Objective measurement of nasal airway dimensions using acoustic rhinometry: Methodological and clinical aspects

Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Supplement

Volumn 57, Issue 70, 2002, Pages 5-39

  Hilberg, Ole ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; HISTAMINE; STEROID;

ACOUSTICS; AIRWAY; ALLERGY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EDEMA; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HAY FEVER; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INFLAMMATION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MEASUREMENT; NASOPHARYNX; NOSE AIRWAY RESISTANCE; NOSE CAVITY; NOSE CONGESTION; NOSE MUCOSA; NOSE SURGERY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY; POLLEN ALLERGY; PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROVOCATION TEST; QUALITY OF LIFE; REPRODUCIBILITY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RHINOMANOMETRY; RHINOMETRY; RISK FACTOR; SEASONAL VARIATION; SMELLING; SOUND; SOUND DETECTION; SPEECH; TRAINING; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT; VALIDATION PROCESS; WELLBEING;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NASAL CAVITY; NASAL MUCOSA; NASAL OBSTRUCTION; PARANASAL SINUSES; RHINITIS; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL; RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL; RHINOMANOMETRY; RHINOMETRY, ACOUSTIC; SMELL; SNORING;

EID: 0036033823     PISSN: 01081675     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (489)

1. Mygind N, Pipcorn U, Dahl R, editors. Rhinitis and Asthma: Similaritites and Differences. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1990.
2. Drettner B, Falck B, Simon H. Measurements of the air conditioning capacity of the nose during normal and pathological conditions and pharmacological influence. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1977;84:266-277.
3. Schmidt-Nielsen K, Hainsworth FR, Murrish DE. Counter-current heat exchange in the respiratory passages: Effect on water and heat balance. Respir Physiol 1970;9:263-376.
4. Ingelstedt S. Humidifying capacity of the nose. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1970;79:475-480.
5. Geurkink N. Nasal anatomy, physiology, and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983;72:123-128.
6. De Wit G. The function of the nose in the aerodynamics of respiration. Rhinology 1973;11:59-67.
7. Ferris BG. Partitioning of respiratory flow resistance in man. J Appl Physiol 1964;19:653-658.
8. Cohen BM. Nasal airway resistance and the effects of bronchodilator drugs in expiratory airflow disorders. Respiration 1969;26:35-46.
9. Craig AB, Dvorak M, McIlreath FJ. Resistance of airflow through the nose. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1965;74:589-603.
10. Pattle RE. The retention of gases and particles in the human nose. In: Davies CN, editor. Inhaled Particles and Vapours. Oxford, Pergamon, 1961;302-311.
11. Lippmann M. Deposition and clearance of inhaled particles in the human nose. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1970;79:520-528.
12. Braman SS, Barrows AA, Decotiis BA, Settipane GA, Corrao WM. Airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic rhinitis. A risk factor for asthma. Chest 1987;91:671-674.
13. Kauffmann F, Neukirch F, Annesi I, Korobaeff M, Dore MF, Lellouch J. Relation of perceived nasal and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to FEV1, basophil counts, and methacholine response. Thorax 1988;43:456-461.
14. Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig LM. Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics 1994;94:895-901.
15. Meschievitz CK, Schultz SB, Dick EC. A model for obtaining predictable natural transmission of rhinoviruses in human volunteers. J Infect Dis 1984;150:195-201.
16. Callow KA, Parry HF, Sergeant M, Tyrrell DA. The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. Epidemiol Infect 1990;105:435-446.
17. Lemanske RFJ, Dick EC, Swenson CA, Vrtis RF, Busse WW. Rhinovirus upper respiratory infection increases airway hyperreactivity and late asthmatic reactions. J Clin Invest 1989;83:1-10.
18. Winther B. Effects on the nasal mucosa of upper respiratory viruses (common cold). Dan Med 1994;41:193-204.
19. Walike JW. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavities. Otolaryngologic Clinics North Am 1973;6:609-621.
20. Hamilton WJ, Harrison RJ. Anatomy of the Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. Unpublished, 1977.
21. Cole P. Upper respiratory airflow. In: Procter DF, Andersen I, editors. The Nose. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1982;177-189.
22. Ingelstedt S, Toremalm NG. Air flow patterns and heat transfer within the respiratory tract - A new methods for experimental studies on models. Acta Physiol Scand 1961;51:204-217.
23. Widdicombe J. Physiologic control. Anatomy and physiology of the airway circulation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:S3-S7.
24. Dank Meijer J. Applied anatomy, vascularisation and innervation of the nose. Int Rhinol 1992;2:37-43.
25. Ritter FN. The vasculature of the nose. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1970;79:469-474.
26. Widdicombe JG. The physiology of the nose. Clin Chest Med 1986;7:159-170.
27. Änggård A. Autonomic Nervous Control of Blood Circulation and Secretion in the Nasal Mucosa. Stockholm: Thesis, 1974.
28. Änggård A. Parasympathetic control of blood circulation and secretion in the nasal mucosa. Rhinology 1975;13:147-153.
29. Änggård A, Edwall L. The effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on the tracer disappearance rate and local blood content in the nasal mucosa of the cat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1974;77:131-139.
30. Lung MA, Phipps RJ, Wang JC, Widdicombe JG. Control of nasal vasculature and airflow resistance in the dog. J Physiol Lond 1984;349:535-551.
31. Eccles R, Lee RL. The influence of the hypothalamus on the sympathelic innervation of the nasal vasculature of the cat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1981;91:127-134.
32. Eccles R. Sympathetic control of nasal erectile tissue. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1983;128:150-154.
33. Eccles R. The central rhythm of the nasal cycle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1978;86:464-468.
34. Keuning J. On the Nasal Cycle. Thesis. Leiden, 1967.
35. Galioto GB, Mevio E, Galioto P, Lorini R, Cisternino M. [Central regulation of the nasal cycle. Studies on hypothalamic pathology]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 1986;6:99-106.
36. Burrow A, Davies AM, Eccles R, Green SM. The effect of presssure applied to the axilla on human nasal resistance airflow. J Physiol 1984;350:40-40.
37. Davies AM, Eccles R. Reciprocal changes in nasal resistance to airflow caused by pressure applied to the axilla. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985;99:154-159.
38. Malm L. Vascular and secretory effect of adrenoceptor agonists and peptides in the nose. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1983;128:139-142.
39. Malm L. Resitance and capacitance vessels in the nasal mucosa. Rhinology 1975;13:84-89.
40. Juto JE, Lundberg C. Nasal mucosa reaction, catecholamines and lactate during physical exercise. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;98:533-542.
41. Olson LG, Strohl KP. The response of the nasal airway to exercise. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:356-359.
42. Konno A, Togawa K, Itasaka Y. Neurophysiological mechanism of shrinkage of nasal mucosa induced by exercise. Auris Nasus Larynx 1982;9:81-90.
43. Tonnesen P, Mygind N. Nasal challenge with serotonin and histamine in normal persons. Allergy 1985;40:350-353.
44. Howarth PH. Histamine and asthma: An appraisal based on specific Hlreceptor antagonism. Clin Exp Allergy 1990;20(Suppl. 2):31-41.
45. Vargaftig BB, Lefort J. Pharmacological evidence for a vasodilator receptor to serotonin in the nasal vessels of the dog. Eur J Pharmacol 1974;25:216-225.
46. Uddman R, Malm L, Sundler F. Peptide containing nerves in the nasal mucosa. Rhinology 1981;19:75-79.
47. Naclerio RM, Meier HL, Adkinson NFJ et al. In vivo demonstration of inflammatory mediator release following nasal challenge with antigen. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1983;128:26-32.
48. Naclerio RM, Baroody FM, Togias AG. The role of leukotrienes in allergic rhinitis: A review. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:S91-S95.
49. Proud D, Reynolds CJ, Lacapra S, Kagey Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM, Naclerio RM. Nasal provocation with bradykinin induces symptoms of rhinitis and a sore throat. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:613-616.
50. Brunnee T, Nigam S, Kunkel G, Baumgarten CR. Nasal challenge studies with bradykinin: Influence upon mediator generation. Clin Exp Allergy 1991;21:425-431.
51. Raphael GD, Igarashi Y, White MV, Kaliner MA. The pathophysiology of rhinitis. V. Sources of protein in allergen-induced nasal secretions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;88:33-42.
52. Mygind N, Secher C, Kirkegaard J. Role of histamine and antihistamines in the nose. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1983;128:16-20.
53. Clement PA, Stoop AP, Kaufman L. Histamine threshold and nasal hyperreactivity in non specific allergic rhinopathy. Rhinology 1985;23:35-42.
54. Naclerio RM, Kagey Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM, Freidhoff L, Proud D. Terfenadine, an H1 antihistamine, inhibits histamine release in vivo in the human. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:167-171.
55. Naclerio RM, Togias AG. The nasal allergic reaction, observations on the role of histamine. Clin Exp Allergy 1991;21(Suppl. 2):13-19.
56. Alving K. Airways vasodilatation in the immediate allergic reaction. Involvement of inflammatory mediators and sensory nerves. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1991;597:1-64.
57. Lundberg JM, Alving K, Lacroix JS, Matran R. Local and central reflex mechanisms in the neural control of airway microcirculation. Eur Respir J Suppl 1990;12:624s-628s.
58. Durham SR, Ying S, Varney VA, et al. Cytokine messenger RNA expression for IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in the nasal mucosa after local allergen provocation: relationship to tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol 1992;148:2390-2394.
59. Masuyama K, Jacobson MR, Rak S, et al. Topical glucocorticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) inhibits cells expressing cytokine mRNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis. Immunology 1994;82:192-199.
60. Howarth PH, Bradding P, Quint D, Redington AE, Holgate ST. Cytokines and airway inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;725:69-82.
61. Bradding P, Feather IH, Wilson S, et al. Immunolocalization of cytokines in the nasal mucosa of normal and perennial rhinitic subjects. The mast cell as a source of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 in human allergic mucosal inflammation. J Immunol 1993;151:3853-3865.
