Use of tree swallows in studies of environmental stress

Reviews in Toxicology

Volumn 4, Issue 1-2, 2001, Pages 61-104

  McCarty, John P ^a  

^a AAAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PESTICIDE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONTAMINATION; DIET; ECOSYSTEM; ECOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD CHAIN; INSECT; LARVA; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICA; ORCHARD; PULP MILL; RADIATION; REVIEW; SEDIMENT; SOIL POLLUTION; SONGBIRD; STRESS; TACHYCINETA BICOLOR; UNITED STATES; WATER POLLUTION;

TACHYCINETA BICOLOR;

EID: 0035772303     PISSN: 13826980     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. G. A. LeBlanc and L. J. Bain, Chronic toxicity of environmental contaminants: sentinels and biomarkers, Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (Suppl. 1) (1997), 65-80.
2. L.J. Blus and C. J. Henny, Field studies on pesticides and birds: unexpected and unique relations, Ecological Applications 7 (1997), 1125-1132.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Guidelines for ecological risk assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC 20460 (1998).
4. P.J. Jarvis, Environmental changes, in: "Birds as monitors of environmental change", Furness, R. W. and Greenwood, J. J. D., eds., pp. 42-85, Chapman & Hall, New York (1993).
5. R. W. Furness, Birds as monitors of pollutants, in: "Birds as monitors of environmental change", R. W. Furness and J. J. D. Greenwood, eds., pp. 86-143, Chapman & Hall, New York (1993).
6. R. W. Risebrough, Pesticides and bird populations. Current Ornithology 3 (1986), 397-427.
7. R. W. Furness, J. J. D. Greenwood and P. J. Jarvis, Can birds be used to monitor the environment?, in: "Birds as monitors of environmental change", R. W. Furness and J. J. D. Greenwood, eds., pp. 1-41, Chapman & Hall, New York (1993).
8. S. A. Temple and J. A. Wiens, Bird populations and environmental changes: can birds be bio-indicators?, American Birds 43 (1989), 260-270.
9. M. L. Morrison, Bird populations as indicators of environmental change, Avian Biology 3 (1986), 429-451.
10. R. J. Robertson, B. J. Stutchbury and R. R. Cohen, Tree Swallow, in: "The Birds of North America, No. 11", A. Poole, P Stettenheim and F. Gill, eds., pp. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia and American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC., 1992).
11. J. R. Sauer, J. E. Hines, Thomas, I., Fallon, J., and Gough, G., The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 1998. Version 98.1, http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/bbs.html (1999).
12. J. P. McCarty and D. W. Winkler. Foraging ecology and diet selectivity of Tree Swallows feeding nestlings, Condor 101 (1999), 246-254.
13. P. J. Blancher and D. K. McNicol, Tree swallow diet in relation to wetland acidity, Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 (1991), 2629-2637.
14. P. J. Blancher, C. L. Furlonger and D. K. McNicol, Diet of nestling tree swalloows (Tachycineta bicolor) near Sudbury, Ontario, summer 1986, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ontario Region. (1987).
15. M. Wayland, S. Trudeau, T. Marchant, D. Parker and K. A. Hobson, The effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on an insectivorous bird, the tree swallow, Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), 237-251.
16. J. P. McCarty, Effects of short-term changes in environmental conditions on the foraging ecology and reproductive success of Tree Swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, (1995).
17. K. R. Mayoh and R. Zach, Grit ingestion by nestling tree swallows and house wrens, Canadian Journal of Zoology 64 (1986), 2090-2093.
18. V. L. St. Louis and L. Breebaart, Calcium supplements in the diet of nestling tree swallows near acid sensitive lakes, Condor 93 (1991), 286-294.
19. A. R. Place and E. W. Stiles, Living off the wax of the land: bayberries and yellow-rumped warblers, Auk 109 (1992), 334-345.
20. G. L. Holroyd, Resource use by four avian species of aerial insect feeders, MS Thesis, University of Toronto, (1972).
21. J. M. Mengelkoch, Diet of nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) as related to insect diversity and abundance, MS Thesis, University of Minnesota, Duluth, (2000).
