The genetics of schizophrenia

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 3-9

  Maier, Wolfgang ^a   Schwab, Sibylle ^a   Rietschel, Marcella ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; HLA ANTIGEN; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; TRINUCLEOTIDE;

CHROMOSOME 10P; CHROMOSOME 13Q; CHROMOSOME 22Q; CHROMOSOME 5Q; CHROMOSOME 6P; CHROMOSOME 6Q; CHROMOSOME 8P; FAMILIAL DISEASE; FAMILY STUDY; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENE LOCATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOME; HLA SYSTEM; HUMAN; MARKER GENE; MOLECULAR CLONING; NUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SAMPLING; SCHIZOPHRENIA; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0033978861     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001504-200001000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. 1 Cardno AG, Marshall EJ, Coid B, Macdonald AM, Ribchester TR, Davies NJ, et al. Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:162-168.
2. 2 Kendler KS, MacLean CJ, Ma Y, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Straub RE. Marker-to-marker disequilibrium on chromosomes 5q, 6p, and 8p in Irish high-density schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:29-33.
3. 3 Williams NN, Rees MI, Holmans P, Norton N, Cardno AG, Jones LA, et al. A two-stage genome scan for schizophrenia susceptibility genes in 196 affected sibling pairs. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:1729-1739.
4. 4 Levinson DF, Mahtani MM, Nancarrow DJ, Brown DM, Kruglyak L, Kirby A, et al. Genome scan of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:741-750. This genome scan in American and Australian pedigrees revealed a locus on chromosome 2q and 10q.
5. 5 Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Tiobech J, Hoff M, Rosenthal J, Bennett P, et al. Evidence for a chromosome 2p13-14 schizophrenia susceptibility locus in families from Palau, Micronesia. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3:521-527. This genome scan revealed a locus on chromosome 2p13-14.
6. 6 Shaw SH, Kelly M, Smith AB, Shields G, Hopkins PJ, Loftus J, et al. A genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:364-376.
7. 7 Blouin JL, Dombroski BA, Nath SK, Lasseter VK, Wolyniec PS, Nestadt G, et al. Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21. Nature Genet 1998; 20:70-73. This genome scan in two independent schizophrenic family samples revealed loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21.
8. 8 Faraone SV, Matise T, Svrakic D, Pepple J, Malaspina D, Suarez B, et al. Genome scan of European-American schizophrenia pedigrees: results of the NIMH Genetics Initiative and Millennium Consortium. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:290-295. A locus on chromosome 10p was revealed in this genome scan of European-American schizophrenic pedigrees.
9. 9 Kaufmann CA, Suarez B, Malaspina D, Pepple J, Svrakic D, Markel PD, et al. NIMH Genetics Initiative Millenium Schizophrenia Consortium: linkage analysis of African-American pedigrees. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:282-289. This genome scan of European-American schizophrenic pedigrees revealed a locus on chromosome 6q.
10. 10 Schwab SG, Eckstein GN, Hallmayer J, Lerer B, Albus M, Borrmann M, et al. Evidence suggestive of a locus on chromosome 5q31 contributing to susceptibility for schizophrenia in German and Israeli families by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2:156-160.
11. 11 Straub RE, MacLean CJ, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS. Support for a possible schizophrenia vulnerability locus in region 5q22-31 in Irish families. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2:148-155.
12. 12 Wang S, Sun CE, Walczak CA, Ziegle JS, Kipps BR, Goldin LR, et al. Evidence for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6pter-p22. Nature Genet 1995; 10:41-46.
13. 13 Straub RE, MacLean CJ, O'Neill FA, Burke J, Murphy B, Duke F, et al. A potential vulnerability locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p24-22: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Nature Genet 1995; 11:287-293.
14. 14 Schwab SG, Albus M, Hallmayer J, Hönig S, Borrmann M, Lichtermann D, et al. Evaluation of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Nature Genet 1995; 11:325-327.
15. 15 Moises HW, Yang L, Kristbjarnarson H, Wiese C, Byerley W, Macciardi F, et al. An international two-stage genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Nature Genet 1995; 11:321-324.
