Models for demyelination

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 132, Issue , 2001, Pages 149-163

  Van der Goes, Annette ^a   Dijkstra, Christine D ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; BCG VACCINE; CUPRIZONE; CYTOKINE; ETHIDIUM BROMIDE; IBOTENIC ACID; INTERLEUKIN 1; KAINIC ACID; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN; NEUROTOXIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ALLERGIC ENCEPHALITIS; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL MODEL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; DEMYELINATION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MOUSE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REMYELINIZATION; REVIEW; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 0035783491     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(01)32072-1     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Alberts, A., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J.D. (1989) Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland, New York.
2. Almazan, G., Honegger, P., Matthieu, J.M. and Guentert-Lauber, B. (1985) Epidermal growth factor and bovine growth factor stimulate differentiation and myelination of brain aggregates in culture. Dev. Brain Res., 353: 257-264.
3. Amor, S., Groome, N., Linington, C., Morris, M.M., Dornmair, K., Gardinier, M.V., Matthieu, J.M. and Baker, D. (1994) Identification of epitopes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL and Biozzi AB/H mice. J. Immunol., 153: 4349-4356.
4. Andersson, P.B., Perry, V.H. and Gordon, S. (1991) The kinetics and morphological characteristics of the macrophagemicroglial response to kainic acid-induced neuronal degeneration. Neuroscience, 42: 201-214.
5. Andersson, P.B., Perry, V.H. and Gordon, S. (1992) The acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in the CNS parenchyma differs from that of other body tissue. Neuroscience, 48: 169-186.
6. Arduini, A., Di Paola, M., Di Ilio, C. and Federici, G. (1985) Effect of lipid peroxidation on the accessibility of dansyl chloride labeling to lipids and proteins of bovine myelin. Free Rad. Res. Commun., 1: 129-135.
7. Armstrong, R.C. (1998) Isolation and characterization of immature oligodendrocyte lineage. Methods, 16: 282-292.
8. Asou, H., Hamada, H., Miyazaki, T., Sakota, T., Hayashi, K., takeda, T., Marret, S., Delpech, B., Itoh, K. and Uyemura, K. (1995) CNS myelogenesis in vitro: Time course and pattern of rat oligodendrocyte development. J. Neurosci. Res., 40: 519-534.
9. Baig, S., Olsson, T., Yu-Ping, J., Hojeberg, B., Cruz, M. and Link, H. (1991) Multiple sclerosis: Cells secreting antibodies against myelin-associated glycoprotein are present in cerebrospinal fluid. Scan. J. Immunol., 33: 73-79.
10. Bain, G., Kitchens, D., Yao, M., Huettner, J.E. and Gottlieb, D.I. (1995) Embryonic stem cells express neuronal properties in vitro. Dev. Biol., 168: 342-357.
11. Baker, D., O'Neill, J.K., Gschmeissner, S.E., Wilcox, C.E., Butter, C. and Turk, J.L. (1990) Induction of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Biozzi mice. J. Neuroimmunol., 28: 261-270.
12. Barbano, R.L. and Dal Canto, M.C. (1984) Serum and cells from Theiler's virus-infected mice fail to injure myelinating cultures or to produce in vivo transfer of disease. J. Neurol. Sci., 66: 283-293.
13. Beliën, A.T.J., Paganetti, P.A. and Schwab, M.E. (1999) Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) enables invasive migration of glioma cells in central nervous system white matter. J. Cell. Biol., 144: 373-384.
14. Ben-Nun, A., Wekerle, H. and Cohen, I.R. (1981) The rapid isolation of clonal antigen-specific T lymphocyte lines capable of mediating autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur. J. Immunol., 11: 195-199.
15. Beuche, W. and Friede, R.L. (1984) The role of non-resident cells in Wallerian degeneration. J. Neurocytol., 13: 767-796.
16. Blakemore, W.F. (1969) The ultrastructure of the subependymal plate in the rat. J. Anat., 104: 423.
17. Blakemore, W.F. (1975) Remyelination of Schwann cells axons demyelinated by intraspinal injections of 6-aminonicotinamide. J. Neurocytol., 4: 745-757.
