesser R, Wowra B, Steiger HJ, Reulen HJ (1999) Surgery and radiotherapy compared with gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary cerebral metastases of small diameter. J Neurosurg 91: 35-43
86. Murray KJ, Scott C, Greenberg H, Emami B, Seider M,Vora NL, Olson C, Whitton A, Movsas B, Curran W (1997) A randomized phase III study of accelerated hyperfractionated versus standard radiation in patients with unresected brain metastases: A report of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9104. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39: 571-574
87. Murray KJ, Scott C, Zachariah B, Michalski JM, Demas W, Vora NL, Whitton A, Movsas B (2000) Importance of the Mini-Mental Status Examination in the treatment of patients with brain metastases: a report from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocol. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48: 59-64
88. Neuwelt EA, Kikuchi K, Hill S, Lipsky P, Frenkel EP (1983) Immune responses in patients with brain tumors. Factors such as anti-convulsants that may contribute to impaired cell-mediated immunity. Cancer 51: 248-255
89. Nguyen LN, Maor MH, Oswald MJ (1998) Brain metastases as the only manifestation of an undetected primary tumor. Cancer 83: 2181-2184
90. Nicolson GL, Menter DG, Herrmann JL, Yun Z, Cavanaugh P, Marchetti D (1996) Brain metastasis: role of trophic, autocrine, and paracrine factors in tumor invasion and colonization of the central nervous system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 213: 89-115
91. Nieder C, Schwerdtfeger K, Steudel WI, Schnabel K (1998) Patterns of relapse and late toxicity after resection and whole-brain radiotherapy for solitary brain metastases. Strahlenther Onkol 174: 275-278
92. Nieder C, Nestle U, Motaref B, Walter K, Niewald M, Schnabel K (2000) Prognostic factors in brain metastases: should patients be selected for aggressive treatment according to recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classes? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46: 297-302
93. Noordijk EM, Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, Padberg GW, Voormolen JH, Hoekstra FH, Tans JT, Lambooij N, Metsaars JA, Wattendorff AR (1994) The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 29: 711-717
94. Nussbaum ES, Djalilian HR, Cho KH, Hall WA (1996) Brain metastases. Histology, multiplicity, surgery, and survival. Cancer 78: 1781-1788
95. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Macdonald JS, Young B (1990) A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 322: 494-500
96. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Foon KA, Young B (1998) Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. JAMA 280: 1485-1489
97. Peterson AM, Meltzer CC, Evanson EJ, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D (1999) MR imaging response of brain metastases after gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery. Radiology 211: 807-814
98. Pirzkall A, Debus J, Lohr F, Fuss M, Rhein B, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Wannenmacher M (1998) Radiosurgery alone or in combination with whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 16: 3563-3569
99. Posner JB, Chernick NL (1978) Intracranial metastases from systemic cancer. Adv Neurol 19: 579-592
100. Postmus PE, Smit EF (1999) Chemotherapy for brain metastases of lung cancer: a review. Ann Oncol 10: 753-759
101. Postmus PE, Haaxma-Reiche H, Smit EF, Groen HJM, Karnicka H, Lewinski T, van Meerbeeck J, Clerico M, Gregor A, Curran D, Sahmoud T, Kirkpatrick A, Giaccone G (2000) Treatment of brain metastases of small-cell lung cancer: comparing teniposide and teniposide with whole-brain radiotherapy - a phase III study of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer, Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 18: 3400-3408
102. Regine WF, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W (2001) Neurocognitive outcome in brain metastases patients treated with accelerated-fractionation vs. accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy: an analysis from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study 91-04. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51: 711-717
103. Regine WF, Huhn JL, Patchell RA, St Clair WH, Strottmann J, Meigooni A, Sanders M, Young AB (2002) Risk of symptomatic brain tumor recurrence and neurologic deficit after radiosurgery alone in patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: results and implications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52: 333-338
104. Robinet G, Thomas P, Breton JL, Lena H, Gouva S, Dabouis G, Bennouna J, Souquet PJ, Balmes P, Thiberville L, Fournel P, Quoix E, Riou R, Rebattu P, Perol M, Paillotin D, Mornex F (2001) Results of a phase III study of early versus delayed whole brain radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin and vinorelbine combination in inoperable brain metastases of non-small cell lung cancer: Groupe Francais de Pneumocancerologie (GFPC) protocol 95-1. Ann Oncol 12: 59-67
105. Rosner D, Nemoto T, Lane WW (1986) Chemotherapy induces regression of brain metastases in breast carcinoma. Cancer 58: 832-839
106. Rudà R, Borgognone M, Benech F, Vasario E, Soffietti R (2001) Brain metastases from unknown primary tumor. A prospective study. J Neurol 248: 394-398
107. Rutigliano MJ, Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Strauss MJ, Khanna V, Green M (1995) The cost effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery versus surgical resection in the treatment of solitary matastatic brain tumors. Neurosurgery 37: 445-455
