GH as a co-gonadotropin: The relevance of correlative changes in GH secretion and reproductive state

Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 172, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 1-19

  Hull, K L ^a   Harvey, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GONADOTROPIN; GROWTH HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN C;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; CIRCULATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GONAD; GONAD FUNCTION; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RESISTANCE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOTHALAMUS; LACTATION; LIVER; MALE; MENOPAUSE; NONHUMAN; OVARY CYCLE; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBERTY; RAT; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SEXUAL MATURATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGING; ANIMALS; CHILD; ESTROUS CYCLE; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY; GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMUS; LACTATION; LIVER; MALE; MENOPAUSE; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MIDDLE AGED; OVARY; PITUITARY GLAND; PREGNANCY; RATS; REPRODUCTION; SEASONS; SEXUAL MATURATION; TESTIS;

EID: 0036146745     PISSN: 00220795     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1720001     Document Type: Review

References (218)

1. The secretory patterns of growth hormone in pregnant and hysterectomized ewes
2. Human placental growth hormone
3. Physiological role of human placental growth hormone
4. Immunohistochemical localization of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and prolactin in the human placenta
5. Somatostatin messenger RNA in hypothalamic neurons is increased by testosterone through activation of androgen receptors and not by aromatization to estradiol
6. Sexual dimorphism of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin gene expression in the hypothalamus of the rat during development
7. Behaviour of hPL and GH plasmatic rate in pregnant women at different time of their pregnancy during dynamic tests
8. Seasonal variation and opioidergic regulation of growth hormone release in cyclic, ovariectomized, and pregnant pony mares
9. Interrelation of the therapeutic effects of growth hormone and testosterone on growth in hypopituitarism
10. Expression of pit-1 messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in the human placenta
11. Role of growth hormone and prolactin in the control of reproduction: What are we learning from transgenic and knockout animals?
12. Neuroendocrine and reproductive consequences of overexpression of growth hormone in transgenic mice
13. Effects of growth hormone on neuroendocrine function
14. Effects of growth hormone overexpression and growth hormone resistance on neuroendocrine and reproductive functions in trangenic and knock-out mice
15. Growth hormone heterogeneity: Genes, isohormones, variants, and binding proteins
16. Placental and pituitary growth hormone secretion during pregnancy in acromegalic women
17. Growth hormone-releasing hormone-like messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive peptide are present in human testis and placenta
18. Placental hormones during induced hypoglycaemia in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Evidence of an active role for placenta in hormonal counter-regulation
19. Changes in growth hormone (GH) secretion and in growth during puberty
20. Growth hormone (GH)-binding protein regulation by estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins in human - The effect of ovulation induction with menopausal gonadotropins, GH, and gestation
21. Cloning of two novel growth hormone transcripts expressed in human placenta
22. Effects of human growth hormone therapy on melanocytic naevi
23. Interrelationships of human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, and pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein throughout normal human gestation
24. Mechanism of puberty
25. Growth hormone and cortisol levels in the annual cycle of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
26. Seasonal levels of metabolic hormones and substrates in male and female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
27. Seasonal variations in prolactin, growth hormone and thyroid hormones and the prolactin surge at ovulation do not affect litter size during pregnancy in the oestrous or anoestrous season
28. Expression of the growth hormone-binding protein messenger RNA in the liver and extrahepatic tissues in the rat: Co-expression with the growth hormone receptor
29. The plasma pattern of growth hormone in conscious rats during late pregnancy
30. Expression of the somatostatin receptor SST4 in human placenta and absence of octreotide effect on human placental growth hormone concentration during pregnancy
31. Changes in serum immunoreactive and bioactive growth hormone concentrations in boys with advancing puberty and in response to a 20-hour estradiol infusion
32. Effects of age and endogenously secreted human growth hormone on the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in female and male transgenic mice expressing the human growth hormone gene
33. Influence of hypothalamus and ovary on pituitary function in transgenic mice expressing the bovine growth hormone gene and in growth hormone-deficient Ames dwarf mice
34. The role of growth hormone in the control of gonadotropin secretion in adult male rats
35. Pituitary and testicular function in growth hormone receptor gene knockout mice
36. Growth hormone cells as co-gonadotropes: Partners in the regulation of the reproductive system
37. Differential expression of growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid by somatotropes and gonadotropes in male and cycling female rats