18. Blakemore, W.F. (1979) Progress in Neurological Research Remyelination in the CNS, Pitman, Bath, pp. 12-25.
19. Blakemore, W.F. and Keirstead, H.S. (1999) The origin of remyelinating cells in the central nervous system. J. Neuroimmunol., 98: 69-76.
20. Blakemore, W.F., Eames, R.A., Smith, K.J. and McDonald, W.I. (1977) Remyelination in the spinal cord of the cat following intraspinal injection of lysolecithin. J. Neurol. Sci., 33: 31-43.
21. Bö, L., Dawson, T.M., Wesselingh, S., Mörk, S., Choi, S., Kong, P.A., Hanley, D. and Trapp, B.D. (1994) Induction of nitric oxide synthase in demyelinating regions of multiple sclerosis brains. Ann. Neurol., 36: 778-786.
22. Bonnekoh, P.G.H., Scheidt, P. and Friede, R.L. (1989) Myelin phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in organ cultures of mouse peripheral nerve. A new model for studying myelin. J. Neuropathol. Neurol., 48: 140-153.
23. Brück, W. and Friede, R.L. (1990) Anti-macrophage CR3 antibody blocks myelin phagocytosis by macrophages in vitro. Acta Neuropathol., 80: 415-418.
24. Brück, W., Porada, P., Poser, S., Rieckmann, P., Hanefeld, F., Kretzschmar, A. and Lassmann, H. (1995) Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann. Neurol., 38: 788-796.
25. Brunner, C., Lassmann, H., Waehneldt, T.V., Matthieu, J.M. and Linington, C. (1989) Differential ultrastructural localization of myelin basic protein, myelin/oligodendroglia glycoprotein, and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase in the CNS of adult rats. J. Neurochem., 52: 296-304.
26. Brüstle, O., Jones, K.N., Learish, R.D., Karram, K., Choudhary, K., Wiestler, O.D., Duncan, I.D. and McKay, R.D.G. (1999) Embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursor: A source of myelinating transplants. Science, 285: 754-756.
27. Chia, L.S., Thompson, J.E. and Moscarello, M.A. (1983) Disorder in human myelin induced by superoxide radical: An in vitro investigation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 117: 141-146.
28. Coffey, P.J., Perry, V.H., Allen, Y., Sinden, J. and Rawlins, J.N. (1988) Ibotenic acid induced demyelination in the central nervous system: A consequence of a local inflammatory response. Neurosci. Lett., 84: 178-184.
29. Cross, A.H., Misko, T.P., Lin, R.F., Hickey, W.F., Trotter, J.L. and Tilton, R.G. (1994) Aminoguanide, an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice. J. Clin. Invest., 93: 2684-2690.
30. Cuzner, M.L. and Norton, W.T. (1996) Biochemistry of demyelination. Brain Pathol., 6: 231-242.
31. D'Souza, S., Alinauskas, K., McCrea, E., Goodyer, C. and Antel, J.P. (1995) Differential susceptibility of human CNS-derived cell populations to TNF-dependent and independent immune-mediated injury. J. Neurosci., 15: 7293-7300.
32. Da Costa, C.C., Van der Laan, L.J.W., Dijkstra, C.D. and Brück, W. (1997) The role of the mouse macrophages scavenger receptor in myelin phagocytosis. Eur. J. Neurosci., 9: 2650-2657.
33. Dubois-Dalcq, M. and Armstrong, R.C. (1992) The oligodendrocyte lineage during demyelination and remyelination. In: R.E. Martenson (Ed.), Myelin: Biology and Chemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 81-122.
34. Dyer, J.K., Bourque, J.A. and Steeves, J.D. (1998) Regeneration of brainstem-spinal axons after lesion and immunological disruption of myelin in adult rat. Exp. Neurol., 154: 12-22.
35. Ellison, J.A. and de Vellis, J. (1995) Platelett derived growth factor receptor is expressed by cells in the early oligodendrocyte lineage. J. Neurosci. Res., 37: 116-128.