108. Sanghavi SN, Miranpuri SS, Chappell R, Buatti JM, Sneed PK, Suh JH, Regine WF, Weltman E, King VJ, Goetsch SJ, Breneman JC, Sperduto PW, Scott C, Mabanta S, Mehta MP (2001) Radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis, stratified by the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51: 426-434
109. Sawaya R, Zuccarello M, Elkalliny M, Nishiyama H (1992) Postoperative venous thromboembolism and brain tumors: part I. Clinical profile. J Neurooncol pp 119-125
110. Schellinger PD, Meinck HM, Thron A (1999) Diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared to CT in patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol 44: 275-281
111. Schiff D (2001) Single brain metastasis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 3: 89-99
112. Schiff D, De Angelis LM (1994) Therapy of venous thromboembolism in patients with brain metastases. Cancer 73: 493-498
113. Serizawa T, Iuchi T, Ono J, et al. (2000) Gamma knife treatment for multiple metastatic brain tumors compared with whole-brain radiation therapy. J Neurosurg 93: 32-36
114. Shaw E, Scott C, Souhami L, Dinapoli R, Kline R, Loeffler J, Farnan N (2000) Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: final report of RTOG protocol 90-05. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47: 291-298
115. Shiau CY, Sneed PK, Shu HK, Lamborn KR, McDermott MW, Chang S, Nowak P, Petti PL, Smith V, Verhey LJ, Ho M, Park E, Wara WM, Gutin PH, Larson DA (1997) Radiosurgery for brain metastases: relationship of dose and pattern of enhancement to local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37: 375-383
116. Shirato H, Takamura A, Tomita M, Suzuki K, Nishioka T, Isu T, Kato T, Sawamura Y, Miyamachi K, Abe H, Miyasaka K (1997) Stereotactic irradiation without whole-brain irradiation for single brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37: 385-391
117. Smalley SR, Schray MF, Laws ER Jr, O'Fallon JR (1987) Adjuvant radiation therapy after surgical resection of solitary brain metastasis: association with pattern of failure and survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 1611-1616
118. Sneed PK, Lamborn KR, Torstner JM, McDermott MW, Chang S, Park E, Gutin PH, Phillips TL, Wara WM, Larson D (1999) Radiosurgery for brain metastases: is whole brain radiotherapy necessary? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 3: 549-558
119. Sperduto PW, Scott C, Andrews D (2000) Preliminary report of RTOG 9508: a phase III trial comparing whole brain irradiation alone versus whole brain irradiation plus stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with two or three unresected brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48 (suppl): 113
120. Sturm V, Kober B, Hover KH, Schlegel W, Boesecke R, Pastyr O, Hartmann GH, Schabbert S, zum Winkel K, Kunze S (1987) Stereotactic percutaneous single dose irradiation of brain metastases with a linear accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13: 279-282
121. Sze G, Milano E, Johnson C, Heier L (1990) Detection of brain metastases: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR with unenhanced MR and enhanced CT. AJNR 11: 785-791
122. Sze G, Johnson C, Kawamura Y, Goldberg SN, Lange R, Friedland RJ, Wolf RJ (1998) Comparison of single- and triple-dose contrast material in the MR screening of brain metastases. AJNR 19: 821-828
123. Tasdemiroglu E, Patchell RA (1997) Cerebral metastases in childhood malignancies. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 139: 182-187
124. Thomas AJ, Rock JP, Johnson CC, Weiss L, Jacobsen G, Rosenblum ML (2000) Survival of patients with synchronous brain metastases: an epidemiological study in southeastern Michigan. J Neurosurg 93: 927-931
125. Ushio Y, Arita N, Hayakawa T, Mogami H, Hasegawa H, Bitoh S, Oku Y, Ikeda H, Kanai N, Kanoh M (1991) Chemotherapy of brain metastases from lung carcinoma: a controlled randomized study. Neurosurgery 28: 201-205
126. Van de Pol M, van Aalst VC, Wilmink JT, Twijnstra A (1996) Brain metastases from an unknown primary tumor: which diagnostic procedures are indicated? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61: 321-323
127. Van den Bent MJ (2001) The diagnosis and management of brain metastases. Curr Opin Neurol 14: 717-723
128. Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, Noordijk EM, Padberg GW, Voormolen JH, Hoekstra FH, Tans JT, Lambooij N, Metsaars JA, Wattendorff AR (1993) Treatment of single brain metastasis: radiotherapy alone or combined with neurosurgery? Ann Neurol 33: 583-590
129. Vecht CJ, Hovestadt A, Verbiest HB, van Vliet JJ, van Putten WL (1994) Dose-effect relationship of dexamethasone on Karnofsky performance in metastatic brain tumors: a randomized study of doses of 4, 8, and 16 mg per day. Neurology 44: 675-680
130. Weltman E, Salvajoli JV, Brandt RA, de Morais Hanriot R, Prisco FE, Cruz JC, de Oliveira Borges R, Lagatta M, Ballas Wajsbrot D (2001) Radiosurgery for brain metastases: who may not benefit? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51: 1320-1327
131. Wronski M, Arbit E (2000) Surgical treatment of brain metastases from melanoma: a retrospective study of 91 patients. J Neurosurg 93: 9-18
132. Yano S, Shinohara H, Herbst RS, Kuniyasu H, Bucana CD, Ellis LM, Davis DW, McConkey DJ, Fidler IJ (2000) Expression of vascular endotelial growth factor is necessary but not sufficient for production and growth of brain metastasis. Cancer Res 60: 4959-4967
133. Yuh WT, Tali ET, Nguyen HD, Simonson TM, Mayr NA, Fisher DJ (1995) The effect of contrast dose, imaging time, and lesion size in the MR detection of intracerebral metastasis. AJNR 16: 373-380
134. Zimm S, Wampler GL, Stablein D, Hazra T, Young HF (1981) Intracerebral metastases in solid-tumor patients: natural history and results of treatment. Cancer 48: 384-394