62. Andreassen ML, Leeper HA, MacRae DL. Changes in vocal resonance and nasalization following adenoidectomy in normal children: Preliminary findings. J Otolaryngol 1991;20:237-242.
63. Dalston RM, Vig PS. Effects of orthognathic surgery on speech: A prospective study. Am J Orthod 1984;86:291-298.
64. Dang J, Honda K, Suzuki H. Morphological and acoustical analysis of the nasal and the paranasal cavities. J Acoust Soc Am 1994;96:2088-2100.
65. Rasmussen TR, Swift DL, Hilberg O, Pedersen OF. Influence of nasal passage geometry on aerosol particle deposition in the nose. J Aerosol Med 1990;3:16-25.
66. Andersen I, Lundqvist GR, Proctor DF. Human nasal mucosal. Arch Environ Health 1971;23:408-420.
67. Proctor DF, Andersen I, Lundqvist G. Clearance of inhaled particles from the human nose. Arch Intern Med 1973;131:132-139.
68. McLean JA, Bacon JR, Mathews KP, et al. Distribution and clearance of radioactive aerosol on the nasal mucosa. Rhinology 1984;22:65-75.
69. Sleigh MA, Blake JR, Liron N. The propulsion of mucus by cilia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:726-741.
70. Girod S, Zahm JM, Plotkowski C, Beck G, Puchelle E. Role of the physiochemical properties of mucus in the protection of the respiratory epithelium. Eur Respir J 1992;5:477-487.
71. Ginzel A, Illum P. Nasal mucoliliary clearance in patients with septal deviation. Rhinology 1980;18:177-181.
72. Maurizi M, Paludetti G, Ottaviani F, Almadori G, Falcetti S. Mucociliary function and nasal resistance evaluation before and after adenoidectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1986;11:295-300.
73. McNicholas WT, Coffey M, McDonnell T, O'Regan R, Fitzgerald MX. Upper airway obstruction during sleep in normal subjects after selective topical oropharyngeal anesthesia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:1316-1319.
74. Anderson PJ. Factors promoting pathogenicity of influenza virus. Semin Respir Infect 1991;6:3-10.
75. Ukai K, Sakakura Y. [Effect of mucociliary dysfunction on nasal viral infection]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1990;93:762-771.
76. Masaki H, Ahmed K, Fujishita M et al. [A case of Kartagener's syndrome with S. pneumoniae lung abscess]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1993;67:355-360.
77. Boucher RC, Knowles MR, Johnson LG et al. Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis using E1-deleted adenovirus: a phase I trial in the nasal cavity. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Hum Gene Ther 1994;5:615-639.
78. Read RC, Wilson R, Rutman A, et al. Interaction of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae with human respiratory mucosa in vitro. J Infect Dis 1991;163:549-558.
79. Melon J. [Physiopathology of nasal respiration]. Rev Belge Med Dent 1991;46:13-20.
80. Strohl KP, Decker MJ, Olson LG, Flak TA, Hoekje PL. The nasal response to exercise and exercise induced bronchoconstriction in normal and asthmatic subjects. Thorax 1988;43:890-895.
81. Elwany S, Harrison R. Inferior turbinectomy: Comparison of four techniques. J Laryngol Otol 1990;104:206-209.
82. Lelong M, Henard J, Vandeputte H. [Chronic rhinopathies of childhood (apropos of 265 cases)]. Allerg Immunol Paris 1989;21:33-38.
83. Stevens CN, Stevens MH. Quantitative effects of nasal surgery on olfaction. Am J Otolaryngol 1985;6:264-267.
84. Jankowski R, Goetz R, Moneret Vautrin DA, Daures P, Lallemant JG, Wayoff M. [Insufficiency of ethmoidectomy in the treatment of nasal polyposis]. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 1991;108:298-306.
85. Lildholdt T, Fogstrup J, Gammelgaard N, Kortholm B, Ulsoe C. Surgical versus medical treatment of nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988;105:140-143.
86. Klein JC. Nasal respiratory function and craniofacial growth. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;112:843-849.
87. Smith RM, Gonzalez C. The relationship between nasal obstruction and craniofacial growth. Pediatr Clin North Am 1989;36:1423-1434.
88. Shapiro GG. The role of nasal airway obstruction in sinus disease and facial development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988;82:935-940.
89. Trask GM, Shapiro GG, Shapiro PA. The effects of perennial allergic rhinitis on dental and skeletal development: A comparison of sibling pairs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1987;92:286-293.
90. Bresolin D, Shapiro PA, Shapiro GG, Chapko MK, Dassel S. Mouth breathing in allergic children: Its relationship to dentofacial development. Am J Orthod 1983;83:334-340.
91. Laine T, Warren DW, Dalston RM, Morr KE. Effects of velar resistance on speech aerodynamics. Eur J Orthod 1989;11:52-58.
92. Parker AJ, Clarke PM, Dawes PJ, Maw AR. A comparison of active anterior rhinomanometry and nasometry in the objective assessment of nasal obstruction. Rhinology 1990;28:47-53.
93. Rauchfuss A. [The nasal speculum. Its historical development and remarks on the history of rhinoscopy]. Laryngol Rhinol Otol Stuttg 1985;64:551-558.
94. Tange RA. Some historical aspects of the surgical treatment of the infected maxillary sinus. Rhinology 1991;29:155-162.
95. Drettner B. Vascular reactions of the human nasal mucosa on exposure to cold. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1961;Suppl. 166:1-144.
96. Grobler NJ. Reactivity of the nasal respiratory mucosa (a clinical and epidemiological study). Unpublished, 1966.
97. Melon J, Daele J. Les explorations fonctionnelles et endoscopiques en rhinologie. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1979;33:639-721.
98. Pinkpank A. [Relation of self evaluation of nasal respiration to rhinoscopy and rhinomanometry]. HNO 1986;34:194-197.
99. Huygen PL, Klaassen AB, De Leeuw TJ, Wentges RT. Rhinomanometric detection rate of rhinoscopically-assessed septal deviations. Rhinology 1992;30:177-181.
100. Holmstrom M, Kumlien J. A clinical follow-up of septal surgery with special attention to the value of preoperative rhinomanometric examination in the decision concerning operation. Clin Otolaryngol 1988;13:115-120.
101. Haraldsson PO, Nordemar H, Anggard A. Long-term results after septal surgery - Submucous resection versus septoplasty. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1987;49:218-222.
102. Stammberger H, Posawetz W. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Concept, indications and results of the Messerklinger technique. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1990;247:63-76.
103. Zedalis D, Dolen WK, Glover GC, Wiener MB, Selner JC, Weber RW. Evaluation of nasal patency by fiberoptic rhinoscopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:973-978.
104. Juto JE, Lundberg C. Methods for standardization of nasal mucosa decongestion in man. Rhinology 1983;21:361-368.
105. Juto JE, Lundberg C. Human nasal mucosa reaction during chilling of the feet. Rhinology 1985;23:131-136.
106. Wang D, Clement P, Kaufman L, Derde MP. Fiberoptic examination of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1992;24:35-44.
107. Lenders H, Schaefer J, Pirsig W. Turbinate hypertrophy in habitual snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Findings of acoustic rhinometry. Laryngoscope 1991;101:614-618.
108. Sekizawa K, Shindoh C, Hida W, et al. Noninvasive method for detecting laryngeal narrowing with low-frequency sound. J Appl Physiol 1983;55:591-597.
109. Leiberman A, Cohen A, Tal A. Digital signal processing of stridor and snoring in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1986;12:173-185.
110. Schafer J, Pirsig W. Digital signal analysis of snoring sounds in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990;20:193-202.
111. Slawinski LB, Dubanowicz Kossowska E. The assessment of hypertrophy of nasopharyngeal tonsil by acoustical methods. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993;27:229-244.
112. Shi Y. [Lung sound analysis of upper airway obstruction]. Chung Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih 1992;15:228-230,256.
113. Pasterkamp H, Sanchez I. Tracheal sounds in upper airway obstruction. Chest 1992;102:963-965.
114. Coleman RF, Schechter GL. A basic model to study acoustic evaluation of airway obstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;117:1144-1149.
115. Gronborg H, Winther B, Brofeldt S, Borum P, Mygind N. Effects of oral norephedrine on common cold symptoms. Rhinology 1983;21:3-12.
116. Larsen K, Kristensen S. Peak flow nasal patency indices and self-assessment in septoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol 1990;15:327-334.
117. Pertuze J, Watson A, Pride NB. Maximum airflow through the nose in humans. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:1369-1376.
118. Larsen K, Oxhoj H. Spirometric forced volume measurements in the assessment of nasal patency after septoplasty. A prospective clinical study. Rhinology 1988;26:203-208.
119. Taylor G, Path D, Macneil AR, Freed DLJ. Assessing degree of nasal patency by measuring peak expiratory flow rate through the nose. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1972;52:193-198.
120. Holmstrom M, Scadding GK, Lund VJ, Darby YC. Assessment of nasal obstruction. A comparison between rhinomanometry and nasal inspiratory peak flow. Rhinology 1990;28:191-196.
121. Sakai S. [Use of nasal flowmeter to measure nasal patency]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1989;92:253-259.
122. Wihl JA, Malm L. Rhinomanometry and nasal peak expiratory and inspiratory flow rate. Ann Allergy 1988;61:50-55.
123. Frolund L, Madsen F, Mygind N, Nielsen NH, Svendsen UG, Weeke B. Comparison between different techniques for measuring nasal patency in a group of unselected patients. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987;104:175-179.
124. Masing H. Rhinomanometry, different techniques and results. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1979;33:566-571.
125. Clement PA, Van Dishoeck A, Van De Wal J, Stoop P, Hoek T, Van Strick R. Nasal provocation and passive anterior rhinomanometry (PAR). Clin Allergy 1981;11:293-301.