22. T. E. Quinney and C. D. Ankney, Prey size selection by tree swallows, Auk 102 (1985), 245-250.
23. R. W. Meritt, and K. W. Cummins, An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America, second edition, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa (1984).
24. M. E. Johnson and M. P. Lombardo, Nestling Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) diets in an upland old field in western Michigan, American Midland Naturalist 144 (2000) 216-219.
25. L. Z. Gannes, D. M. O'Brien, and C. Martinez del Rio, Stable isotopes in animal ecology: assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments, Ecology 78 (1997), 1271-1276.
26. A. L. Yorks, Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on reproduction, physiological processes, and biomarkers in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), PhD Dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, (1999).
27. A. L. Secord, J. P. McCarty, K. R. Echols, K. R. Echols, J. C. Meadows, R. W. Gale and D. E. Tillitt, Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in tree swallows from the upper Hudson River, New York State, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (1999), 2519-2525.
28. C. M. Custer, T. W. Custer, P. D. Allen, K. L. Stromborg and M. J. Melancon, Reproduction and environmental contamination in tree swallows nesting in the Fox River drainage and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 (1998), 1786-1798.
29. C. A. Bishop. The effects of pesticide use in apple orchards on health and reproduction of cavity-breeding birds, PhD Dissertation, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, (1998).
30. R. C. Muirhead-Thomson, Trap responses of flying insects, Academic Press, New York (1991).
31. E. D. M. Macaulay, G. M. Tatchell, and L. R. Taylor, The Rothamstead Insect Survey '12-metre' suction trap, Bulletin of Entomological Research 78 (1988), 121-129.
32. L. R. DeWeese, L. C. McEwen, G. L. Hensler and B. E. Petersen, Organochlorine contaminants in passeriformes and other avian prey of the peregrine falcon in the western United States, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5 (1986), 675-693.
33. J. H. Enderson, G. R. Craig, W. A. Burnham, and D. D. Berger, Eggshell thinning and organochlorine residues in Rocky Mountain peregrines, Falco peregrinus, and their prey, Canadian Field Naturalist 96 (1982), 255-264.
34. A. M. Evangelista de Duffard and R. Duffard, Behavioral toxicology, risk assessment, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, Environmental Health Perspectives 104 (Suppl 2) (1996), 353-360.
35. D. B. Peakall, Disrupted patterns of behavior in natural populations as an index of ecotoxicology, Environmental Health Perspectives 104 (suppl. 2) (1996), 331-335.
36. B. J. Stutchbury and R. J. Robertson, Floating populations of female tree swallows, Auk 102 (1985), 651-654.
37. G. L. Holroyd, Nest-site availability as a factor limiting population size of swallows, Canadian Field Naturalist 89 (1975), 60-64.
38. H. L. Munro and R. C. Rounds, Selection of artificial nest sites by five sympatric passerines, Journal of Wildlife Management 49 (1985), 264-276.
39. S. G. Parren, Evaluation of nest-box sites selected by eastern bluebirds, tree swallows, and house wrens, Wildlife Society Bulletin 19 (1991), 270-277.
40. W. B. Rendell and R. J. Robertson, Influence of forest edge on nest-site selection by Tree Swallows, Wilson Bulletin 102 (1990), 634-644.
41. D. M. Finch, Effects of predation and competitor interference on nesting success of house wrens and tree swallows, Condor 92 (1990), 674-687.
42. S. B. Meek and R. J. Robertson, Interspecific competition for nestboxes affects mate guarding in eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis, Animal Behaviour 47 (1994), 295-302.
43. W. B. Rendell and R. J. Robertson, Nest-site characteristics, reproductive success and cavity availability for tree swallows breeding in natural cavities, Condor 91 (1989), 875-885.
44. H. G. Lumsden, Choice of nest boxes by tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, house wrens, Troglodytes aedon, eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis, and European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, Canadian Field Naturalist 100 (1986), 343-349.