16. 16 Antonarakis SE, Blouin JL, Pulver AE, Wolyniec P, Lasseter VK, Nestadt G, et al. Schizophrenia susceptibility and chromosome 6p24-22. Nature Genet 1995; 11:235-236.
17. 17 Schizophrenia Linkage Collaborative Group for Chromosomes 3, 6 and 8. Additional support for schizophrenia linkage on chromosomes 6 and 8: a multicenter study. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:580-594.
18. 18 Lindholm E, Ekholm B, Balciuniene J, Johansson G, Castensson A, Koisti M, et al. Linkage analysis of a large Swedish kindred provides further support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p23. Am J Med Genet 1999;88;369-377. Further support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p23.
19. 19 Cao Q, Martinez M, Zhang J, Sanders AR, Badner JA, Cravchik A, et al. Suggestive evidence for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q and a confirmation in an independent series of pedigrees. Genomics 1997; 43:1-8.
20. 20 Martinez M, Goldin LR, Cao Q, Zhang J, Sanders AR, Nancarrow DJ, et al. Follow-up study on a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromsome 6q. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:337-343. Further support is provided for a schizophrenia locus on chromosome 6q.
21. 21 Pulver AE, Lasseter VK, Kasch L, Wolyniec P, Nestadt G, Blouin JL, et al. Schizophrenia: a genome scan targets chromosomes 3p and 8p as potential sites of susceptibility genes. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60:252-260.
22. 22 Kendler KS, MacLean CJ, O'Neill FA, Burke J, Murphy B, Duke F, et al. Evidence for a schizophrenia vulnerability locus on chromosome 8p in the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1534-1540.
23. 23 Straub RE, MacLean CJ, Martin RB, Ma Y, Myakishev MV, Harris-Kerr C, et al. A schizophrenia locus may be located in region 10p15-p11. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:296-301. Further support is provided for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10p in schizophrenia.
24. 24 Schwab SG, Hallmayer J, Albus M, Lerer B, Hanses C, Kanyas K, et al. Further evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10p14-p11 in 72 families with schizophrenia by nonparametric linkage analysis. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:302-307. Support is provided for a locus on chromosome 10p in schizophrenic families.
25. 25 Rice JP, Goate A, Williams JT, Bierut L, Dorr D, Wu W, et al. T Initial genome scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74:247-253.
26. 26 Lin MW, Curtis D, Williams N, Arranz M, Nanko S, Collier D, et al. Suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 13q14.1-q32. Psychiatr Genet 1995; 5:117-126.
27. 27 Berrettini WH, Ferraro TN, Goldin LR, Weeks DE, Detera-Wadleigh S, Nurnberger JI Jr, et al. (1994) Chromosome 18 DNA markers and manic-depressive illness: evidence for a susceptibility gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 9:5918-5921.
28. 28 Stine OC, Xu J, Koskela R, McMahon FJ, Gschwend M, Friddle C, et al. Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57:1384-1394.
29. 29 Nöthen MM, Cichon S, Rohleder H, Hemmer S, Franzek E, Fritze J, et al. Evaluation of linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 in a sample of 57 German families. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:76-84. Linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 is demonstrated.
30. 30 DeLisi LE, Lofthouse R, Lehner T, Morganti C, Vita A, Shields G, et al. Failure to find a chromosome 18 pericentric linkage in families with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60:532-534.
31. 31 Schwab SG, Hallmayer J, Lerer B, Albus M, Borrmann M, Honig S, et al. Support for a chromosome 18p locus conferring susceptibility to functional psychoses in families with schizophrenia, by association and linkage analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:1139-1152. Linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 18p in families with schizophrenia is found.
32. 32 Pulver AE, Karayiorgou M, Wolyniec PS, Lasseter VK, Kasch L, Nestadt G, et al. Sequential strategy to identify a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia: report of potential linkage on chromosome 22q12-q13.1: part 1. Am J Med Genet 1994; 54:36-43.
33. 33 Coon H, Holik J, Hoff M, Reimherr F, Wender P, Myles-Worsley M, et al. Analysis of chromosome 22 markers in nine schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Med Genet 1994; 54:72-79.