126. Grosclaude M, Balland S, Ballandras A, Perrin Fayolle M. [Diagnostic value of passive anterior rhinomanometry in everyday allergological practice. 4 years' experience]. Rev Pneumol Clin 1985;41:9-16.
127. Van Dishoeck EA. Passive anterior rhinomanometry and inhalation provocation through the nose. Rhinology 1973;11:103-108.
128. Kortekangas AE. Significance of anterior and posterior technique in rhinomanometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1972;73:218-221.
129. Jones AS, Lancer JM, Stevens JC, Beckingham E. Rhinomanometry: Do the anterior and posterior methods give equivalent results? Clin Otolaryngol 1987;12:109-114.
130. Dvoracek JE, Hillis A, Rossing RG. Comparison of sequential anterior and posterior rhinomanometry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985;76:577-582.
131. Nolte D, Lüder-Lühr I. Comparing measurements of nasal resistance by body plethysmography and by rhinomanometry. Respiration 1973;30:31-38.
132. Petro W, Birkenbihl P. [Measurement of nasal oscillatory resistance]. Pneumologie 1989;43:387-391.
133. Shelton DM, Pertuze J, Gleeson MJ, et al. Comparison of oscillation with three other methods for measuring nasal airways resistance. Respir Med 1990;84:101-106.
134. Kumlien J, Schiratzki H. Methodological aspects of rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1979;17:107-114.
135. Corrado OJ, Ollier S, Phillips MJ, Thomas JM, Davies RJ. Histamine and allergen induced changes in nasal airways resistance measured by anterior rhinomanometry, reproducibility of the technique and the effect of topically administered antihistaminic and anti-allergic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;24:283-292.
136. Shelton DM, Eiser NM. Evaluation of active anterior and posterior rhinomanometry in normal subjects. Clin Otolaryngol 1992;17:178-182.
137. Eichler J, Lenz H. Comparison of different coefficients and units in rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1985;23:149-157.
138. Ghaem A, Martineaud JP. [Determination of nasal resistance in healthy subjects using two techniques of rhinomanometry]. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1985;21:11-16.
139. Broms P, Jonson B, Lamm CJ. A universal way to evaluate the curve in rhinomanometry. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1979;360:22-23.
140. Clement P, Marien J. The use of a mathematical model in rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1980;18:197-207.
141. Broms P, Ivarsson A, Jonson B. Rhinomanometry. I. Simple equipment. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1982;93:455-460.
142. Postema CA, Huygen PL, Lecluse RG, Wentges RT. The lateralization percentage as a measure of nasal flow asymmetry in active anterior rhinomanometry. Clin Otolaryngol 1980;5:165-170.
143. Rivron RP. Cross-sectional area as a measure of nasal resistance. Rhinology 1990;28:257-264.
144. Warren DW. A quantitative technique for assessing nasal airway impairment. Am J Orthod 1984;86:306-314.
145. Warren DW, Hairfield WM, Dalston ET. Effect of age on nasal cross-sectional area and respiratory mode in children. Laryngoscope 1990;100:89-93.
146. Arbour P, Bilgen E, Girardin M. Experimental study of velocity fields in a human nasal fossa by laser anemometry. Rhinology 1985;23:201-207.
147. Girardin M, Bilgen E, Arbour P. Experimental study of velocity fields in a human nasal fossa by laser anemometry. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1983;92:231-236.
148. Scherer PW, Hahn II, Mozell MM. The biophysics of nasal airflow. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1989;22:265-278.
149. Cole P, Chaban R, Naito K, Oprysk D. The obstructive nasal septum. Effect of simulated deviations on nasal airflow resistance. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:410-412.
150. Chaban R, Cole P, Naito K. Simulated septal deviations. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:413-415.
151. Kern EB. Committee report on standardization of rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1981;19:231-236.
152. Clement PA. Committee report on standardization of rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1984;22:151-155.
153. Kern EB. Standardization of rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1977;15:115-119.
154. Ogura JH, Stoksted P. Rhinomanometry in some rhinologic diseases. Laryngoscope 1958;68:2001-2014.
155. Pelikan Z, Feenstra L, Barree GOF. Response of the nasal mucosa to allergen challenge measured by two different methods of rhinomanometry. Ann Allergy 1977;38:263-267.
156. Olive Perez A. Nasal provocation test (NPT) through previously active rhinomanometry: Physical and mathematical reasons. Allergol Immunopathol Madr 1989;17:291-299.
157. Svensson G, Hegardt B, Lofkvist T. Effects of topical use of beta-adrenoceptor stimulants of nasal mucosa. Rhinomanometric evaluations in experiments with terbutaline and KWD 2131. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1980;90:297-303.
158. Bende M, Andersson KE, Johansson CJ, Sjogren C, Svensson G. Dose-response relationship of a topical nasal decongestant: Phenylpropanolamine. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;98:543-547.
159. Hasegawa M, Kern EB. The effect of breath holding, hyperventilation, and exercise on nasal resistance. Rhinology 1978;16:243-249.
160. Strohl KP, Arnold JL, Decker MJ, Hoekje PL, McFadden ER. Nasal flow-resistive responses to challenge with cold dry air. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:1243-1246.
161. Bachmann W, Nieder T. [The clinical value of rhinomanometry. An analysis of the discrepancy between anamnesis, clinical state and rhinomanometry (author's transl)]. Laryngol Rhinol Otol Stuttg 1978;57:379-383.
162. Jessen M, Malm L. The importance of nasal airway resistance and nasal symptoms in the selection of patients for septoplasty. Rhinology 1984;22:157-164.
163. Gordon AS, McCaffrey TV, Kern EB, Pallanch JF. Rhinomanometry for preoperative and postoperative assessment of nasal obstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;101:20-26.
164. Jessen M, Jacobsson S, Malm L. On rhinomanometry in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;81:506-511.
165. Clement PA, Kaufman L, Rousseeuw P. Active anterior rhinomanometry in pre- and postoperative evaluation, use of Broms' mathematical model. Rhinology 1983;21:121-133.
166. Thomas PL, John DG, Carlin WV. The effect of inferior turbinate outfracture on nasal resistance to airflow in vasomotor rhinitis assessed by rhinomanometry. J Laryngol Otol 1988;102:144-145.
167. Orgel HA, Meltzer EO, Kemp JP, Welch MJ. Clinical, rhinomanometric, and cytologic evaluation of seasonal allergic rhinitis treated with beclomethasone dipropionate as aqueous nasal spray or pressurized aerosol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;77:858-864.
168. Myers T, London SJ, Rankell AS, Poetsch CE. A system of rhinomanometry in the clinical evaluation of nasal decongestants. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977;86:310-317.
169. Jonson B, Malm L, Ivarsson A, Benthin M, Lamm CJ. Automated rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1983;21:265-272.
170. Gleeson MJ, Youlten LJ, Shelton DM, Siodlak MZ, Liner NM, Wengraf CL. Assessment of nasal airway patency: A comparison of four methods. Clin Otolaryngol 1986;11:99-107.
171. Jones AS, Willatt DJ, Durham LM. Nasal airflow: Resistance and sensation. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:909-911.
172. Eccles R, Jawad MS, Morris S. The effects of oral administration of menthol on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation of airflow in subjects suffering from nasal congestion associated with the common cold. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;42:652-654.
173. Lund VJ. Objective assessment of nasal obstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1989;22:279-290.
174. Cole P. Toronto rhinomanometry: Laboratory, field and clinical studies. J Otolaryngol 1988;17:331-335.
175. Binder E, Holopainen E, Malmberg H, Salo OP. Clinical findings in patients with allergic rhinitis. Rhinology 1984;22:255-260.
176. Filiaci F, Lucarelli N, Zardo F, Ralli G. Incidence of allergic rhinitis in children. Rhinology 1983;21:13-19.
177. Godley FA. Chronic sinusitis: An update. Am Fam Physician 1992;45:2190-2199.
178. Druce HM. Imaging techniques in the diagnosis of sinusitis. Ann Allergy 1991;66:132-136.
179. Lloyd GA, Lund VJ, Phelps PD, Howard DJ. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of nose and paranasal sinus disease. Br J Radiol 1987;60:957-968.
180. Wasicko MJ, Letter JC, Erlichman, JS, Strobel RJ, Bartlett DJ. Nasal and pharyngeal resistance after topical mucosal vasoconstriction in normal humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1048-1052.
181. Ophir D, Elad Y, Dolev Z, Geller Bernstein C. Effects of inhaled humidified warm air on nasal patency and nasal symptoms in allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1988;60:239-242.
182. Chowanetz W, Schott J, Jany B. Nasal admixture during mouth breathing in awake normal subjects. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1987;23:125-130.
183. Diamond L, Canestrari DA, Dressler WE. A technique for measuring the perception of added resistive loads during nasal breathing. J Pharmacol Meth 1983;10:255-261.
184. Dubois AB, Brody AW, Lewis DH, Burgess BF. Oscillation mechanics of lung and chest wall in man. J Appl Physiol 1956;8:587-594.
185. Van Den Berg JW. An electrical analoque of the trachea, lungs and tissue. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Neerl 1960;9:361-385.
186. Claerbout JF. Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response. Geophys 1968;33:264-269.
187. Goupillaud PL. An approach to inverse filtering of near-surface layer effects from seismic records. Geophys 1961;26:754-760.
188. Fredberg JJ, Wohl ME, Glass GM, Dorkin HL. Airway area by acoustic reflections measured at the mouth. J Appl Physiol 1980;48:749-758.
189. Jackson AC, Butler J, Millet EJ, Hoppin FG, Dawson SV. Airway geometry by analysis of acoustic pulse response measurements. J Appl Physiol 1977;43:523-536.
190. Sondhi MM, Gopinath B. Determination of vocal-tract shape from impulse response at the lips. J Acoust Soc Am 1971;49:1867-1873.
191. Mermelstein P. Determination of the vocal-tract shape from measured formant frequencies. J Acoust Soc Am 1995;41:1283-1294.
