Hvorfor er skizofrenirisikoen større i byer end på landet?

Ugeskrift for Laeger

Volumn 163, Issue 35, 2001, Pages 4717-4720

  Mortensen, Preben Bo ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; DENMARK; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK; RISK FACTOR; RURAL POPULATION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS; URBAN POPULATION;

DENMARK; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PREVALENCE; RISK; RISK FACTORS; RURAL POPULATION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 0035959575     PISSN: 00415782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Torrey EF, Bowler A. Geographical distribution of insanity in America: evidence for an urban factor. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 591-604.
2. Freeman H. Schizophrenia and city residence. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1994; 23: 39-50.
3. Waddington JL, Torrey EF, Kinsella A. Local geographical variation in the prevalence of schizophrenia in Co. Roscommon, Ireland, in juxtaposition with cases of bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 1997; 23: 181-3.
4. Lewis G, David A, Andreasson S, Allebeck P. Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet 1992; 340: 137-40.
5. Van Os J, Marcelis M. The ecogenetics of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998; 32: 127-35.
6. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T, Wohlfahrt J, Ewald H, Mors O et al. Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 603-8.
7. McGrath J. Is low prenatal vitamin D a risk-modifying factor for schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 1999; 40: 173-7.
8. McGuffin P, Gottesman II. Risk factors for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 370-1.
9. Maier W, Schwab S, Rietschel M. The genetics of schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2000; 13: 3-9.
10. Schelin EM, Munk-Jørgensen P, Olesen AV, Gerlach J. Regional differences in schizophrenia incidence in Denmark. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101: 293-9.
11. Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M. Obstetric factors, urbanization and psychosis. Schizophr Res 2000; 43: 117-23.
12. Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001 (i trykken).
13. Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Korten A, Ernberg G, Anker M, Cooper JE et al. Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 909-28.
14. Gottesman II. Schizophrenia genesis. The origins of madness. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1991.
15. Torrey EF, Rawlings RR, Ennis JM, Merrill DD, Flores DS. Birth seasonality in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and stillbirths. Schizophr Res 1996; 21: 141-9.
16. O'Callaghan E, Gibson T, Colohan H, Walshe D, Buckley P, Larkin C et al. Season of birth in schizophrenia. Evidence for confinement of an excess of winter births to patients without a family history of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 764-9.
17. Youssef HA, Kinsella A, Waddington JL. Gender specificity of geographical variation in morbid risk for schizophrenia in rural Ireland. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88: 135-9.
18. Torrey EF, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Urbanization of place of birth explains the geographical clustering of schizophrenia in Denmark. Schizophr Res 2000; 49: 295-9.
19. Geddes JR, Verdoux H, Takei N, Lawrie SM, Bovet P, Eagles JM et al. Schizophrenia and complications of pregnancy and labor: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 1999; 25: 413-23.
20. Verdoux H, Geddes JR, Takei N, Lawrie SM, Bovet P, Eagles JM et al. Obstetric complications and age at onset in schizophrenia: an international collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1220-7.
21. Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M. Obstetric factors, urbanization and psychosis. Schizophr Res 2000;43:117-23.
22. Mednick SA, Machon RA, Huttunen MD, Bonnett D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 189-92.
23. Adams W, Kendell RE, Hare EH, Munk Jørgensen P. Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia. An analysis of Scottish, English, and Danish data. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163: 522-34.
24. Westergaard T, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Exposure to prenatal and childhood infections and the risk of schizophrenia. Suggestions from a study of sibship characteristics and influenza prevalence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 993-8.
25. Rantakallio P, Jones P, Moring J, Von Wendt L. Association between central nervous system infections during childhood and adult onset schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 28-year follow-up. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26: 837-43.
26. Tien AY, Eaton WW. Psychopathologic precursors and sociodemographic risk factors for the schizophrenia syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 37-46.
27. Susser E, Lin S. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 983-8.
28. Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. The membrane phospholipid concept of schizophrenia. I: Gattaz WF, Häfner H, eds. Search for the causes of schizophrenia. Darmstadt: Steinkopff Verlag, 1999: 1-17.
29. Susser E, Brown AS, Klonowski E, Allen RH, Lindenbaum J. Schizophrenia and impaired homocysteine metabolism: a possible association. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 141-3.
30. McGrath J. Is low prenatal vitamin D a risk-modifying factor for schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 1999; 40: 173-7.
31. Finkelstein Y, Markowitz ME, Rosen JF. Low-level lead-induced neurotoxicity in children: an update on central nervous system effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1998; 27: 168-76.
32. Nielsen AS, Mortensen PB, O'Callaghan E, Mors O, Ewald H. Is head injury a risk factor for schizophrenia? Schizophr Res (i trykken).
33. Torrey EF, Yolken RH. At issue: is household crowding a risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Schizophr Bull 1998; 24: 321-4.
34. Agerbo E, Torrey EF, Mortensen PB. Household crowding in early adulthood and schizophrenia are unrelated in Denmark: a nested case-control study. Schiz Res 2001; 47: 243-6.
35. Westergaard T, Andersen PK, Pedersen JB, Olsen JH, Frisch M, Sørensen HT et al. Birth characteristics, sibling patterns, and acute leukemia risk in childhood: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 939-47.
36. Kläning U. Greater occurrence of schizophrenia in dizygotic but not monozygotic twins. Register-based study. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175: 407-9.
37. Kläning U, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. Is there an association between the genetic predisposition for dizygotic twinning and schizophrenia? [abstract]. Schizophr Res 2000; 41:101.
38. Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Could schizophrenia be a viral zoonosis transmitted from house cats? Schizophr Bull 1995; 21: 167-71.
39. McCreadie RG. The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys. 16. Breast-feeding and schizophrenia: preliminary results and hypotheses. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 334-7.