36. Engel, U. and Wolswijk, G. (1996) Oligodendrocyte-type-2-astrocyte (O2A) progenotior cells derived from adult spinal cord: In vitro characteristics and response to PDGF, bFGF and NT-3. Glia, 16: 16-26.
37. Farrer, R.G. and Quarles, R.H. (1999) GT3 and its O-acetylated derivative are the principal A2B5-reactive gangliosides in cultured O2A lineage cells and are down-regulated along with the O-acetyl GD3 during differentiation to oligodendrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res., 57: 371-380.
38. Folch, J. and Lees, M. (1951) Proteolipides, a new type of tissue lipoproteins, their isolation from brain. J. Biol. Chem., 191: 807-817.
39. Goverman, J. and Brabb, T. (1996) Rodent models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis applied to the study of multiple sclerosis. Lab. Anim. Sci., 46: 482-492.
40. Griot, C., Bürge, T., Van de Velde, M. and Peterhans, E. (1989) Antibody-induced generation of reactive oxygen radicals by brain macrophages in canine distemper encephalitis: A mechanism for bystander demyelination. Acta Neuropathol., 78: 396-403.
41. Groves, A.K., Barnett, S.C., Franklin, R.J., Crang, A.J., Mayer, M., Blakemore, W.F. and Noble, M. (1993) Repair of demyelinated lesions by transplantation of purified O-2A progenitor cells. Nature, 362: 453-455.
42. Hardy, R. and Reynolds, R. (1991) Proliferation and differentiation potential of rat forebrain oligodendroglial progenitors both in vitro and in vivo. Development, 111: 198-213.
43. Kabat, E.A., Wolf, A. and Bezer, A.E. (1947) The rapid production of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys by injection of heterozygous and homologous brain tissue with adjuvants. J. Exp. Med., 85: 117-129.
44. Kalyani, A., Hobson, K. and Rao, M.S. (1997) Neuroepithelial stem cells from the embryonic spinal cord: Isolation, characterization, and clonal analysis. Dev. Biol., 186: 202-223.
45. Kaye, J.F., Kerlero de Rosbo, N., Mendel, I., Fletcher, S., Hoffman, M., Yust, I. and Ben-Nun, A. (2000) The central nervous system specific myelin-oligodendrocyte basic protein (MOBP) is encephalitogenic and a potential target antigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). J. Neuroimmunol., 102: 189-198.
46. Kerlero de Rosbo, N., Honegger, P., Lassmann, H. and Matthieu, J.M. (1990) Demyelination induced in aggregating brain cell cultures by a monoclonal antibody against myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J. Neurochem., 55: 583-587.
47. Kerlero de Rosbo, N., Milo, R., Lees, M.B., Burger, D., Bernard, C.C. and Ben-Nun, A. (1993) Reactivity to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes respond predominantly to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J. Clin. Invest., 92: 2602-2608.
48. Kies, M.W. (1965) Chemical studies on an encephalitogenic protein from guinea pig brain. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 122: 161-172.
49. Konat, G.W. and Wiggins, R.C. (1985) Effect of reactive oxygen species on myelin membrane proteins. J. Neurochem., 45: 1113-1118.
50. Lassmann, H. and Wekerle, H. (1998) McAlpine's Multiple Sclerosis. Experimental Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 409-433.
51. Li, C., Tropak, M.B., Gerlai, R., Clapoff, S., Abramow-Newerly, W., Trapp, B., Peterson, A. and Roder, J. (1994) Myelination in the absence of myelin-associated glycoprotein. Nature, 369: 747-750.
52. Linington, C. and Lassmann, H. (1987) Antibody responses in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Correlation of serum demyelinating activity with antibody titre to the myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). J. Neuroimmunol., 17: 61-69.
53. Linington, C., Bradl, M., lassmann, H., Brunner, C. and Vass, K. (1988) Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Am. J. Pathol., 130: 443-454.
54. Linington, C., Berger, T., Perry, L., Weerth, S., Hinze-Selch, D., Zhang, Y., Lu, H.C., Lassmann, H. and Wekerle, H. (1993) T cells specific for the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein mediate an unusual autoimmune inflammatory response in the central nervous system. Eur. J. Immunol., 23: 1364-1372.