192. Schroeder ME. Determination of the geometry of the human vocal tract by acoustic measurements. J Acoust Soc Am 1967;41:1002-1010.
193. Ware JA, Aki K. Contimous and discrete inverse scattering problems in a stratified elastic medium. I. Plane waves at normal incidence. J Acoust Soc Am 1969;45:911-921.
194. Marshall I. Impedance reconstruction methods for pulse reflectometry. Acustica 1992;76:118-128.
195. Sidell RS, Fredberg JJ. Non-invasive inference of airway network geometry from broadband lung reflection data. J Biomech Eng 1978;100:469-479.
196. Jackson AC, Olson DE. Comparison of direct and acoustical area measurements in physical models of human central airways. J Appl Physiol 1980;48:896-902.
197. Fredberg JJ. Acoustic determinants of respiratory system properties. Ann Biomed Engineering 1981;9:463-473.
198. Ishizaka K, French JH, Flanagan JM. Direct determination of vocal tract wall impedance. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process 1975;ASSP-23:370-373.
199. Jackson AC, Krevans JRJ. Tracheal cross-sectional areas from acoustic reflections in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1984;57:351-353.
200. Brooks LJ, Castile RG, Glass GM, Griscom NT, Wohl ME, Fredberg JJ. Reproducibility and accuracy of airway area by acoustic reflection. J Appl Physiol 1984;57:777-787.
201. D'Urzo AD, Lawson VG, Vassal KP, Rebuck AS, Slutsky AS, Hoffstein V. Airway area by acoustic response measurements and computerized tomography. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:392-395.
202. Hoffstein V, Zamel N. Tracheal stenosis measured by the acoustic reflection technique. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:472-475.
203. Guilmette RA, Wicks JD, Wolff RK, Mauderly JL. In Vivo Measurement of Human Nasal Airway Dimensions. ITRI Annual Report. Alberquerque, NM: ITRI, 1992;101-104.
204. Marshall I, Rogers M, Drummond G. Acoustic refelctometry for airway measurements. Principles, limitations and previous work. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1991;12:131-141.
205. Louis B, Glass GM, Fredberg JJ. Pulmonary airway area by the two-microphone acoustic reflection method. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:2234-2240.
206. Shen H, Huang J, Kitagawa S, et al. [Pharyngeal area measured by acoustic reflection technique while breathing room-air]. Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1990;28:1593-1598.
207. Strowbridge CM. Investigation of the Limitations of Acoustic Airway Measurement. Unpublished, 1988.
208. Brooks LJ, Byard PJ, Helms RC, Fouke JM, Strohl KP. Relationship between lung volume and tracheal area as assessed by acoustic reflection. J Appl Physiol 1988;64:1050-1054.
209. D'Urzo AD, Rubinstein I, Lawson VG, et al. Comparison of glottic areas measured by acoustic reflections vs. computerized tomography. J Appl Physiol 1988;64:367-370.
210. Rubinstein I, McClean PA, Boucher R, Zamel N, Fredberg JJ, Hoffstein
211. Kase Y, Itimura K, Iinuma T. [Acoustic rhinometry as method for evaluating paranasal sinuses -experimental studies]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1993;96:626-636.
212. Fisher EW, Boreham AB. Improving the reproducibility of acoustic rhinometry: A customized stand giving control of height and angle. J Laryngol Otol 1995;109:536-537.
213. Passali D, Biagini C, Di Girolamo S, Bellussi L. Acoustic rhinometry. Practical aspects of measurement. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1996;50:41-45.
214. Hamilton JW, Cook JA, Phillips DE, Jones AS. Limitations of acoustic rhinometry determined by a simple model. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1995;115:811-814.
215. Hamilton JW, McRae RD, Phillips DE, Jones AS. The accuracy of acoustic rhinometry using a pulse train signal. Clin Otolaryngol 1995;20:279-282.
216. Toledano A, Galindo A, Gavilan J. [Reliability of determining minimal cross section by acoustic rhinometry]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1999;50:435-437.
217. Toledano A, Galindo A, Gavilan J. [Relation between minimal cross section and subjective nasal obstruction]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1999;50:439-442.
218. Haight JS, Cole P. The site and function of the nasal valve. Laryngoscope 1983;93:49-55.
219. Corey JP, Gungor A, Nelson R, Fredberg J, Lai V. A comparison of the nasal cross-sectional areas and volumes obtained with acoustic rhinometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:349-354.
220. Dastidar P, Heinonen T, Numminen J, Rautiainen M, Laasonen E. Semi-automatic segmentation of computed tomographic images in volume tric estimation of nasal airway. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1999;256:192-198.
221. Prasun D, Jura N, Tomi H, Pertti R, Markus R, Erkki L. Nasal airway volume tric measurement using segmented HRCT images and acoustic rhinometry. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:97-103.
222. Gilain L, Coste A, Ricolfi F, et al. Nasal cavity geometry measured by acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:401-405.
223. Corey JP, Nalbone VP, Ng BA. Anatomic correlates of acoustic rhinometry as measured by rigid nasal endoscopy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:572-576.
224. Min YG, Jang YJ. Measurements of cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity by acoustic rhinometry and CT scanning. Laryngoscope 1995;105:757-759.
225. Fisher EW, Daly NJ, Morris DP, Lund VJ. Experimental studies of the resolution of acoustic rhinometry in vivo. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1994;114:647-650.
226. Kase Y, Masato N, Abe K, Tanaka T. [Precision and problems in interpretation of acoustic rhinometry in cases of nasal mass lesion]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1995;98:813-819.
227. Mayhew TM, O'Flynn P. Validation of acoustic rhinometry by using the Cavalieri principle to estimate nasal cavity volume in cadavers. Clin Otolaryngol 1993;18:220-225.
228. Hamilton JW, McRae RD, Jones AS. The magnitude of random errors in acoustic rhinometry and reinterpretation of the acoustic profile. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:408-413.
229. Tomkinson A, Eccles R. Errors arising in cross-sectional area estimation by acoustic rhinometry produced by breathing during measurement. Rhinology 1995;33:138-140.
230. Tomkinson A, Eccles R. The effect of changes in ambient temperature on the reliability of acoustic rhinometry data. Rhinology 1996;34:75-77.
231. Tomkinson A. The reliability of acoustic rhinometry [letter; comment]. J Laryngol Otol 1995;109:1234-1234.
232. Tomkinson A. Acoustic rhinometry: Its place in rhinology [editorial]. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:189-191.
233. Tomkinson A, Eccles R. Acoustic rhinometry: Do we need a standardized operating procedure? Clin Otolaryngol 1996;21:284-287.
234. Tomkinson A, Eccles R. Acoustic rhinometry: An explanation of some common artefacts associated with nasal decongestion. Clin Otolaryngol 1998;23:20-26.
235. Lenders H, Scholl R, Brunner M. [Acoustic rhinometry: The bat principle of the nose]. HNO 1992;40:239-247.
236. Lenders H, Pirslg, W. Diagnostic value of acoustic rhinometry: Patients with allergic and vasomotor rhinitis compared with normal controls. Rhinology 1990;28:5-16.
237. Austin CE, Foreman JC. Acoustic rhinometry compared with posterior rhinomanometry in the measurement of histamine- and bradykinin-induced changes in nasal airway patency. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994;37:33-37.
238. Bachert C, Wagenmann M, Vossen Holzenkamp S. Intranasal levocabastine provides fast and effective protection from nasal allergen challenge. Rhinology 1996;34:140-143.
239. Kesavanathan J, Swift DL, Fitzgerald TK, Permutt T, Bascom R. Evaluation of acoustic rhinometry and posterior rhinomanometry as tools for inhalation challenge studies. J Toxicol Environ Health 1996;48:295-307.
240. Krotov AI. [The current methodological approaches in assessing nasal breathing function]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 1998;4:51-52.
241. Roithmann R, Cole P, Chapnik J, Barreto SM, Szalai JP, Zamel N. Acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry, and the sensation of nasal patency: A correlative study. J Otolaryngol 1994;23:454-458.
242. Ohki M, Sata Y, Kawano K, Usui N. [Evaluation of nasal obstruction with acoustic rhinometry: A simulated study with a nasal model]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1998;101:1022-1028.
243. Tanida M, Nonaka S, Yokoyama T, Horikawa H, Unno T. [A fundamental study of relationships between rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1996;99:601-610.
244. Schmal F, Deitmer T. [Evaluation of nasal patency]. Laryngorhinootologie 1993;72:611-613.
245. Silkoff PE, Chakravorty S, Chapnik J, Cole P, Zamel N. Reproducibility of acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in normal subjects. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:131-135.
246. Tai CF, Ho KY, Hasegawa M. Evaluating the sensation of nasal obstruction with acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry. Kao Hsiung I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih 1998;14:548-553.
247. Zheng C, Pochon N, Lacroix JS. [Acoustic rhinometry, comparison of pre- and post-septoplasty]. Chung Hua Erh Pi Yen Hou Ko Tsa Chih 1995;30:343-346.
248. Porter MJ, Williamson IG, Kerridge DH, Maw AR. A comparison of the sensitivity of manometric rhinometry, acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry and nasal peak flow to detect the decongestant effect of xylometazoline. Clin Otolaryngol 1996;21:218-221.
249. Porter MJ, Maw AR, Kerridge DH, Williamson IM. Manometric rhinometry: A new method of measuring the Volume of the air in the nasal cavity. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:298-301.
250. Bascom R, Kesavanathan J, Permutt T, Fitzgerald TK, Sauder L, Swift DL. Tobacco smoke upper respiratory response relationships in healthy nonsmokers. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996;29:86-93.
251. International Rhinitis Management Working Group. International consensus report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis. Allergy 1994;49(Suppl. 19):1-34.
252. Numata T, Konno A, Hasegawa S, et al. Pathophysiological features of the nasal mucosa in patients with idiopathic rhinitis compared to allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999;119:304-313.
