The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 16. Breast-feeding and schizophrenia: Preliminary results and hypotheses

British Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 170, Issue APR., 1997, Pages 334-337

  Mccreadie, Robin G ^a  

^a Crichton Royal Hospital   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BREAST FEEDING; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONALITY; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOIDISM; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 0031011854     PISSN: 00071250     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/bjp.170.4.334     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Adams, W., Kendell, R. E., Hare, E. H., et al (1993) Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia: an analyse of Scottish, English and Danish data. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 169-177.
2. Arneil, G. C. (1967) Dietary Study of 4365 Scottish Infants 1965. Edinburgh: Scottish Home and Health Department.
3. Carlson, S., Rhodes, P.G. & Ferguson, M. G. (1986) Docosahexaenoic acid status of pre-term infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 44, 798-804.
4. Davie, R., Butler, N. & Goldstein, H. (1972) From Birth to Seven. London: Longman.
5. Douglas, J. W. B. (1950) The extent of breast feeding in Great Britain in 1946, with special reference to the health and survival of children. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 57, 335-361.
6. Farquharson, J., Cockburn, F., Patrick, W. A., et al (1992) Infant cerebral cortex phopsholipid fatty-acid composition and diet. Lancet, 340, 810-813.
7. Foerster, A., Lewis, S., Owen, M., et al (1991) Premorbid adjustment and personality in psychosis. Effects of sex and diagnosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 171-176.
8. Geddes, J. R. & Lawrie, S. M. (1995) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 786-793.
9. Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A. & Opler, C. A. (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276.
10. Kendell, R. E. (1995) From the Chief Medical and Nursing Officers. Health Bulletin, 53, 183-184.
11. Lucas, A., Morley, R., Cole, T. J., et al (1992) Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born pre-term. Lancet, 339, 261-264.
12. McCreadle, R. G. (1982) The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Survey I. Psychiatric and social handicaps. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 582-586
13. _, Hall, D. J., Berry, I. J., et al (1992) The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys X. Obstetric complications, family history and abnormal movements. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 799-805.
14. _, Connolly, M. A., Williamson, D. J., et al (1994) The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys XII. Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia: a search for clinical correlates and putative aetiological factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 340-346.
15. Makrides, M., Neumann, M., Simmer, K., et al (1995) Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential nutrients in infancy? Lancet, 345, 1463-1468.
16. Martin, J. & Monk, J. (1982) Infant Feeding 1960. London: HMSO.
17. _ & White, A. (1988) Infant Feeding 1985. London HMSO.
18. Murray, R. M. (1994) Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia: the rediscovery of dementia praecox. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165 (suppl. 25), 6-12.
19. Nelson, H. E. (1982) National Adult Reading Test Test Manual. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.
20. O'Brien, J. S., Fillerup, D. L. & Mean, J. F. (1964) Quantification and fatty acid and fatty aldehyde composition of ethanolamine, choline and serine glycerophosphatides in human cerebral grey and white matter. Journal of Lipid Research, 5, 329-338.
21. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1970) Classification of Occupations. London: HMSO.
22. Royal College of Obsetetricians and Gynaecologists & Population Investigation Committee (1948) Maternity in Great Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Weinberger, D. R. (1995) Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. In Schizophrenia (eds S. R. Hirsch & D. R. Weinberger), pp. 293-323. Oxford: Biackwell Science.
24. White, A., Freeth, S. & O'Brier, M. (1992) Infant Feeding 1990: A Survey Carried Out by the Social Survey Division of OPCS on Behalf of the Department of Health, Scottish Home and Health Department, Welsh Office and the Department of Health and Social Services in Northern Ireland. London: Office of Population Censuses and Surveys.
25. World Health Organization (1978) Mental Disoders Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases Geneva: WHO.