38. Decreased expression of placental growth hormone in intrauterine growth retardation
39. Reduced growth hormone secretion in Turner syndrome: Is body weight a key factor?
40. Effect of gonadectomy on growth hormone, IGF-I and sex steroids in children with complete and incomplete androgen insensitivity
41. Growth hormones and sex steroid interactions at puberty
42. Growth hormone secretary profiles in conscious female rats
43. Effect of fetal alcohol exposure on postnatal pituitary adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate content and growth hormone release
44. Route of estrogen administration helps to determine growth hormone (GH) replacement dose in GH-deficient adults
45. Influence of gonadal steroids on rat pituitary growth hormone secretion
46. Hypersomatotropism in pregnant women, as measured by a human liver radioreceptor assay
47. Low estrogen oral contraceptives and the hypothalamo-pituitary axis
48. Thyroid function in early pregnancy. II: Paradoxical growth hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone
49. Acute shifts in relaxin, progesterone, prolactin and growth hormone secretion in Chinese Meishan gilts during late pregnancy and after hysterectomy
50. The effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone secretion
51. Hormonal and cell-specific regulation of the human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin genes
52. Effects of short-term administration of growth hormone in healthy young men, women, and women taking oral contraceptives
53. Marked gender differences in ambulatory morning growth hormone values in young adults
54. Gender differences in diurnal growth hormone and epinephrine values in young adults during ambulation
55. Growth hormone in human pregnancy
56. Regulation of growth hormone gene expression and secretion during pregnancy and lactation in the rat
57. Alternative splice site selection in the human growth hormone gene transcript and synthesis of the 20 kDa isoform: Role of higher order transcript structure
58. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone and cortisol in gilts treated with N-methyl-D,L-aspartate during the estrous cycle or after ovariectomy
59. Biology of somatotropin in growth and lactation of domestic animals
60. Regulation of growth hormone secretion in human trophoblastic cells in culture
61. Pulsatile growth hormone release in normal women during the menstrual cycle
62. Human growth hormone does not cross the placenta of the pregnant rat
63. Ontogenesis of the sexual dimorphism of growth hormone secretion by perifused rat hemipituitaries
64. Interactions of prolactin and growth hormone (GH) in the regulation of mammary gland function and epithelial cell survival
65. Multiple endocrine deficiencies induced by an antiserum to growth hormone
66. Nocturnal serum growth hormone concentration is not augmented by short term testosterone infusion in pubertal boys
67. Growth hormone pulsatility and the endocrine milieu during sexual maturation in male and female rats
68. Long-term reductions in GH, insulin-like growth factor-I and body weight gain in rats treated neonatally with antibodies to rat GH
69. Modulatory role of estrogens and progestins on growth hormone episodic release in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea
70. Growth hormone treatment affects plasma LH pulsatile release in women with secondary amenorrhoea
71. Effects of long-term gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analog treatment on growth, growth hormone (GH) secretion, GH receptors, and GH-binding protein in the rat
72. Effects of the expression of bovine growth hormone on the testes and male accessory reproductive glands in transgenic mice
73. Effects of sex and age on the growth hormone response to galanin in healthy human subjects
74. Ontogeny of pituitary transcription factor-1 (Pit-1), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) mRNA levels in male and female rats and the differential expression of Pit-1 in lactotrophs and somatotrophs
75. Cellular composition of the adult rat anterior pituitary is influenced by the neonatal sex steroid environment
76. Influence of photoperiod, time and sex on hormone concentrations in collared lemmings
77. Maturation of the regulation of growth hormone secretion in young males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism pharmacologically exposed to progressive increments in serum testosterone
78. Effect of bovine growth hormone gene expression, sex and age on plasma gonadotropins estrone and testosterone in prepuberal pigs
79. Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin and dietary energy intake on growth, secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicular development and onset of puberty in beef heifers
80. The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development
81. Somatomedin-C in normal puberty and in true precocious puberty before and after treatment with a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
82. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on growth hormone secretion patterns in correlation to somatometric parameters in healthy postmenopausal women
83. Growth hormone release: Profiles
84. Variations in plasma growth hormone concentrations in laying hens
85. Ultrastructural colocalization of growth hormone binding proteins and pituitary hormones in adenohypophyseal cells of the rat
86. Masculinization of growth hormone (GH) secretory pattern by dihydrotestosterone is associated with augmentation of hypothalamic somatostatin and GH-releasing hormone mRNA levels in ovariectomized adult rats
87. Estrogen and androgen elicit growth hormone release via dissimilar patterns of hypothalamic neuropeptide secretion
88. Developmental expression of Glut1 glucose transporter and c-fos genes in human placental cells
89. Placental lactogen and growth hormone receptors in human fetal tissues: Relationship to fetal plasma human placental lactogen concentrations and fetal growth
90. The relationship between height velocity and growth hormone secretion in short prepubertal children
91. The human growth hormone gene locus: Structure, evolution, and allelic variations
92. Sex steroid regulation of growth hormone secretion and action
93. Two pathways of placental lactogen secretion by cultured human trophoblast
94. Investigations on hormonal changes around parturition in the dog and the occurrence of pregnancy-specific non conjugated oestrogens
95. Variations in serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone and thyroid hormones during lactation in dairy cows
96. Detection of placental growth hormone variant and chorionic somatomammotropin-L RNA expression in normal and diabetic pregnancy by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
