Development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the fetus and preterm infant

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 759-769

  Bolt, R J ^a   van Weissenbruch, M M ^a   Lafeber, H N ^a   Delemarre van de Waal, H A ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adrenal; Glucocorticoid; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; Infant; Prematurity

Indexed keywords

3(OR 17)BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; HYDROCORTISONE;

ADRENAL CORTEX; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; FETOPLACENTAL UNIT; FETUS; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FETUS LUNG MATURATION; GESTATION PERIOD; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMATURITY; INFANT; NEWBORN; NEWBORN MORBIDITY; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW; ADRENAL GLAND; ADULT; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY;

ADRENAL GLANDS; ADULT; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES; PREGNANCY;

EID: 0035986389     PISSN: 0334018X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/JPEM.2002.15.6.759     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex
2. Neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary-adrenal function during fetal life
3. The fetal and neonatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
4. The placenta as hypothalamus and pituitary: Possible impact on maternal and fetal adrenal function
5. Regulation of growth and differentiated function in the human fetal adrenal
6. Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex
7. Fetal lung maturation
8. Regulation of fetal lung maturation
9. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth
10. Fetal and neonatal adrenocortical physiology
11. Adrenal status during the first month of life in mature and premature human infants
12. Sonography of adrenal glands in neonates and children: Changes in appearance with age
13. Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal involution during antenatal and neonatal periods
14. The foetal adrenal cortex in the human
15. Fetal adrenal cortex
16. Cortisol and cortisone in human fetal development
17. Placenta as a source of 'brain' and 'pituitary' hormones
18. Placental hormones
19. Low expression of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroid dehydrogenase gene in human fetal adrenals in vivo: Adrenocorticotropin and protein kinase C-dependent regulation in adrenocortical cultures
20. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase in the fetal zone and neocortex of the human fetal adrenal gland
21. Ontogeny of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5 4 isomerase (3β-HSD) in human adrenal gland performed by immunocytochemistry
22. Biosynthesis of progesterone by the human placenta
23. The zona reticularis is the site of biosynthesis of DHEA and DHEAS in the adult human adrenal cortex, resulting from its low expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
24. Metabolism of progesterone by the perfused previable human fetus
25. Formation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by the previable human fetus
26. The role of cortisol in preparing the fetus for birth
27. Glucocorticoid actions and metabolism in pregnancy: Implications for placental function and fetal cardiovascular activity
28. Ku autoimmune antigen is involved in placental regulation of rat P450c17 gene transcription
29. Sterol sulfate metabolism in the adrenals of the human fetus, anencephalic newborn and adult
30. Placental estrogen biosynthesis during human pregnancy
31. Central integrative role of oestrogen in modulating the communication between the placenta and fetus that results in primate fetal-placental development
32. Effect of estradiol on DHEAS production in the human adrenocortical cell line, H295R
33. The control of steroidogenesis by human fetal adrenal cells in tissue culture. IV. The effect of exposure to placental steroids
34. The effects of progesterone, pregnenolone, estriol, ACTH and hCG on steroid secretion of cultured human fetal adrenals
35. Ontogeny of cortisol-cortisone interconversion in human tissues: A role for cortisone in human fetal development
36. Characterization and biological significance of corticosteroid 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the oxidizing component of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
37. Expression of type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and corticosteroid hormone receptors in early human fetal life
38. Physiologic programming of the fetus
39. Glucocorticoids, feto-placental 11β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase type 2, and the early life origins of adult disease
40. The metabolic clearance rate, blood production, interconversion and transplacental passage of cortisol and cortisone in pregnancy near term
41. Cortisol and cortisone levels in the cord blood at delivery of infants with and without the respiratory distress syndrome
42. The transfer and metabolism of corticosteroids in the perfused human placenta
43. Short- and long-term consequences of corticotropin-releasing factor in early development
44. Peptide signaling in human placenta and membranes: Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms
45. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and fetal responses in human pregnancy
46. Characterization and gestational regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA in human placenta