253. Gerth VW. Nasal hyperreactivity: Its pathogenesis and clinical significance. Clin Exp Allergy 1991;21:661-667.
254. Doyle WJ, Boehm S, Skoner DP. Physiologic responses to intranasal dose-response challenges with histamine, methacholine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin in adult volunteers with and without nasal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86:924-935.
255. van Wijk RG, Mulder PG, Dieges PH. Nasal provocation with histamine in allergic rhinitis patients, clinical significance and reproducibility. Clin Exp Allergy 1989;19:293-298.
256. Okuda M, Ohtsuka H, Sakaguchi K, Watase T. Nasal histamine sensitivity in allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1983;51:51-55.
257. Gerth VW, Dieges PH. Nasal reactivity to histamine and methacholine: Two different forms of upper airway responsiveness. Rhinology 1994;32:119-122.
258. Altissimi G, Gallucci L, Rossetti M, Simoncelli C. Diagnosing nasal hyperreactivity with positional rhinomanometry. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:901-904.
259. Mullins RJ, Olson LG, Sutherland DC. Nasal histamine challenges in symptomatic allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:955-959.
260. Ohm M, Juto JE, Andersson K, Bodin L. Nasal histamine provocation of tenants in a sick-building residential area. Am J Rhinol 1997; 11: 167-175.
261. Graf P, Hallen H, Juto JE. Benzalkonium chloride in a decongestant nasal spray aggravates rhinitis medicamentosa in healthy volunteers. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:395-400.
262. Hallen H, Juto JE. A test for objective diagnosis of nasal hyperreactivity. Rhinology 1993;31:23-25.
263. Kolbeck KG, Ehnhage A, Juto JE. Nasal and bronchial histamine reactivity in patients with allergic rhinitis out of season. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999;82:55-60.
264. Plavec D, Somogyi-Zalud E, Godniccvar J. Modified method of nonspecific nasal provocation with histamine for routine use. Ann Allergy 1994;72:321-328.
265. Baudoin T, Anzic SA, Kalogjera L. Distilled water nasal provocation in hyperreactive patients. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:229-233.
266. Wortsman J, Frank S, Cryer PE. Adrenomedullary response to maximal stress in humans. Am J Medical 1984;77:779-784.
267. Iliopoulos O, Proud D, Norman PS, Lichtenstein LM, Kagey Sobotka A, Naclerio RM. Nasal challenge with cold, dry air induces a late-phase reaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:400-405.
268. Braat JP, Mulder PG, Fokkens WJ, Van Wijk RG, Rijntjes E. Intranasal cold dry air is superior to histamine challenge in determining the presence and degree of nasal hyperreactivity in nonallergic noninfectious perennial rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1748-1755.
269. Serrano E, Didier A, Snoussi K, Dilem S, Pessey JJ, Lacomme Y, [Diagnostic perspectives in rhinology]. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 1993;110:92-97.
270. Jessen M, Malm L. Definition, prevalence and development of nasal obstruction. Allergy 1997;52:3-6.
271. Marquez Dorsch F, Cenjor Espanol C, Gutierrez Fonseca R. [Acoustic rhinometry in a normal population]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1996;47:121-124.
272. Hilberg O, Pedersen OF. Acoustic rhinometry: Recommendation for technical specification and standard operating procedures. Rhinol Suppl. 2000;16:3-17.
273. Morgan NJ, Macgregor FB, Birchall MA, Lund VJ, Sittampalam Y. Racial differences in nasal fossa dimensions determined by acoustic rhinometry. Rhinology 1995;33:224-228.
274. Corey JP, Gungor A, Nelson R, Liu X, Fredberg J. Normative standards for nasal cross-sectional areas by race as measured by acoustic rhinometry. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:389-393.
275. Gurr P, Diver J, Morgan N, MacGregor F, Lund V. Acoustic rhinometry of the Indian and Anglo-Saxon nose. Rhinology 1996;34:156-159.
276. Millqvist E, Bende M. Reference values for acoustic rhinometry in subjects without nasal symptoms. Am J Rhinol 1998;12:341-343.
277. Grymer LF, Hilberg O, Pedersen OF, Rasmussen TR. Acoustic rhinometry: Values from adults with subjective normal nasal patency. Rhinology 1991;29:35-47.
278. Grymer LF, Hilberg O, Pedersen OF. Prediction of nasal obstruction based on clinical examination and acoustic rhinometry, Rhinology 1997;35:53-57.
279. Jessen M, Malm L. The spontaneous course of nasal obstruction in patients with normal nasal airway resistance. Clin Otolaryngol 1991;16:302-304.
280. Sipila J, Nyberg-Simola S, Suonpaa J, Laippala P. Some fundamental studies on clinical measurement conditions in acoustic rhinometry. Rhinology 1996;34:206-209.
281. Lenders H, Pirsig W. [How can hyperreactive rhinopathy be modified surgically? II. Acoustic rhinometry and anterior turbinoplasty]. Laryngorhinootologie 1990;69:291-297.
282. Corey JP, Kemker BJ, Nelson R, Gungor A. Evaluation of the nasal cavity by acoustic rhinometry in normal and allergic subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:22-28.
283. Takeno S, Kawamoto H, Hirata S, Fukushima N, Yazin K. [Decongesting effect of tramazoline on nasal airway patency and nasal symptoms as evaluated by acoustic rhinometry, an objective study in 30 allergic and six non-allergic subjects]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1998;101:900-907.
284. Graf P, Enerdal J, Hallen H. Ten days' use of oxymetazoline nasal spray with or without benzalkonium chloride in patients with vasomotor rhinitis [In Process Citation]. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:1128-1132.
285. Graf PM, Hallen H. Changes in nasal reactivity in patients with rhinitis medicamentosa after treatment with fluticasone propionate and placebo nasal spray. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1998;60:334-338.
286. Hallen H, Enerdal J, Graf P. Fluticasone propionate nasal spray is more effective and has a faster onset of action than placebo in treatment of rhinitis medicamentosa. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:552-558.
287. McMahon C, Darby Y, Ryan R, Scadding G. Immediate and shortterm effects of benzalkonium chloride on the human nasal mucosa in vivo. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:318-322.
288. Bujia J, Rasp G. [Acoustic rhinometry: Determination of early and late-phase reactions in allergic rhinitis]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1997;48:31-35.
289. Rasp G. [Acoustic rhinometry: Measuring the early and late phase of allergic immediate reaction in allergic rhinitis]. Laryngorhinootologie 1993;72:125-130.
290. Spaeth J, Schultze V, Klimek L, Lengersdorf A, Mosges R. Azelastine reduces histamine-induced swelling of nasal mucosa. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1996;58:157-163.
291. Herberhold C, Funktionsprüfungen und störungen des geruchssinnes. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995;210:67-164.
292. Meltzer EO, Jalowayski AA, Orgel HA, Harris AG. Subjective and objective assessments in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: Effects of therapy with mometasone furoate nasal spray. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:39-49.
293. Akerlund A, Bende M, Murphy C. Olfactory threshold and nasal mucosal changes in experimentally induced common cold. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1995;115:88-92.
294. Hummel T, Rothbauer C, Barz S, Grosser K, Pauli E, Kobal G. Olfactory function in acute rhinitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;855:616-624.
295. Hummel T, Rothbauer C, Pauli E, Kobal G. Effects of the nasal decongestant oxymetazoline on human olfactory and intranasal trigeminal function in acute rhinitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998;54:521-528.
296. Lane AP, Zweiman B, Lanza DC, et al. Acoustic rhinometry in the study of the acute nasal allergic response. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:811-818.
297. Nordin S, Lotsch J, Kobal G, Murphy C. Effects of nasal-airway Volume and body temperature on intranasal chemosensitivity. Physiol Behav 1998;63:463-466.
298. Rowe Jones JM, MacKay IS. A prospective study of olfaction following endoscopic sinus surgery with adjuvant medical treatment. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:377-381.
299. Hoffstein V, Fredberg JJ. The acoustic reflection technique for non-invasive assessment of upper airway area. Eur Respir J 1991;4:602-611.
300. Fisher EW, Lund VJ, Scadding GK. Acoustic rhinometry in rhinological practice: Discussion paper. J R Soc Med 1994;87:411-413.
301. Fisher EW. Acoustic rhinometry. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:307-317.
302. La Rosa R, Miani C. [The actual problems in functional and aesthetic nasal surgery]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 1996;16:238-244.
303. Roithmann R, Cole P, Chapnik J, Shpirer I, Hoffstein V. Acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of nasal obstruction. Laryngoscope 1995;105:275-281.
304. Tomkinson A, Eccles R. External facial dimensions and minimum nasal cross-sectional area. Clin Otolaryngol 1995;20:557-560.
305. Lund VJ. Nasal physiology: Neurochemical receptors, nasal cycle, and ciliary action. Allergy Asthma Proc 1996;17:179-184.
306. Yamagiwa M, Hilberg O, Pedersen OF, Lundqvist GR. Evaluation of the effect of localized skin cooling on nasal airway volume by acoustic rhinometry. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:1050-1054.
307. Lundqvist GR, Pedersen OF, Hilberg O, Nielsen B. Nasal reaction to changes in whole body temperature. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1993;113:783-788.
308. Fisher EW, Scadding GK, Lund VJ. The role of acoustic rhinometry in studying the nasal cycle. Rhinology 1993;31:57-61.
309. Fisher EW, Liu M, Lund VJ. The nasal cycle after deprivation of airflow: A study of laryngectomy patients using acoustic rhinometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1994;114:443-446.
310. Gungor A, Moinuddin R, Nelson RH, Corey JP. Detection of the nasal cycle with acoustic rhinometry: Techniques and applications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:238-247.
311. Rundcrantz H. Postural variations of nasal patency. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1969;68:435-443.
312. Haight JJ, Cole P. Reciprocating nasal airflow resistances. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;97:93-98.
313. O'Flynn P. Posture and nasal geometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1993;113:530-532.
314. Fouke JM, Jackson AC. Acoustic rhinometry: Effects Of decongestants and posture on nasal patency. J Laboratoryclin Med 1992;119:371-376.