34. 34 Polymeropoulos MH, Coon H, Byerley W, Gershon ES, Goldin L, Crow TJ, et al. Search for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on human chromosome 22. Am J Med Genet 1994; 54:93-99.
35. 35 Wildenauer DB, Hallmayer J, Schwab SG, Albus M, Eckstein GN, Zill P, et al. Searching for susceptibility genes in schizophrenia by genetic linkage analysis. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1996; 61:845-850.
36. 36 Schizophrenia Collaborative Linkage Group for Chromosome 22. A transmission disequilibrium and linkage analysis of D22S278 marker alleles in 574 families: further support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at 22q12. Schizophr Res 1998; 32:115-121.
37. 37 Hovatta I, Lichtermann D, Juvonen H, Suvisaari J, Terwilliger JD, Arajarvi R, et al. Linkage analysis of putative schizophrenia gene candidate regions on chromosomes 3p, 5q, 6p, 8p, 20p and 22q in a population-based sampled Finnish family set. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3:452-457.
38. 38 Lind B, Hoff M, Rosenthal J, Byerley W, Coon H. Analysis of chromosome 6 markers in eight Utah schizophrenia pedigrees. Psychiatr Genet 1998; 8:171-173.
39. 39 Detera-Wadleigh SD, Badner JA, Berrettini WH, Yoshikawa T, Goldin LR, Turner G, et al. A high-density genome scan detects evidence for a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32 and other potential loci on 1q32 and 18p11.2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:5604-5609.
40. 40 Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Orr-Urtreger A, Olincy A, Davis A, et al. Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:587-592.
41. 41 Leonard S, Gault J, Moore T, Hopkins J, Robinson M, Olincy A, et al. Further investigation of a chromosome 15 locus in schizophrenia: analysis of affected sibpairs from the NIMH Genetics Initiative. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:308-312. A locus on chromosome 15 might be involved in schizophrenia.
42. 42 Curtis L, Blouin JL, Radhakrishna U, Gehrig C, Lasseter VK, Wolyniec P, et al. No evidence for linkage between schizophrenia and markers at chromosome 15q13-14. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:109-112.
43. 43 Neves-Pereira M, Bassett AS, Honer WG, Lang D, King NA, Kennedy JL. No evidence for linkage of the CHRNA7 gene region in Canadian schizophrenia families. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:361-363.
44. 44 Blackwood DH, He L, Morris SW, McLean A, Whitton C, Thomson M, et al. A locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 4p. Nature Genet 1996; 12:427-430.
45. 5 receptor gene might be involved in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.
46. 46 Lachman HM, Nolan KA, Mohr P, Saito T, Volavka J. Association between catechol O-methyltransferase genotype and violence in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:835-837.
47. 47 Chen CH, Lee YR, Chung MY, Wei FC, Koong FJ, Shaw CK, et al. Systematic mutation analysis of the catechol O-methyltransferase gene as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1273-1275.
48. 3 receptor and tardive dyskinesia is described.
49. 49 Basile VS, Masellis M, Badri F, Paterson AD, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, et al. Association of the Mscl polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21:17-27.
50. 50 Dubertret C, Gorwood P, Ades J, Feingold J, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P. Meta-analysis of DRD3 gene and schizophrenia: ethnic heterogeneity and significant association in Caucasians. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:318-322.
51. 3 receptor in schizophrenia.
52. 52 Hawi Z, McCabe U, Straub RE, O'Neill A, Kendler KS, Walsh D, et al. Examination of new and reported data of the DRD3/Mscl polymorphism: no support for the proposed association with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3:150-155. No association of DRD3 with schizophrenia was identified in a case-control study or in a population-based sample.
53. 53 Chandy KG, Fantino E, Wittekindt O, Kalman K, Tong LL, Ho TH, et al. Isolation of a novel potassium channel gene hSKCa3 containing a polymorphic CAG repeat: a candidate for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3:32-37.
54. 54 Bowen T, Guy CA, Craddock N, Cardno AG, Williams NM, Spurlock G, et al. Further support for an association between a polymorphic CAG repeat in the hKCa3 gene and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3:266-269.