97. Growth hormone: A reproductive endocrine-paracrine regulator?
98. Growth hormone: Roles in female reproduction
99. Growth hormone: Roles in male reproduction
100. Identification of four new members of the rat prolactin/growth hormone gene family
101. Correlation of growth hormone secretion during pregnancy with circulating prolactin in rats
102. Changes in expression of the prolactin and growth hormone gene during different reproductive stages in the pituitary gland of turkeys
103. Androgen-stimulated pubertal growth: The effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the treatment of short stature and delayed puberty
104. The impact of gonadal steroid hormone action on growth hormone secretion during childhood and adolescence
105. Gestational profiles of rat placental lactogen-II (rPL-II) and growth hormone (GH) in maternal and fetal serum, amniotic fluid, and placental tissue
106. Estrogen levels in childhood determined by an ultrasensitive recombinant cell bioassay
107. Plasma prolactin, growth hormone and progesterone concentrations in pseudopregnant, hysterectomized and pregnant goats
108. Expression of the growth hormone gene in ovine placenta: Detection and cellular localization of the protein
109. Occurrence of a growth hormone-releasing hormone-like messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive peptide in the sheep placenta
110. Evidence for the involvement of non-androgenic testicular factors in the regulation of hypothalamic somatostatin and GHRH mRNA levels
111. Changes in messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations and plasma levels of growth hormone during the ovine estrous cycle and in response to exogenous estradiol
112. The growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone is blunted in polycystic ovary syndrome: Relationship with obesity and hyperinsulinaemia
113. The insulin-like growth factor I generation test: Resistance to growth hormone with aging and estrogen replacement therapy
114. The effect of androgens on the pulsatile release and the twenty-four-hour mean concentration of growth hormone in peripubertal males
115. A comparison of the seasonal hormone changes and patterns of growth, voluntary food intake and reproduction in juvenile and adult red deer (Cerus elaphus)and Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) hinds
116. Effect of obesity on endogenous secretion of growth hormone in Turner's syndrome
117. Pediatric endocrinology update: An overview. The essential roles of estrogens in pubertal growth, epiphyseal fusion and bone turnover: Lessons from mutations in the genes for aromatase and the estrogen receptor
118. Placental growth hormone (GH), GH-binding protein, and insulin-like growth factor axis in normal, growth-retarded, and diabetic pregnancies: Correlations with fetal growth
119. Developmental control and alternative splicing of the placentally expressed transcripts from the human growth hormone gene cluster
120. Sexually dimorphic expression of the growth hormone-releasing hormone gene is not mediated by circulating gonadal hormones in the adult rat
121. Changes in growth and serum growth hormone and plasma somatomedin-C levels during suppression of gonadal sex steroid secretion in girls with central precocious puberty
122. Seasonal variations in body growth rates and circulating levels of growth hormone in the goldfish, Carassium auratus
123. Alterations in the pulsatile properties of circulating GH concentrations during puberty in boys
124. A novel change in cytologic localization of human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen in first-trimester placenta in the course of gestation
125. Growth hormone secretion in Turner's syndrome and influence of oxandrolone and ethinyl oestradiol
126. The development of sexually dimorphic sensitivity to growth hormone (GH) feedback of the clonidine-induced GH surge in the rat
127. Androgen-dependent somatotroph function in a hypogonadal adolescent male: Evidence for control of exogenous androgens on growth hormone release
128. Specific, time-dependent actions of low-dose ethinyl estradiol administration on the episodic release of growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in prepubertal girls with Turner's syndrome
129. Increased hGH production rate after low-dose estrogen therapy in prepubertal girls with Turner's syndrome
130. Possible interactions between gonadotrophs and somatotrophs in the pituitary of tilapia: Appararent roles for insulin-like growth factor I and estradiol
131. Both pituitary and placental growth hormone transcripts are expressed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
132. Copulatory behavior and fertility in transgenic male mice expressing human placental growth hormone gene
133. Hormonal treatments modulate pulsatile plasma growth hormone, gonadotrophin and osteocalcin levels in postmenopausal women
134. Hormone and receptor studies: Relationship to linear growth in childhood and puberty
135. Androgen receptor blockade with flutamide enhances growth hormone secretion in late pubertal males: Evidence for independent actions of estrogen and androgen