55. Link, H., Baig, S., Olsson, O., Jiang, Y.P., Hojeberg, B. and Olsson, T. (1990) Persistent anti-myelin basic protein IgG antibody response in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neuroimmunol., 28: 237-248.
56. Lipton, H.L. (1975) Theiler's virus-induced infection in micean unusual biphasic disease process leading to demyelination. Infect. Immunol., 11: 1147-1155.
57. Lorentzen, J.C., Issazadeh, S., Storch, M., Mustafa, M.I., Lassmann, H., Linington, C., Klareskog, L. and Olsson, T. (1995) Protracted, relapsing and demyelinating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in DA rats immunized with syngeneic spinal cord and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. J. Neuroimmunol., 63: 193-205.
58. Loughlin, A.J., Honegger, P., Woodroofe, M.N., Comte, V., Matthieu, J.M. and Cuzner, M.L. (1994) Myelin basic protein content of aggregating rat brain cell cultures treated with cytokines and/or demyelinating antibodies: Effects of macrophage enrichment. J. Neurosci. Res., 37: 647-653.
59. Loughlin, A.J., Copelman, C.A., Hall, A., Armer, T., Young, B.C., Landon, D.N. and Cuzner, M.L. (1997) Myelination and remyelination of aggregate rat brain cell cultures enriched with macrophages. J. Neurosci. Res., 47: 384-392.
60. Lublin, F.D., Maurer, P.H., Berry, R.G. and Tippett, D. (1981) Delayed, relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice. J. Immunol., 126: 819-822.
61. Ludwin, S.K. (1978) Central nervous system demyelination and remyelination in the mouse. An ultrastructural study of cuprizone toxicity. Lab. Invest., 39: 597-612.
62. Matthieu, J.M., Honegger, P., Trapp, B.D., Cohen, S.R. and Webster, H.F. (1978) Myelination in rat brain aggregating cell cultures. Neuroscience, 3: 565-572.
63. Matyszak, M.K. and Perry, V.H. (1995) Demyelination in the central nervous system following a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Neuroscience, 64: 967-977.
64. Mayer, M., Urbánek, K. and Hajdûch, M. (1991) Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of monocytes and granulocytes in multiple sclerosis: The effect of autologous thrombocytes. Folia Biol., 37: 213-223.
65. McKay, R. (1997) Stem cells in the central nervous system. Science, 276: 66-71.
66. Merrill, J.E., Ignaro, L.J., Sherman, M.P., Melinek, J. and Lane, T.E. (1993) Microglial cell cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes is mediated through nitric oxide. J. Immunol., 151: 2132.
67. Monuki, E.S. and Lemke, G. (1995) The Axon: Molecular Biology of Myelination. Oxford University Press, New York.
68. Morell, P. and Norton, W.T. (1980) Myelin. Sci. Am., 242: 88-90.
69. Morris, M.M., Piddlesden, S.J., Groome, N. and Amor, S. (1997) Anti-myelin antibodies modulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Biozzi ABH mice. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 25: 168S-172S.
70. Nishiyama, A., Lin, X.-H., Heldin, C.-H. and Stallcupp, W.B. (1996) Co-localization of NG2 proteoglycan and PDGF-α receptor on O2A progenitor cells in developing rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res., 43: 299-314.
71. Norton, W.T. and Poduslo, S.E. (1973) Myelination in rat brain: Method of myelin isolation. J. Neurochem., 21: 749-757.
72. Notterpek, L.M., Bullock, P.N., Malek-Hedayat, S., Fisher, R. and Rome, L.H. (1993) Myelination in cerebellar slice cultures: Development of a system amenable to biochemical analysis. J. Neurosci. Res., 36: 621-634.
73. Okabe, S., Forsberg-Nilsson, K., Spiro, A.C. and Segal, M.M.R.D. (1996) Development of neuronal precursor cells and functional postmitotic neurons from embryonic stem cells in vitro. Mech. Dev., 59: 89-102.