55. 55 Dror V, Shamir E, Ghanshani S, Kimhi R, Swartz M, Barak Y, et al. hKCa3/ KCNN3 potassium channel gene: association of longer CAG repeats with schizophrenia in Israeli Ashkenazi Jews, expression in human tissues and localization to chromosome 1q21. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:254-260. An association of schizophrenia with hKCa3 is described.
56. 56 Stober G, Jatzke S, Meyer J, Okladnova O, Knapp M, Beckmann H, et al. Short CAG repeats within the hSKCa3 gene associated with schizophrenia: results of a family-based study. NeuroReport 1998; 9:3595-3599.
57. 57 Li T, Hu X, Chandy KG, Fantino E, Kalman K, Gutman G, et al. Transmission disequilibrium analysis of a triplet repeat within the hKCa3 gene using family trios with schizophrenia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 251:662-665.
58. 58 Antonarakis SE, Blouin J-L, Lasseter VK, Gehring C, Radhakriskna U, Nestadt G, et al. Lack of linkage or association between schizophrenia and the polymorphic trinucleotide repeat within the KCNN3 gene on chromosome 1q21. Am J Med Genet 1999, 88:348-351. No linkage or association with KCNN3 was demonstrated.
59. 59 Austin CP, Holder DJ, Ma L, Mixson LA, Caskey CT. Mapping of hKCa3 to chromosome 1q21 and investigation of linkage of CAG repeat polymorphism to schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:261-266.
60. 60 Bonnet-Brilhault F, Laurent C, Campion D, Thibaut F, Lafargue C, Charbonnier F, et al. No evidence for involvement of KCNN3 (hSKCa3) potassium channel gene in familial and isolated cases of schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7:247-250. No linkage or association with KCNN3 was identified.
61. 61 Joober R, Benkelfat C, Brisebois K, Toulouse A, Lafreniere RG, Turecki G, et al. Lack of association between the hSKCa3 channel gene CAG polymorphism and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:154-157.
62. 62 Tsai MT, Shaw CK, Hsiao KJ, Chen CH. Genetic association study of a polymorphic CAG repeats array of calcium-activated potassium channel (KCNN3) gene and schizophrenia among the Chinese population from Taiwan. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:271-273. No association with KCNN3 was identified.
63. 63 Wittekindt O, Schwab SG, Burgert E, Knapp M, Albus M, Lerer B, et al. Association between hSKCa3 and schizophrenia not confirmed by transmission disequilibrium test in 193 offspring/parents trios. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:267-270. No association of schizophrenia with hSKCa3 in a family-based sample was identified.
64. 64 Arinami T, Otsuka Y, Hamaguchi H, Itokawa M, Aoki J, Shibuya H, et al. Evidence supporting an association between the DRB1 gene and schizophrenia in Japanese. Schizophr Res 1998; 32:81-86.
65. 65 Sasaki T, Matsushita M, Nanko S, Fukuda R, Kennedy JL, Tokunaga K. Schizophrenia and the HLA-DRB1 gene in the Japanese population. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:771-773.
66. 66 Wright P, Dawson E, Donaldson PT, Underhill JA, Sham PC, Zhao J, et al. A transmission/disequilibrium study of the DRB1*04 gene locus on chromosome 6p21.3 with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998; 32:75-80.
67. 67 Jonsson EG, Zhang F, Nimgaonkar VL, Rudert WA, Sedvall GC. Lack of association between schizophrenia and HLA DQB1 alleles in a Swedish sample. Schizophr Res 1998; 29:293-296.
68. 68 Gibson S, Hawi Z, Straub RE, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Gill M. HLA and schizophrenia: refutation of reported associations with A9 (A23/A24), DR4, and DQβ1*0602. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:416-421.
69. 69 Hawi Z, Gibson S, Straub RE, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Gill M. Schizophrenia and HLA: no association with PCR-SSOP typed classical loci in a large Irish familial sample. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:422-429.
70. 70 Williams J, Spurlock G, McGuffin P, Mallet J, Nöthen MM, Gill M, et al. For the European Multicentre Association Study of Schizophrenia (EMASS) Group. Association between schizophrenia and T102C polymorphism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2a-receptor gene. Lancet 1996; 347:1294-1296.