136. Estrogen receptor blockage with tamoxifen diminishes GH secretion in boys: Evidence for a stimulatory role of endogenous estrogens during male adolescence
137. Gonadal steroid hormone regulation of the somatotropic axis during puberty in humans
138. Placental growth hormone levels in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation
139. Complex alternative splicing partially inactivates the human chorionic somatomammotropin-like (hCS-L) gene
140. Moderate food restriction abolishes the pregnancy-associated rise in serum growth hormone and decreases serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations without altering IGF-I mRNA expression in rats
141. Insulin, somatotrophic and luteinizing hormone axes in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Common and distinct features
142. Epidermal growth factor induces differentiation and secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen in normal human placenta
143. Transforming growth factor beta 1 inhibits placental differentiation and human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen secretion
144. Seasonal changes in plasma growth hormone and prolactin concentrations of the frog Rana esculenta
145. Functional differentiation of placental syncytiotrophoblasts during baboon pregnancy: Developmental expression of chorionic somatomammotropin messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels
146. Human placental growth hormone gene expression in rat pituitary tumour cells
147. Differential binding of rat pituitary-specific nuclear factors to the 5′-flanking region of pituitary and placental members of the human growth hormone gene family
148. Placenta-specific expression of the rat growth hormone-releasing hormone gene promoter in transgenic mice
149. Insulin-like growth factor-I, GH, insulin and glucagon concentrations in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairy cows and neonatal calves around parturition
150. Growth hormone and puberty
151. Sexually dimorphic expression of pituitary growth hormone-releasing factor receptor in the rat
152. Growth hormone secretory capacity and serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in primary infertile anovulatory women with regular menses
153. Lack of impact of pharmacological growth hormone administration on circulating levels of reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle in normal women
154. Increased pulsatile, but not basal, growth hormone secretion rates and plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels during the periovulatory interval in normal women
155. Single exposure to testosterone in adulthood rapidly induces regularity in the growth hormone release process
156. Effect of testosterone on somatomedin-C concentrations in prepubertal boys
157. Glucose inhibits human placental GH secretion, in vitro
158. Placental neurohormones: Secretion and physiological implications
159. Dysfunction of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
160. Is the mammosomatotrope a transitional cell for the functional interconversion of growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting cells? Suggestive evidence from virgin, gestating, and lactating rats
161. Evidence for bidirectional interconversion of mammotropes and somatotropes: Rapid reversion of acidiophilic cell types to pregestational after weaning
162. Changes in pituitary somatotrophs and lactotrophs associated with ovarian regression in the turkey hen
163. Changes in pituitary somatotroph and lactotroph distribution in laying and incubating turkey hens
164. Decreased growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in Turner's syndrome: Relation to body weight and adiposity
165. Coding potential of transfected human placental lactogen genes
166. Influences of stress, age and sex on serum growth hormone and free fatty acid levels in cattle
167. Somatomedin C and other hormones in dairy cows around parturition in newborn calves and in milk
168. Spontaneous growth hormone secretion increases during puberty in normal girls and boys
169. Growth hormone secretory dynamics in Turner syndrome
170. Nursing-induced changes in pain sensitivity, prolactin, and somatotropin in the pig
171. Prenatal action of growth hormone on brain and behaviour
172. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-GH-somatic growth and luteinizing hormone (LH)RH-LH-ovarian axes in adult female transgenic mice expressing human GH gene
173. Variations in plasma prolactin, thyroid hormones, gonadal steroids and growth hormone during the induction of egg laying and moult by different photoperiods
174. Annual developmental and diurnal cycles of pituitary hormone secretion
175. Mechanism involved in the avian patterns of growth hormone secretion during growth and development
176. Secretory pattern of metabolic hormones in the lactating sow
177. Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on luteinizing hormone and ovarian function in lactating dairy cows
178. Selective growth hormone/placental lactogen gene transcription and hormone production in pre- and postmenopausal human ovaries