315. Jan MA, Marshall I, Douglas NJ. Effect of posture on upper airway dimensions in normal human. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:145-148.
316. Kase Y, Hilberg O, Pedersen OF. Posture and nasal patency: Evaluation by acoustic rhinometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1994;114:70-74.
317. Kase Y, Tanaka T, Iinuma T. [The effect of unilateral nasal patency on the contralateral side]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1993;96:1073-1078.
318. Nagano E, Nonaka S. [Nasal decongestion evaluated by acoustic rhinometry]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1994;97:2075-2084.
319. Chatkin JM, Djupesland PG, Qian W, et al. Nasal nitric oxide is independent of nasal cavity Volume Am. J Rhinol 1999;13:179-184.
320. Silkoff PE, Roth Y, McClean P, Cole P, Chapnik J, Zamel N. Nasal nitric oxide does not control basal nasal patency or acute congestion following allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999;108:368-372.
321. Julia Serda G, Molfino NA, Furlott HG, et al. Tracheobronchial dilation during isocapnic hypoxia in conscious humans. J Appl Physiol 1993;75:1728-1733.
322. Tanaka T, Okita W, Kase Y, Iinuma T. [Evaluation of the effects of nasal decongestants with acoustic rhinometry]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1994;97:207-212.
323. Taverner D, Bickford L, Shakib S, Tonkin A. Evaluation of the dose-response relationship for intranasal oxymetazoline hydrochloride in normal adults [In Process Citation]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:509-513.
324. Hochban W, Althoff H, Ziegler A. Nasal decongestion with imidazoline derivatives: Acoustic rhinometry measurements. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:7-12.
325. Bickford L, Shakib S, Taverner D. The nasal airways response in normal subjects to oxymetazoline spray: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:53-56.
326. Taverner D, Danz C, Economos D. The effects of oral pseudoephedrine on nasal patency in the common cold: A double-blind single-dose placebo-controlled trial. Clin Otolaryngol 1999;24:47-51.
327. Weeke J, Christensen SE, Orskov H, et al. A randomized comparison of intranasal and injectable octreotide administration in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:163-169.
328. Holmberg K, Bjork E, Bake B, Edman P. Influence of degradable starch microspheres on the human nasal mucosa. Rhinology 1994;32:74-77.
329. Tanaka T, Kase Y, Okita W, Ichimura K, Iinuma T. [Vasoactivity of human nasal mucosa in response to sensory neurotransmitters (a study of nasal geometrical change with acoustic rhinometry)]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1994;97:1211-1218.
330. Enzmann H, Mathe F. [Acoustic Rhinometry for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Antihistaminics]. H 1998;46:529-533.
331. Terrien MH, Rahm F, Fellrath JM, Spertini F. Comparison of the effects of terfenadine with fexofenadine on nasal provocation tests with allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:1025-1030.
332. Passali D, Bellussi L, Lauriello M, Ferrara A. [Can the recurrence of nasal polyposis be prevented? A new therapeutic approach]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 1995;15:91-100.
333. Samolinski B, Grzanka A, Zawisza E, Arcimowicz M. [Acoustic rhinometry in the assessment of the topical treatment of upper respiratory infections with fusafungin]. Otolaryngol Pol 1998;52:327-334.
334. Terada N, Yamakoshi T, Hasegawa M, et al. The effect of ramatroban (BAY u 3405), a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, on nasal cavity Volume and minimum cross-sectional area and nasal mucosal hemodynamics after nasal mucosal allergen challenge in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1998;537:32-37.
335. Yamagiwa M. Acoustic evaluation of the efficacy of medical therapy for allergic nasal obstruction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl 1997;1:S82-S84.
336. Hoffstein V, Zamel N, Phillipson EA. Lung volume dependence of pharyngeal cross-sectional area in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:175-178.
337. Fouke JM, Strohl KP. Effect of position and lung volume on upper airway geometry. J Appl Physiol 1987;63:375-380.
338. Brown IG, Zamel N, Hoffstein V. Pharyngeal cross-sectional area in normal men and women. J Appl Physiol 1986;61:890-895.
339. Shen H. [Pharyngeal cross-sectional area and pharyngeal compliance in normal Japanese males and females]. Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1993;31:1432-1440.
340. Brown IB, McClean PA, Boucher R, Zamel N, Hoffstein V. Changes in pharyngeal cross-sectional area with posture and application of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:628-632.
341. Shen H, Huang J, Yamanouchi K, et al. [Effect of posture on pharyngeal area measured by acoustic reflection technique]. Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1991;29:554-559.
342. Brown IG, Zamel N, Hoffstein V. Pharyngeal and glottic changes following methacholine challenge in normal subjects. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1986;22:251-256.
343. Rivlin J, Hoffstein V, Kalbfleisch J, McNicholas W, Zamel N, Bryan AC. Upper airway morphology in patients with idiopathic obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:355-360.
344. Katz I, Stradling J, Slutsky AS, Zamel N, Hoffstein V. Do patients with obstructive sleep apnea have thick necks?. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:1228-1231.
345. Bradley TD, Brown IG, Grossman RF, et al. Pharyngeal size in snorers, nonsnorers, and patients with obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Medical 1986;315:1327-1331.
346. Hochban W, Kunkel M, Brandenburg U. [Functional anatomy of the upper airway: Cephalometric and reflective acoustic studies]. Pneumologie 1993;47(Suppl. 4):766-772.
347. Shepard JWJ, Gefter WB, Guilleminault C, et al. Evaluation of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1991;14:361-371.
348. Lenders H, Pirsig W. Acoustic rhinometry: A diagnostic tool for patients with chronic rhonchopathies. Rhinol Suppl 1992;14:101-105.
349. Hoffstein V, Wright S, Zamel N, Bradley TD. Pharyngeal function and snoring characteristics in apneic and nonapneic snorers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:1294-1299.
350. Raschke F, Fischer J. [Use of acoustic rhinometry for determining segmental airway geometry with nasal positive or negative pressure]. Pneumologie 1993;47(Suppl. 4):735-737.
351. Bradley TD, Brown IG, Zamel N, Phillipson EA, Hoffstein V. Differences in pharyngeal properties between snorers with predominantly central sleep apnea and those without sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:387-391.
352. Brown IG, Bradley TD, Phillipson EA, Zamel N, Hoffstein V. Pharyngeal compliance in snoring subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:211-215.
353. Rubinstein I, Hoffstein V, Bradley TD. Lung volume-related changes in the pharyngeal area of obese females with and without obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 1989;2:344-351.
354. Rubinstein I, Colapinto N, Rotstein LE, Brown IG, Hoffstein V. Improvement in upper airway function after weight loss in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:1192-1195.
355. Ah-See KW, Stewart M, Banham SW, Robinson K, Carter R, Wilson JA. Systematic analysis of snoring in women. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:227-231.
356. Furst G, Riechelmann H, Schlegel J. [Measuring pharyngeal pressure in patients with nCPAP ventilation]. Pneumologie 1994;48:835-836.
357. Antila J, Sipila J, Tshushima Y, Polo O, Laurikainen, E, Suonpaa J. The effect of laser-uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on the nasal and nasopharyngeal Volume measured with acoustic rhinometry. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1997;529:202-205.
358. Schechter GL, Ware JC, Perlstrom J, McBrayer RH. Nasal patency and the effectiveness of nasal continuous positive air pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:643-647.
359. Hoffstein V. Relationship between lung volume, maximal expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in one second, and tracheal area in normal men and women. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134:956-961.
360. Davidson J, Gullane P, Havas T, Bryce DP. Functional assessment after laryngotracheoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;97:294-299.
361. Katz I, Zamel N, Slutsky AS, Rebuck AS, Hoffstein V. Relative hysteresis of the airways and lung parenchyma in normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 1988;65:2390-2394.
362. Brown IG, Webster PM, Zamel N, Hoffstein V. Changes in tracheal cross-sectional area during Mueller and Valsalva maneuvers in humans. J Appl Physiol 1986;60:1865-1870.
363. Molfino NA, Slutsky AS, Julia Serda G, et al. Assessment of airway tone in asthma. Comparison between double lung transplant patients and healthy subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1238-1243.
364. Brooks LJ. Tracheal size and distensibility in patients with cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:513-516.
365. Kase Y, Itimura K, Iinuma T. [An evaluation of nasal patency with acoustic rhinometry - preop, and postop comparisons]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1993;96:197-202.
366. Ohnishi T, Kita H, Weiler D, et al. IL-5 is the predominant eosinophil-active cytokine in the antigen-induced pulmonary late-phase reaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:901-907.
367. Grymer LF, Hilberg O, Elbrond O, Pedersen OF. Acoustic rhinometry: Evaluation of the nasal cavity with septal deviations, before and after septoplasty. Laryngoscope 1989;99:1180-1187.
368. Grymer LF, Illum P, Hilberg O. Septoplasty and compensatory inferior turbinate hypertrophy: A randomized study evaluated by acoustic rhinometry. J Laryngol Otol 1993;107:413-417.
369. Kemker B, Liu X, Gungor A, Moinuddin R, Corey JP. Effect of nasal surgery on the nasal cavity as determined by acoustic rhinometry. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:567-571.
370. Mann WJ, Riechelmann H, Hinni ML. Acoustic rhinometry - predictive value in septal and turbinate surgery. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1997;51:61-67.
371. Urpegui AM, Valles H, Millan J, Royo J. [Evaluation with acoustic rhinometry of surgical results in patients undergoing septoplasty]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1999;50:34-39.
372. Kamami YV. Laser-assisted outpatient septoplasty results on 120 patients. J Clin Laser Med 1997;15:123-129.
373. Marais J, Murray JA, Marshall I, Douglas N, Martin S. Minimal cross-sectional areas, nasal peak flow and patients' satisfaction in septoplasty and inferior turbinectomy. Rhinology 1994;32:145-147.