74. Okuda, Y., Nakatsuji, Y., Fyjimura, H., Esumi, H., Ogura, T., Yanagihara, T. and Sakoda, S. (1995) Expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of mice correlates with the severity of selectively induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol., 62: 103-112.
75. Olsson, T. (1995) Cytokine producing cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 45: S11.
76. Pasteur, L. (1885) Méthode pur prévenir la rage après morsure. C.R. Acad. Sci., 101: 765-774.
77. Paterson, P.Y. and Hanson, M.A. (1969) Cyclophosphamide inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and cellular transfer of the disease in Lewis rats. J. Immunol., 103: 1311-1316.
78. Pender, M.P. (1988) The pathophysiology of myelin basic protein-induced acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat. J. Neurol. Sci., 86: 277-289.
79. Pender, M.P., Nguyen, K.B. and Willenborg, D.O. (1989) Demyelination and early remyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis passively transferred with myelin basic protein-sensitized lymphocytes in the Lewis rat. J. Neuroimmunol., 25: 125-142.
80. Perry, V.H., Andersson, P.B. and Gordon, S. (1993) Macrophages and inflammation in the central nervous system. Trends Neurosci., 16: 268-273.
81. Pfeiffer, S.E., Warrington, A.E. and Bansal, R. (1993) The oligodendrocyte and its many cellular processes. Trends Cell Biol., 3: 191-197.
82. Piddlesden, S.J., Lassmann, H., Laffafian, I., Morgan, B.P. and Linington, C. (1991) Antibody-mediated demyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is independent of complement membrane attack complex formation. Exp. Immunol., 83: 245-250.
83. Piddlesden, S.J., Lassmann, H., Zimprich, F., Morgan, B.P. and Linington, C. (1993) The demyelinating potential of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is related to their ability to fix complement. Am. J. Pathol., 143: 555-564.
84. Piddlesden, S.J., Storch, M.K., Freeman, A.M., Lassmann, H. and Morgan, B.P. (1994) Soluble recombinant complement receptor 1 inhibits inflammation and demyelination in antibody-mediated demyelinating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol., 152: 5477-5484.
85. Polman, C.H., Matthaei, I., de Groot, C.J.A., Koetsier, J.C., Sminia, T. and Dijkstra, C.D. (1988) Low-doses cyclosprin A induces relapsing remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat. J. Neuroimmunol., 17: 209-216.
86. Privat, A., Jacque, C., Bourre, J.M., Dupouey, P. and Baumann, N. (1979) Absence of the major dense line in myelin of the mutant mouse 'shiverer'. Neurosci. Lett., 12: 107-112.
87. Probert, L., Akassoglou, K., Pasparakis, M., Kontogeorgos, G. and Kollias, G. (1995) Spontaneous inflammatory demyelination disease in transgenic mice showing central nervous system-specific expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 11294-11298.
88. Raff, M.C. (1989) Glial cell diversification in the rat optic nerve. Science, 243: 1450-1455.
89. Raff, M.C., Abney, E.A., Cohen, J., Lindsay, R. and Noble, M. (1983) Two types of astrocytes in cultures of developing rat white matter: Differences, surface gangliosides and growth characteristics. J. Neurosci., 3: 1289-1300.
90. Raff, M.C., Mirsky, R., Fields, K.L., Lisak, R.P., Dorfman, S.H., Silberberg, D.H., Gregson, N.A., Niebowitz, S. and Kennedy, M.C. (1978) Galactosylcerebroside is a specific cell-surface antigenic specific marker for oligodendrocytes in culture. Nature, 274: 813-816.
91. Raine, C.S., Johnston, A.B., Marcus, D.M., Suzuki, A. and Bornstein, M.B. (1981) Demyelination in vitro: Absorption studies demonstrate that galactocerebroside is a major target. J Neurol. Sci., 52: 117-131.
92. Rivers, T.M., Sprunt, D.H. and Berry, G.P. (1933) Observations on attempts to produce acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys. J. Exp. Med., 58: 39-53.
