Regulation of biotechnology: Will we ever 'freely' trade GMOs?

European Review of Agricultural Economics

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 155-176

  Sheldon, Ian M ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biotechnology; Regulation; Trade

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036108668     PISSN: 01651587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/erae/29.1.155     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (38)

1. Andersen, K. and Nielsen, C. P. (2001). GMOs, the SPS Agreement and the WTO. In K. Anderson, C. McRae and D. Wilson (eds), The Economics of Quarantine and the SPS Agreement. Australia: Centre for International Economic Studies and AFFA Bio-security Australia.
2. Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R. W. (1999). An economic theory of GATT. American Economic Review 89: 779-795.
3. Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R. W. (2001a). The WTO as a mechanism for securing market access property rights: implications for global labor and environmental issues. Journal of Economic Perspectives 15: 69-88.
4. Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R. W. (2001b). Domestic policies, national sovereignty and international economic institutions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 116: 519-562.
5. Belson, N. A. (2000). US regulation of agricultural biotechnology: an overview. AgBioForum 3(4): 268-280.
6. Bhagwati, J. N. and Srinivasan, T. N. (1996). Trade and the environment: does environmental diversity detract from the case of free trade. In J. N. Bhagwati and R. E. Hudec (eds), Fair Trade and Harmonization: Prerequisites for Free Trade? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 159-223.
7. Buckingham, D. (2000). The labeling of GM foods - the link between Codex and the WTO. AgBioForum 3(4): 209-212.
8. Caswell, J. A. (2000). Labeling policy for GMOs: to each his own? AgBioForum 3(1): 305-309.
9. Codex Alimentarius Commission (2001a). Report of the Second Session of the Codex ad hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on Foods derived from Biotechnology. ALINORM 01/34A. Rome: World Health Organization-Food and Agriculture Organization.
10. Codex Alimentarius Commission (2001b). Draft Recommendations for the Labelling of Foods obtained through Certain Techniques of Genetic Modification/Genetic Engineering. CX/FL 01/06-ADD.1. Rome: World Health Organization-Food and Agriculture Organization.
11. European Commission (2000). Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle. Brussels: European Commission.
12. EU Parliament and Council (2001). Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Brussels: European Union.
13. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1992). Statement of policy: foods derived from new plant varieties. Federal Register (57 FR 22984).
14. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2001). Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been Developed Using Bioengineering. Draft Guidance. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration.
15. Ford Runge, C., Bagnara, G.-L. and Jackson L.-A. (2001). Differing U.S. and European perspectives on GMOs: political, economic and cultural issues. Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy 2: 221-234.
16. Foster, K. R., Vecchia, P. and Repacholi, M. H. (2000). Science and the precautionary principle. Science 288(12 May): 979-981.
17. Gollier, C. (2001). Should we beware of the precautionary principle? Economic Policy 33(October): 303-327.
18. Heumueller, D. and Josling, T. (2001). Trade restrictions on genetically engineered foods: the application of the TBT Agreement. Paper presented at 5th International Conference on the Economics of Biotechnology, International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Research, Ravello, Italy, 15-18 June 2001.
19. Hudec, R. E. (1996). GATT legal restraints on the use of trade measures against foreign environmental practices. In J. N. Bhagwati and R. E. Hudec (eds), Fair Trade and Harmonization: Prerequisites for Free Trade? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 95-174.
20. IATRC (2001). WTO Negotiations on Agriculture: Progress and Challenges on Product Attribute Regulations. International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium Commissioned Paper Number 17. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
21. James, C. (2000). Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2000. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications Briefs, No. 21-2000. Metro Manila, The Philippines: ISAAA SE Asia Center.
22. Josling, T. and Patterson, L.-A. (2001). Biotechnology regulatory policy in the United States and the European Union: source of transatlantic trade conflict or opportunity for cooperation. Paper presented at 76th Annual Conference of the Western Economic Association International, San Francisco, CA, 4-8 July 2001.
23. Korwek, E. L. (2000). Labeling biotech foods: opening Pandora's box? Food Technology 54: 38-42.
24. Mansour, M. and Bennett, J. B. (2000). Codex Alimentarius, biotechnology and technical barriers to trade. AgBioForum 3(4): 213-218.
25. Nelson, G. C., Josling, T., Bullock, D., Unnevehr, L., Rosegrant, M. and Hill, L. (1999). The Economics and Politics of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Implications for WTO 2000. Bulletin 809. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois.
26. OECD (1993). Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Biotechnology: Concepts and Principles. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
27. Perdikis, N. (2000). A conflict of legitimate concerns or pandering to vested interests? Conflicting attitudes towards the regulation of trade in genetically modified goods -the EU and the US. Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy 1: 51-65.
28. Phillips, P. W. B. and McNeill, H. (2000). A survey of national labeling policies for GM foods. AgBioForum 3(4): 219-224.
29. Pomeroy, R. (2001). No end in sight for EU block on new GM foods. Reuters, 31 October.
30. Roberts, D. (1998). Preliminary assessment of the effects of the WTO agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary trade regulations. Journal of International Economic Law 1: 377-405.
31. Roessler, F. (1996). Diverging domestic policies and multilateral trade negotiation. In J. N. Bhagwati and R. E. Hudec (eds), Fair Trade and Harmonization: Prerequisites for Free Trade? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 21-56.
32. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000). Cartagena Protocol on Biodiversity to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
33. WHO (1995). Application of the Principles of Substantial Equivalence to the Safety Evaluation of Foods or Food Components from Plants Derived by Modern Biotechnology. WHO/FNU/95.1. Rome: World Health Organization.
34. WHO-FAO (1996). Biotechnology and Food Safety. M-80. Rome: World Health Organization-Food and Agriculture Organization.
35. WHO-FAO (2000). Safety Aspects of Genetically Modified Foods of Plant Origin. Rome: World Health Organization-Food and Agriculture Organization.
36. WTO (1998a). Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, Reply by the European Commission to the Comments by the United States and Canada on Notification 97.766. G/TBT/W/78, 27 August 1998. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
37. WTO (1998b). Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, Submission by the United States on European Council Regulation No. 1139/98. G/TBT/W/94, 16 October 1998. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
38. WTO (2000). Request for Consultation by Thailand, Egypt - Import Prohibition on Canned Tuna with Soybean Oil. WT/DS205/1, 27 September 2000. Geneva: World Trade Organization.