374. Hilberg O, Grymer LF, Pedersen OF, Elbrond O. Turbinate hypertrophy. Evaluation of the nasal cavity by acoustic rhinometry. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116:283-289.
375. Grymer LF, Illum P, Hilberg O. Bilateral inferior turbinoplasty in chronic nasal obstruction. Rhinology 1996;34:50-53.
376. Passali D, Lauriello M, De Filippi A, Bellussi L. [Comparative study of most recent surgical techniques for the treatment of the hypertrophy of inferior turbinates]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 1995;15:219-228.
377. Passali D, Lauriello M, Anselmi M, Bellussi L. Treatment of hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate: Long-term results in 382 patients randomly assigned to therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999;108:569-575.
378. Illum P. Septoplasty and compensatory inferior turbinate hypertrophy: Long-term results after randomized turbinoplasty. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl 1997;1:S89-S92.
379. Reber M, Rahm F, Monnier P. The role of acoustic rhinometry in the pre- and postoperative evaluation of surgery for nasal obstruction. Rhinology 1998;36:184-187.
380. Roithmann R, Chapnik J, Zamel N, Barreto SM, Cole P. Acoustic rhinometric assessment of the nasal valve. Am J Rhinol 1997;11:379-385.
381. Shemen L, Hamburg R. Preoperative and postoperative nasal septal surgery assessment with acoustic rhinometry. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:338-342.
382. Szucs E, Clement PA. Acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in the evaluation of nasal patency of patients with nasal septal deviation. Am J Rhinol 1998;12:345-352.
383. Illum P, Grymer L, Hilberg O. Nasal packing after septoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol 1992;17:158-162.
384. Grymer LF. Reduction rhinoplasty and nasal patency: Change in the cross-sectional area of the nose evaluated by acoustic rhinometry. Laryngoscope 1995;105:429-431.
385. Grymer LF, Gregers-Petersen C, Baymler PH. Influence of lateral osteotomies in the dimensions of the nasal cavity. Laryngoscope 1999;109:936-938.
386. Lueg EA, Irish JC, Roth Y, et al. An objective analysis of the impact of lateral rhinotomy and medial maxillectomy on nasal airway function. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1320-1324.
387. Kunkel M, Hochban W. Acoustic rhinometry: A new diagnostic procedure - Experimental and clinical experience. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;23:409-412.
388. Kunkel M, Hochban W. Acoustic rhinometry: Rationale and perspectives. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1994;22:244-249.
389. Kunkel M, Hochban W. The influence of maxillary osteotomy on nasal airway patency and geometry. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 1997;1:194-198.
390. Kunkel M, Wahlmann U, Wagner W. Nasal airway in cleft-palate patients: Acoustic rhinometric data. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1997;25:270-274.
391. Kunkel M, Wahlmann U, Wagner W. Acoustic airway profiles in unilateral cleft palate patients [In Process Citation]. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1999;36:434-440.
392. Wahlmam U, Kunkel M, Wagner W. Preoperative assessment of airway patency in the planning of corrective cleft nose surgery. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 1998;2(Suppl. 1):S153-S157.
393. Paniello RC. Nasal valve suspension. An effective treatment for nasal valve collapse. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122:1342-1346.
394. Lundqvist GR, Yamagiwa M, Pedersen OF, Nielsen GD. Inhalation of diethylamine - Acute nasal effects and subjective response. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1992;53:181-185.
395. Akesson B, Paulsson K. Experimental exposure of male volunteers to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Acute effects and pharmacokinetics of NMP in plasma and urine. Occup Environ Med 1997;54:236-240.
396. Irander K, Stahlbom B, Welinder H, Akesson B. Metachromatic cells and eosinophils in the nasal mucosa and N,N-dimethylbenzylamine exposure. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:433-436.
397. Johanson G, Nihlen A, Lof A. Toxicokinetics and acute effects of MTBE and ETBE in male volunteers. Toxicol Lett 1995;82-83 (713-8):713-718.
398. Nihlen A, Walinder R, Lof A, Johanson G. Experimental exposure to methyl tertiary-butyl ether. II. Acute effects in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998;148:281-287.
399. Nihlen A, Lof A, Johanson G. Controlled ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) exposure of male volunteers. II. Acute effects. Toxicol Sci 1998;46:143-150.
400. Rasmussen TR, Brauer M, Kjaergaard S. Effects of nitrous acid exposure on human mucous membranes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1504-1511.
401. Larsson BM, Palmberg L, Malmberg PO, Larsson K. Effect of exposure to swine dust on levels of IL-8 in airway lavage fluid. Thorax 1997;52:638-642.
402. Rudell B, Wass U, Horstedt P, et al. Efficiency of automotive cabin air filters to reduce acute health effects of diesel exhaust in human subjects. Occup Environ Med 1999;56:222-231.
403. Walinder R, Norback D, Wieslander G, Smedje G, Erwall C, Venge P. Nasal patency and biomarkers in nasal lavage - The significance of air exchange rate and type of ventilation in schools. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1998;71:479-486.
404. Walinder R, Norback D, Wieslander G, Smedje G, Erwall C, Venge P. Nasal patency and lavage biomarkers in relation to settled dust and cleaning routines in schools. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25:137-143.
405. Wieslander G, Norback D, Nordstrom K, Walinder R, Venge P. Nasal and ocular symptoms, tear film stability and biomarkers in nasal lavage, in relation to buildingdampness and building design in hospitals. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1999;72:451-461.
406. Zavras AI, Al-Bultan T, Jackson A, White G. Exposure to passive smoking and other predictors of reduced nasal volume in children 7-12 years old. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1997;21:295-303.
407. Pedersen OF, Berkowitz R, Yamagiwa M, Hilberg O. Nasal cavity dimensions in the newborn measured by acoustic reflections. Laryngoscope 1994;104:1023-1028.
408. Riechelmann H, Rheinheimer MC, Wolfensberger M. Acoustic rhinometry in pre-school children. Clin Otolaryngol 1993;18:272-277.
409. Ho WK, Wei WI, Yuen AP, Chan KL, Hui Y. Measurement of nasal geometry by acoustic rhinometry in normal-breathing Asian children [In Process Citation]. J Otolaryngol 1999;28:232-237.
410. Pentz S, Pirsig W, Lenders H. Long-term results of neonates with nasal deviation: A prospective study over 12 years. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1994;28:183-191.
411. Zavras AI, White GE, Rich A, Jackson AC. Acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of children with nasal or oral respiration. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1994;18:203-210.
412. Elbrond O, Hilberg O, Felding JU, Blegvad Andersen O. Acoustic rhinometry, used as a method to demonstrate changes in the Volume of the nasopharynx after adenoidectomy. Clin Otolaryngol 1991;16:84-86.
413. Kano S, Pedersen OF, Sly PD. Nasal response to inhaled histamine measured by acoustic rhinometry in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1994;17:312-319.
414. Fisher EW, Palmer CR, Daly NJ, Lund VJ. Acoustic rhinometry in the pre-operative assessment of adenoidectomy candidates. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1995;115:815-822.
415. Kim YK, Kang JH, Yoon KS. Acoustic rhinometric evaluation of nasal cavity and nasopharynx after adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1998;44:215-220.
416. Mostafa BE. Detection of adenoidal hypertrophy using acoustic rhinomanometry. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl 1997;1:S27-S29.
417. Riechelmann H, O'Connell JM, Rheinheimer MC, Wolfensberger M, Mann WJ. The role of acoustic rhinometry in the diagnosis of adenoidal hypertrophy in pre-school children. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158:38-41.
418. Contencin P, Gumpert LC, De Gaudemar I, Chaussain M, Dupont C. Non-endoscopic techniques for the evaluation of the pediatric airway. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997;41:347-352.
419. Fisher EW, Palmer CR, Lund VJ. Monitoring fluctuations in nasal patency in children: Acoustic rhinometry versus rhinohygrometry. J Laryngol Otol 1995;109:503-508.
420. Buenting JE, Dalston RM, Drake RF. The acoustic assessment of nasal area in infants. Am J Rhin 1994;8:305-310.
421. Buenting JE, Dalston RM, Smith TL, Drake AF. Artifacts associated with acoustic rhinometric assessment of infants and young children: A model study. J Appl Physiol 1994;77:2558-2563.
422. Buenting JE, Dalston RM, Drake AF. Nasal cavity area in term infants determined by acoustic rhinometry. Laryngoscope 1994;104:1439-1445.
423. Djupesland P. [Acoustic rhinometry. A new method for objective assessment of the nasal airway dimensions]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1996;116:3111-3114.
424. Djupesland PG, Lyholm B. Technical abilities and limitations of acoustic rhinometry optimised for infants. Rhinology 1998;36:104-113.
425. Djupesland PG, Qian W, Furlott H, Rotnes JS, Cole P, Zamel N. Acoustic rhinometry: A study of transient and continuous noise techniques with nasal models [In Process Citation]. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:323-329.
426. Djupesland P, Kaastad E, Franzen G. Acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of congenital choanal malformations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997;41:319-337.
427. Djupesland PG, Lyholm B. Nasal airway dimensions in term neonates measured by continuous wide-band noise acoustic rhinometry. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:424-432.
428. Djupesland PG, Lyholm B. Changes in nasal airway dimensions in infancy. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:852-858.
429. Djupesland PG, Lodrup CK. Nasal airway dimensions and lung function in awake, healthy neonates. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998;25:99-106.
430. Pedersen OF, Yamagiwa M, Miyahara Y, Sakakura Y. Nasal cavity dimensions in guinea pigs measured by acoustic reflections. Am J Rhin 1995;8:299-304.
431. Nakamoto S, Sakakura Y, Pedersen OF, Ukai K. Evaluation of nasal passage patency after antigen and histamine challenge in guinea pigs by acoustic rhinometry. Am J Rhinol 1997;11:85-89.
432. Kaise T, Ukai K, Pedersen OF, Sakakura Y. Accuracy of measurement of acoustic rhinometry applied to small experimental animals. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:125-129.