93. Rodriguez, M., Prayoonwiwat, N., Howe, C. and Sanborn, K. (1994) Proteolipid protein gene expression in demyelinating and remyelination of the central nervous system: A model for multiple sclerosis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 53: 136-143.
94. Roos, R.P. and Wollmann, R. (1984) DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induces demyelination in nude mice. Ann. Neurol., 15: 494-499.
95. Rosenbluth, J., Liang, W.L., Liu, Z., Guo, D. and Schiff, R. (1996) Expanded CNS myelin sheaths formed in situ in the presence of an IgM antigalactocerebroside-producing hybridoma. J. Neurosci., 16: 2635-2641.
96. Rosenbluth, J. and Schiff, R. (1999) Axon damage in MS-like lesions of rat spinal cord induced by antiglycolipid IgM antibodies. Soc. Neurosci., 1: 739.
97. Ruuls, S.R., Bauer, J., Sontrop, K., Huitinga, I., 't Hart, B.A. and Dijkstra, C.D. (1995) Reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol., 56: 207-217.
98. Ruuls, S.R., Van der Linden, S., Sontrop, K., Huitinga, I. and Dijkstra, C.D. (1996) Aggravation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by administration of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 103: 467-474.
99. Scheidt, P., Waehneldt, T.V., Beuche, W. and Friede, R.L. (1986) Changes of myelin proteins during Wallerian degeneration in situ and in millipore diffusion chambers preventing active phagocytosis. Brain Res., 379: 380-384.
100. Scheidt, P. and Friede, R.L. (1987) Myelin phagocytosis in Wallerian degeneration. Properties of millipore diffusion chambers and immunohistochemical identification of cell populations. Acta Neuropathol., 75: 77-84.
101. Schluesener, H.J., Sobel, R.A., Linington, C. and Weiner, H.L. (1987) A monoclonal antibody against a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induces relapses and demyelination in central nervous system autoimmune disease. J. Immunol., 139: 4016-4021.
102. Schwab, M.E. and Thoenen, H. (1985) Dissociated neurons regenerate into sciatic but not optic nerve explants in culture irrespective of neurotrophic factors. J. Neurosci., 5: 2415-2423.
103. Scott, G.S., Williams, K.I. and Bolton, C. (1996) A pharmacological study on the role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Inflamm. Res., 45: 524-529.
104. Seil, F.J. (1968) The in vitro demyelinating activity of sera from guinea pigs sensitized with whole CNS and with purified encephalitogen. Exp. Neurol., 22: 545-555.
105. Selmai, K.W. and Raine, C.S. (1988) Tumor necrosis factor mediates myelin and oligodendrocyte damage in vitro. Ann. Neurol., 23: 339-346.
106. Shields, S.A., Gilson, J.M., Blakemore, W.F. and Franklin, R.J.M. (1999) Remyelination occurs as extensively but more slowly in old rats compared to young rats following gliotoxin-induced CNS demyelination. Glia, 28: 77-83.
107. Smith, M.E. (1993) Phagocytosis of myelin by microglia in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res., 35: 480-487.
108. Staugaitis, S.M., Colman, D.R. and Pedraza, L. (1996) Membrane adhesion and other functions for the myelin basic proteins. Bioassays, 18: 13-18.
109. Steck, A.J., Schaeren-Wiemers, N. and Hartung, H.P. (1998) Demyelinating inflammatory neuropathies, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 11: 311-318.
110. Sternberger, N.H., Quarles, R.H., Itoyama, Y. and Webster, H.D. (1979) Myelin-associated glycoprotein demonstrated immunocytochemically in myelin and myelin-forming cells of developing rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76: 1510-1514.
111. Stewart, T.J., Liu, S., Fox, K., Lauryssen, C. and McDonald, J.W. (1999) Embryonic stem cells derived oligodendrocytes are capable of myelinating many neuronal axons in culture. Soc. Neurosci., 1: 222.
112. Storch, M.K., Stefferl, A., Brehm, U., Weissert, R., Wallström, E., Kerschensteiner, M., Olsson, T., Linington, C. and Lassmann, H. (1998) Autoimmunity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in rats mimics the spectrum of multiple sclerosis pathology. Brain Pathol., 8: 681-694.