71. 2A) receptor gene: identification of two naturally occurring receptor variants and association analysis in schizophrenia. Hum Genet 1996; 97:614-619.
72. 2a receptor T102C polymorphism and schizophrenia [Letter]. Lancet 1996, 347:1831-1832.
73. 73 Spurlock G, Heils A, Holmans P, Williams J, D'Souza UM, Cardno A, et al. A family based association study of T102C polymorphism in 5HT2A and schizophrenia plus identification of new polymorphisms in the promoter. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3:42-49.
74. 74 Shinkai T, Ohmori O, Kojima H, Terao T, Suzuki T, Abe K. Negative association between T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2a receptor gene and schizophrenia in Japan. Hum Hered 1998; 48:212-215.
75. 75 Kouzmenko AP, Scaffidi A, Pereira AM, Hayes WL, Copolov DL, Dean B. No correlation between A(-1438) G polymorphism in 5-HT2A receptor gene promoter and the density of frontal cortical 5-HT2A receptors in schizophrenia. Hum Hered 1999; 49:103-105.
76. 76 Lin CH, Tsai SJ, Yu YW, Song HL, Tu PC, Sim CB, et al. No evidence for association of serotonin-2A receptor variant (102T/C) with schizophrenia or clozapine response in a Chinese population. NeuroReport 1999; 10:57-60.
77. 77 He L, Li T, Melville C, Liu S, Feng GY, Gu NF, et al. 102T/C polymorphism of serotonin receptor type 2A gene is not associated with schizophrenia in either Chinese or British populations. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:95-98.
78. 78 Ohara K, Nagai M, Tani K, Tsukamoto T, Ohara K. Schizophrenia and the serotonin-2A receptor promoter polymorphism. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85:221-224.
79. 79 Beckmann H, Franzek E, Stober G. Genetic heterogeneity in catatonic schizophrenia: a family study. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:289-300.
80. 80 Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Walsh D. The structure of psychosis: latent class analysis of probands from the Roscommon Family Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:492-499.
81. 81 Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Nosten-Bertrand M, Jouvent R, Pauls D, Mallet J. Psychiatric genetics: search for phenotypes. Trends Neurosci 1998; 21:102-105.
82. 82 Imamura A, Honda S, Nakane Y, Okazaki Y. Anticipation in Japanese families with schizophrenia. J Hum Genet 1998; 43:217-223.
83. 83 Heiden A, Willinger U, Scharfetter J, Meszaros K, Kasper S, Aschauer HN. Anticipation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1999; 35:25-32. The mechanism of anticipation might play a role in schizophrenia.
84. 84 Burgess CE, Lindblad K, Sidransky E, Yuan QP, Long RT, Breschel T, et al. Large CAG/CTG repeats are associated with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3:321-327.
85. 85 Joober R, Benkelfat C, Jannatipour M, Turecki G, Lal S, Mandel JL, et al. Polyglutamine-containing proteins in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 1999; 4:53-57.
86. 86 Laurent C, Zander C, Thibaut F, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Chavand O, Jay M, et al. Anticipation in schizophrenia: no evidence of expanded CAG/CTG repeat sequences in French families and sporadic cases. Am J Med Genet 1998; 81:342-346.
87. 87 Li T, Vallada HP, Liu X, Xie T, Tang X, Zhao J, et al. Analysis of CAG/CTG repeat size in Chinese subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder using the repeat expansion detection method. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:1160-1165.
88. 88 Vincent JB, Kalsi G, Klempan T, Tatuch Y, Sherrington RP, Breschel T, et al. No evidence of expansion of CAG or GAA repeats in schizophrenia families and monozygotic twins. Hum Genet 1998; 103:41-47.
89. 89 Martorell L, Pujana MA, Valero J, Joven J, Volpini V, Labad A, et al. Anticipation is not associated with CAG repeat expansion in parent-offspring pairs of patients affected with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88:50-56.
90. 90 Suarez BK, Hampe CL, Van Eerdewegh P. Problems of replicating linkage claims in psychiatry. In: Genetic approaches to mental disorders. Gershon ES, Cloninger RC (editors). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994. pp. 23-46.