179. Demonstration of the pituitary expression of the human GH-V gene as assessed by a competitive hybridization technique
180. Variations in concentrations of plasma prolactin, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone and progesterone in broody bantams (Gallus domesticus)
181. 3H]estradiol in GRF neurons
182. Stimulation of growth hormone release and synthesis by estrogens in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture
183. An abnormality of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome due to coexistent obesity
184. Pre-parturitional changes in serum prolactin, placental lactogen, growth hormone, progesterone, and corticosterone in the C3H/HeN mouse
185. Human growth hormone and placental lactogen levels in midpregnancy and late postpartum
186. The effects of growth hormone therapy on spontaneous sexual development
187. Adenohypophyseal morphology in transgenic dwarf mice with cerebral production of human growth hormone
188. Pituitary lactotrophs and somatotrophs in pregnancy: A correlative in situ hybridization and immunocyto-chemical study
189. Effects of heterologous growth hormones on hypothalamic and pituitary function in transgenic mice
190. Growth hormone in serum of women during the menstrual cycle and during controlled ovarian stimulation
191. The human growth hormone gene cluster locus control region supports position-independent pituitary- and placenta-specific expression in the transgenic mouse
192. Plasma growth hormone levels during sexual maturation in diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
193. Pulsatile growth hormone secretion during the breeding season in male reindeer and its association with hypophagia and weight loss
194. Gonadotropin secretion, synthesis, and gene expression in two types of bovine growth hormone transgenic mice
195. Effect of growth hormone administration on human ovarian function and steroidogenic gene expression in granulosa-luteal cells
196. Complex alternative splicing of the GH-V gene in the human testis
197. An unusual member of the human growth hormone/placental lactogen (GH/PL) family, the testicular alternative splicing variant hPL-A2: Recombinant expression revealed a membrane-associated growth factor molecule
198. Expression of a human growth hormone (hGH) receptor isoform is predicted by tissue-specific alternative splicing of exon 3 of the hGH receptor gene transcript
199. Abdominal adiposity rather than age and sex predicts mass and regularity of GH secretion in healthy adults
200. Metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of a growth hormone pulse in healthy adults: Relation to age, sex, and body composition
201. Diurnal variations in plasma insulin and growth hormone associated with two stages of lactation in high producing dairy cows
202. Dual defects in pulsatile growth hormone secretion and clearance subserve the hyposomatotropism of obesity in man
203. Decreased metabolic clearance of endogenous growth hormone and specific alterations in the pulsatile mode of growth hormone secretion occur in prepubertal girls with Turner's syndrome. Genentech Collaborative Group
204. The human placental lactogen genes: Structure, function, evolution and transcriptional regulation
205. Changes in serum concentrations and pituitary content of the two prolactins and growth hormone during the reproductive cycle in female tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, compared with changes during fasting
206. Effects of season and nutrition on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in male red deer
207. Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating growth hormone and prolactin secretion during lactation
208. Contrasting effects of oral and transdermal routes of estrogen replacement therapy on 24 hour growth hormone (GH) secretion, insulin-like growth factor-I and GH-binding proteins in post-menopausal women
209. Growth hormone secretion patterns in relation to LH and estradiol secretion throughout normal female puberty
210. Endocrine changes in the incubating and brooding turkey hen
211. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and estradiol from six weeks of age to sexual maturity in two lines of chickens selected for high or low abdominal fat content
212. Nephropathic cystinosis: Improved linear growth after treatment with recombinant human growth hormone
213. Growth hormone secretion in patients with Turner's syndrome as determined by time series analysis
214. Impairment of growth hormone secretion in response to hypoglycemia during early and late pregnancy
215. Assessment of growth hormone (GH) axis in Turner's syndrome using 24-hour integrated concentrations of GH, insulin-like growth factor-I, plasma pharmacological stimulation
216. Fetal growth factors
217. Perinatal growth hormone (GH) physiology: Effect of GH-releasing factor on maternal and fetal secretion of pituitary and placental GH
218. Growth hormone-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in the hypothalamus of the adult male rat is increased by testosterone