113. Sun, J.B., Olsson, T., Wang, W.Z., Xiao, B.G., Kostulas, V., Fredrikson, S., Ekre, H.P. and Link, H. (1991a) Autoreactive T and B cells responding to myelin proteolipid in multiple sclerosis and controls. Eur. J. Immunol., 21: 1461-1468.
114. Sun, J.B., Link, H., Olsson, T., Xiao, B.G., Andersson, G., Ekre, H.P., Linington, C. and Diener, P. (1991b) T and B cell responses to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol., 146: 1490-1495.
115. Suter, U. and Snipes, G.J. (1995) Biology and genetics of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 18: 45-75.
116. Swanborg, R.H. (1995) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rodents as a model for human demyelinating disease. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 77: 4-13.
117. 't Hart, B.A., Bauer, J., Muller, H.J., Melchers, B., Nicolay, K., Brok, H., Bontrop, R.E., Lassmann, H. and Masacesi, L. (1998) Histopathological characterization of magnetic resonance imaging-detectable brain white matter lesions in a primate model of multiple sclerosis: A correlative study in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am. J. Pathol., 153: 649-663.
118. Tuohy, V.K., Lu, Z., Sobel, R.A., Laursen, R.A. and Lees, M.B. (1989) Identification of an encephalitogenic determinant of myelin proteolipid protein for SJL mice. J. Immunol., 142: 1523-1527.
119. Van der Goes, A., Brouwer, J., Hoekstra, K., Roos, D., Van den Berg, T.K. and Dijkstra, C.D. (1998) Reactive oxygen species are required for the phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol., 92: 67-75.
120. Van der Goes, A., Kortekaas, M., Hoekstra, K., Dijkstra, C.D. and Amor, S. (1999) The role of anti-myelin (auto)-antibodies in the phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol., 101: 61-67.
121. Van der Goes, A., Hoekstra, K., Van den Berg, T.K. and Dijkstra, C.D. (2000) Dexamethasone promotes phagocytosis and bacterial killing by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro. J. Leukocyte Biol., 67: 801-807.
122. Van der Laan, L.J.W., Ruuls, S.R., Weber, K.S., Lodder, I.J., Döpp, E.A. and Dijkstra, C.D. (1996) Macrophage phagocytosis of myelin in vitro determined by flow cytometry: Phagocytosis is mediated by CR3 and induces production of TNF-alpha and nitric oxide. J. Neuroimmunol., 70: 145-152.
123. Watson, C.M., Najbauer, J., Owen, S.J. and Davidson, A.N. (1988) An in vitro micromethod for the quantitative assessment of central demyelination. J. Neurochem., 50: 1469-1477.
124. Willenborg, D.O. (1979) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat: Studies on the mechanism of recovery from disease and acquired resistance to reinduction. J. Immunol., 123: 1145-1150.
125. Wolswijk, G. (2000) Oligodendrocyte survival, loss and birth in lesions of chronic stage multiple sclerosis. Brain, 123: 105-115.
126. Woodruff, R.H. and Franklin, R.J. (1999) Demyelination and remyelination of the caudal cerebellar peduncle of adult rats following stereotaxic injections of lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and complement/anti-galactocerebroside: A comparative study. Glia, 25: 216-228.
127. Yajima, K. and Suzuki, K. (1979) Demyelination and remyelination in the rat spinal nervous system following ethidium bromide injection. Lab. Invest., 41: 385-392.
128. Yamamoto, Y., Mizuno, R., Nishimura, T., Ogawa, Y., Yoshikawa, H., Fuijimura, H., Adachi, E., Kishimoto, T., Yanagihara, T. and Sakoda, S. (1994) Cloning and expression of myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein; novel basic protein constituting the central nervous system. J. Biol. Chem., 269(16): 31725-31730.
129. Zalc, B., Monge, M., Dupouey, P., Hauw, J.J. and Baumann, N.A. (1981) Immunocytochemical localization of galactosyl and sulfogalactosyl ceramide in the brain of the 30-day-old mouse. Brain Res., 211: 341-354.