47. Pro-opiomelanocortin in human pregnancy: Evolution of maternal plasma levels, concentrations in cord blood, amniotic fluid and the feto-maternal interface
48. Plasma ACTH levels in the human fetus and neonate as related to age and parturition
49. Adrenal function in preterm infants: ACTH may not be the sole regulator of the fetal zone
50. Plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropin in appropriate and small for gestational age fetuses
51. Corticotropin-releasing hormone directly and preferentially stimulates dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion by human fetal adrenal cortical cells
52. Regulation of steroid secretion by adrenal tissue of a human anencephalic fetus
53. Development of the adrenal (suprarenal) gland
54. Morphologic features of the anencephalic adrenal gland in early pregnancy
55. Longitudinal study of plasma cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in very-low-birth-weight infants during the first 16 weeks of life
56. Serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate responses to adrenocorticotropin stimulation in premature infants
57. Steroidogenesis by the fetal adrenal cortex
58. Pituitary-adrenal and testicular function in preterm infants after prenatal dexamethasone treatment
59. Serum cortisol levels: The first 10 days in full-term and preterm infants
60. Evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in premature infants treated with dexamethasone
61. Serum adrenal steroid concentrations in premature infants
62. Longitudinal study of plasma ACTH and cortisol in very low birth weight infants in the first 8 weeks of life
63. Plasma mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and progestins in premature infants: Longitudinal study during the first week of life
64. Effect of gestational age, postnatal age, and illness on plasma cortisol concentrations in premature infants
65. Reference ranges for serum cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in preterm infants
66. Reference range for serum cortisol in well premature infants
67. Variability of plasma cortisol levels in extremely low birth weight infants
68. Maturation of the circadian rhythm of the adrenocortical functions in human neonates and infants
69. Antenatal glucocorticoids modulate the amplitude of pulsatile cortisol secretion in premature neonates
70. Properties of thyroid-stimulating hormone and cortisol secretion by the human newborn on the day of birth
71. Developing circadian rhythmicity
72. Longitudinal measurements of 17β-hydroxyprogesterone in premature infants during the first three months of life
73. Corticosteroid binding globulin, total serum cortisol, and stress in extremely low-birth-weight infants
74. Free cortisol of human plasma in the first three months of life
75. Adrenocortical function in the very low birth weight infant: Improved testing sensitivity and association with neonatal outcome
76. Adrenal function in sick very preterm infants
77. Refractory hypotension in preterm infants with adrenocortical insufficiency
78. Glucocorticoid-responsive hypotension in extremely low birth weight newborns
79. Single dose dexamethasone treatment of hypotension in preterm infants
80. Cardiovascular effects of hydrocortisone in preterm infants with pressor-resistant hypotension
81. Adrenal steroidogenesis in very low birth weight preterm infants
82. The cortisol-cortisone shuttle in preterm infants during the first week of life: Its relation with gestation and body size
83. Response to ACTH in the newborn
84. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function in the extremely low birth weight infant
85. The pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous human corticotropin-releasing hormone in preterm very low birth weight infants
86. Comparison between low- and standard-dose ACTH tests in premature infants at risk for chronic lung disease
87. The low dose (1-μg) adrenocorticotropin stimulation test in the evaluation of patients with suspected central adrenal insufficiency
88. Adrenocorticotropin stimulation test: Effects of basal cortisol level, time of day, and suggested new sensitive low dose test
89. Maturity of the adrenal cortex in very preterm infants is related to gestational age
90. Plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in ill newborn infants
91. Serum concentrations of cortisone and cortisol in premature infants
92. Plasma cortisone and cortisol levels at birth and during the neonatal period
93. Glucocorticoids and lung development in the fetus and preterm infant
94. Evidence of early adrenal insufficiency in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia
95. Impaired glucocorticoid synthesis in premature infants developing chronic lung disease
96. Chorioamnionitis, cortisol, and acute lung disease in very low birth weight infants
97. Link between early adrenal function and respiratory outcome in preterm infants: Airway inflammation and patent ductus arteriosus
98. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in preterm infants weighing ≤ 1250 gram: Association with perinatal data and chronic lung disease
99. Association of plasma cortisol and chronic lung disease in preterm infants
100. Moderately early (7-14 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants
101. Prophylaxis against early adrenal insufficiency to prevent chronic lung disease in premature infants
102. Antenatal glucocorticoid therapy: A caveat to the applause
103. Antenatal steroids and the developing brain
104. Postnatal steroids: Short-term gain, long-term pain?