433. Kaise T, Ohmori K, Sakakura Y, Ukai K. The effect of KW-4679, an antiallergic drug, on experimental allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs: Effects on nasal blockage. Jpn J Pharmacol 1995;69:435-438.
434. Ohkawa C, Ukai K, Miyahara Y, Sakakura Y. Acoustic rhinometry evaluation of nasal response to histamine and antigen in guinea pigs. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:67-71.
435. Ohkawa C, Ukai K, Miyahara Y, Takeuchi K, Sakakura Y. Histamine H1 receptor and reactivity of the nasal mucosa in sensitized guinea pigs. Auris Nasus Larynx 1999;26:293-298.
436. Rinder J. Sensory neuropeptides and nitric oxide in nasal vascular regulation. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1996;632:1-45.
437. Lund VJ, Scadding GK. Objective assessment of endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: An update. J Laryngol Otol 1994;108:749-753.
438. Marais J, Maran AG. Nasoantral window assessment by acoustic rhinometry. J Laryngol Otol 1994;108:567-568.
439. Lund V. Allergic rhinitis - Making the correct diagnosis. Clin Exp Allergy 1998: 28(Suppl. 6):25-28.
440. Shin SH, Park JY, Sohn JH. Clinical value of olfactory function tests after endoscopic sinus surgery: A short-term result. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:63-66.
441. Lildholdt T. Surgical versus medical treatment of nasal polyps. Rhinol Suppl 1989;8:31-33.
442. Elbrond O, Felding JU, Gustavsen KM. Acoustic rhinometry used as a method to monitor the effect of intramuscular injection of steroid in the treatment of nasal polyps. J Laryngol Otol 1991;105:178-180.
443. Lund VJ, Flood J, Sykes AP, Richards DH. Effect of fluticasone in severe polyposis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;124:513-518.
444. Malm L. Assessment and staging of nasal polyposis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997;117:465-467.
445. O'Flynn P. Acoustic rhinometry, validation of Volume changes following intra-nasal polypectomy. Clin Otolaryngol 1993;18:423-425.
446. Scadding GK, Hassab M, Darby YC, Lund VJ, Freedman A. Intranasal lysine aspirin in recurrent nasal polyposis. Clin Otolaryngol 1995;20:561-563.
447. Rubinstein I, Zamel N, Slutsky AS, Rebuck AS, Hoffstein V. Expiratory glottic widening in asthmatic subjects during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:606-609.
448. Rubinstein I, Zamel N, Rebuck AS, Hoffstein V, D'Urzo AD, Slutsky AS. Dichotomous airway response to exercise in asthmatic patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:1164-1168.
449. Molfino NA, Slutsky AS, Hoffstein V, et al. Changes in cross-sectional airway areas induced by methacholine, histamine, and LTC4 in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:577-580.
450. Hoffstein V, Zamel N, McClean P, Chapman KR. Changes in pulmonary function and cross-sectional area of trachea and bronchi in asthmatics following inhalation of procaterol hydrochloride and ipratropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:81-85.
451. Julia Serda G, Molfino NA, Chapman KR, et al. Heterogeneous airway tone in asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol 1992;73:2328-2332.
452. Zweiman B, Getsy J, Kalenian M, et al. Nasal airway changes assessed by acoustic rhinometry and mediator release during immediate and late reactions to allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:624-631.
453. Scadding GK, Darby YC, Austin CE. Acoustic rhinometry compared with anterior rhinomanometry in the assessment of the response to nasal allergen challenge. Clin Otolaryngol 1994;19:451-454.
454. Ganslmayer M, Spertini F, Rahm F, Terrien MH, Mosimann B, Leimgruber A. Evaluation of acoustic rhinometry in a nasal provocation test with allergen [In Process Citation]. Allergy 1999;54:974-979.
455. Hellgren J, Jarlstedt J, Dimberg L, Toren K, Karlsson G. A study of some current methods for assessment of nasal histamine reactivity. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:536-541.
456. Pirila T, Nuutinen J. Acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry and the amount of nasal secretion in the clinical monitoring of the nasal provocation test. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:468-477.
457. Roithmann R, Shpirer I, Cole P, Chapnik J, Szalai JP, Zamel N. The role of acoustic rhinometry in nasal provocation testing. Ear Nose Throat J 1997;76:747-750, 752.
458. Miyahara Y, Ukai K, Yamagiwa M, Ohkawa C, Sakakura Y. Nasal passage patency in patients with allergic rhinitis measured by acoustic rhinometry: Nasal responses after allergen and histamine provocation. Auris Nasus Larynx 1998;25:261-267.
459. Mygind N, Dahl R. Challenge tests in nose and bronchi: Pharmacological modulation of rhinitis and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1996;26(Suppl. 3):39-43.
460. Mygind N, Dahl R, Nielsen LP, Hilberg O, Bjerke T. Effect of corticosteroids on nasal blockage in rhinitis measured by objective methods. Allergy 1997;52:39-44.
461. Nielsen LP, Bjerke T, Christensen MB, Pedersen B, Rasmussen TR, Dahl R. Assessment of the allergic reaction in seasonal rhinitis: Acoustic rhinometry is a sensitive and objective method. Clin Exp Allergy 1996;26:1268-1275.
462. Passali D, Bellussi L. Monitoring methods for local nasal immunotherapy. Allergy 1997;52:22-25.
463. Phipatanakul W, Kesavanathan J, Eggleston PA, Johnson EF, Wood RA. The value of acoustic rhinometry in assessing nasal responses to cat exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:896-901.
464. Baraniuk JN, Ali M, Yuta A, Fang SY, Naranch K. Hypertonic saline nasal provocation stimulates nociceptive nerves, substance P release, and glandular mucous exocytosis in normal humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:655-662.
465. Rajakulasingam K, Durham SR, O'Brien F et al. Enhanced expression of high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) alpha chain in human allergen-induced rhinitis with colocalization to mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:78-86.
466. Ellegard E, Karlsson G. IgE-mediated reactions and hyperreactivity in pregnancy rhinitis [In Process Citation]. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:1121-1125.
467. Mabry RL. Rhinitis of pregnancy. South Med J 1986;79:965-971.
468. Paulsson B, Gredmark T, Burian P, Bende M. Nasal mucosal congestion during the menstrual cycle. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111:337-339.
469. Rinder J, Stjarne P, Lundberg JM. Capsaicin de-sensitization of the human nasal mucosa reduces pain and vascular effects of lactic acid and hypertonic saline. Rhinology 1994;32:173-178.
470. Stjarne P, Rinder J, Heden-Blomquist E, et al. Capsaicin desensitization of the nasal mucosa reduces symptoms upon allergen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:235-239.
471. Van Surell C, Louis B, Lofaso F, et al. Acoustic method to estimate the longitudinal area profile of endotracheal tubes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:28-33.
472. Davies A, Lewith G, Goddard J, Howarth P. The effect of acupuncture on nonallergic rhinitis: A controlled pilot study. Altern Ther Health Med 1998;4:70-74.
473. Gosepath J, Mann WJ, Amedee RG. Effects of the Breathe Right nasal strips on nasal ventilation. Am J Rhinol 1997;11:399-402.
474. Ng BA, Mamikoglu B, Ahmed MS, Corey JP. The effect of external nasal dilators as measured by acoustic rhinometry. Ear Nose Throat J 1998;77:840-844.
475. Nielsen H, Orntoft S, Nielsen TG. Change in minimal cross sectional area using the new nasal dilator, 'Airplus'. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1997;529:130-132.
476. Portugal LG, Mehta RH, Smith BE, Sabnani JB, Matava MJ. Objective assessment of the breathe-right device during exercise in adult males. Am J Rhinol 1997;11:393-397.
477. Griffin JW, Hunter G, Ferguson D, Sillers MJ. Physiologic effects of an external nasal dilator. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1235-1238.
478. Grymer LF, Bosch C. The nasal septum and the development of the midface. A longitudinal study of a pair of monozygotic twins. Rhinology 1997;35:6-10.
479. Kesavanathan J, Swift DL, Bascom R. Nasal pressure-volume relationships determined with acoustic rhinometry. J Appl Physiol 1995;79:547-553.
480. Lenders H, Pentz S, Brunner M, Pirsig W. Follow-up of patients with inverted papilloma of the nasal cavities: Computer tomography, videoendoscopy, acoustic rhinometry? Rhinology 1994;32:167-172.
481. Seaver EJ, Karnell MP, Gasparaitis A, Corey J. Acoustic rhinometric measurements of changes in velar positioning. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1995;32:49-54.
482. Parvez L, Ersala G, Noronha A. Novel techniques, standardization tools to enhance reliability of acoustic rhinometry measurements. Rhinol Suppl 2000;16:18-28.
483. Hilberg O, Jackson AC, Swift DL, Pedersen OF. Acoustic rhinometry: Evaluation of nasal cavity geometry by acoustic reflection. J Appl Physiol 1989;66:295-303.
484. Hilberg O, Jesses FT, Pedersen OF. Nasal airway geometry: Comparison between acoustic reflections and magnetic resonance scanning. J Appl Physiol 1993;75:2811-2819.
485. Hilberg O, Pedersen OF. Acoustic rhinometry: Influence of paranasal sinuses. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:1589-1594.
486. Hilberg O, Lyholm B, Michelsen A, Pedersen OF, Jacobsen O. Acoustic reflections during rhinometry: Spatial resolution and sound loss. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1030-1039.
487. Hilberg O, Grymer LF, Pedersen OF. Spontaneous variation of the nasal mucosa. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1995;74:516-521.
488. Hilberg O, Grymer LF, Pedersen OF. Nasal hypersensitivity evaluated by histamine challenge. Allergy 1995;50:166-173.
489. Hilberg O. Effect of terfenadine and budesonide on nasal symptoms, olfaction and nasal airway patency after allergen challenge. Allergy 1995;50:683-688.