45. W. B. Rendell, and R. J. Robertson, Cavity size, clutch size, and breeding ecology of tree swallows, Ibis 135 (1993), 305-310.
46. P. O. Dunn and D. W. Winkler, Climate change has affected the breeding date of tree swallows throughout North America, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 266 (1999), 2487-2490.
47. J. P. McCarty and A. L., Secord, Reproductive ecology of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) with high levels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (1999), 1433-1439.
48. P. O. Dunn, L. A. Whittingham, J. T. Lifjeld, R. J. Robertson and P. T. Boag, Effects of breeding density, synchrony, and experience on extrapair paternity in tree swallows, Behavioral Ecology 5 (1994), 123-129.
49. T. E. Quinney, Tree swallows cross a polygyny threshold, Auk 100 (1983), 750-754.
50. P. O. Dunn and S. J. Hannon, Effects of food abundance and male parental care on reproductive success and monogamy in Tree Swallows, Auk 109 (1992), 488-499.
51. D. J. T. Hussell and T. E. Quinney, Food abundance and clutch size of tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor, Ibis 129 (1987), 243-258.
52. D. J. T. Quinney, D. J. T. Hussell and C. D. Ankney, Sources of variation in growth of tree swallows, Auk 103 (1986), 389-400.
53. J. P. McCarty and D. W. Winkler, Relative importance of environmental variables in determining the growth of nestling Tree Swallows Tachycineta bicolor, Ibis 141 (1999), 286-296.
54. J. P. McCarty and A. L. Secord, Possible effects of PCB contamination on female plumage color and reproductive success in Hudson River Tree Swallows, Auk (2000) 987-995.
55. D. W. Winkler and P. E. Allen, The seasonal decline in tree swallow clutch size: physiological constraint or strategic adjustment?, Ecology 77 (1996), 922-932.
56. P. O. Dunn, K. J. Thusius, K. Kimber and D. W. Winkler, Geographic and ecological variation in clutch size of tree swallows, Auk 117 (2000), 215-221.
57. W. B. Rendell and N. A. M. Verbeek, Old nest material in nestboxes of Tree Swallows: effects on reproductive success, Condor 98 (1996), 142-152.
58. W. B. Rendell and N. A. M. Verbeek, Old nest material in nest boxes of Tree Swallows: effects on nest-site choice and nest building, Auk 113 (1996), 319-328.
59. C. A. Rogers, R. J. Robertson and B. J. Stutchbury, Patterns and effects of parasitism by Protocalliphora sialia on tree swallow nestlings, in: "Bird-parasite interactions", J. E. Loye and M. Zuk, eds., pp. 123-139, Oxford University Press, New York (1991).
60. D. D. Roby, K. L. Brink and K. Wittmann, Effects of bird blowfly parasitism on Eastern Bluebird and Tree Swallow nestlings, Wilson Bulletin 104 (1992), 630-643.
61. E. H. Burtt Jr. and R. M. Tuttle, Effect of timing of banding on reproductive success of tree swallows, Journal of Field Ornithology 54 (1983), 319-323.
62. M. P. Lombardo, More on the effect of the timing of banding on female tree swallow nest site tenacity, Journal of Field Ornithology 60 (1989), 68-72.
63. B. J. Stutchbury and R. J. Robertson, A simple trap for catching birds in nest boxes, Journal of Field Ornithology 57 (1986), 64-65.
64. M. A. Novak, A. A. Reilly, B. Bush and L. Shane, In situ determination of PCB congener-specific first order absorption/desorption rate constants using Chironomus tentans larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae), Water Research 24 (1990), 321-327.
65. P. Larsson, Transport of PCBs from aquatic to terrestrial environments by emerging chironomids, Environmental Pollution 34 (1984), 283-289.
66. B. Bush, K. W. Simpson, L. Shane, and R. R. Koblintz, PCB congener analysis of water and caddisfly larvae (Insecta: Trichoptera) in the Upper Hudson River by glass capillary chromatography, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34 (1985), 96-105.
67. G. Bremle and G. Ewald, Bioconcentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in chironomid larvae, oligochaete worms and fish from contaminated lake sediment, Marine and Freshwater Research 46 (1995), 267-273.
68. J. M. Paine, M. J. McKee and M. E. Ryan, Toxicity and bioaccumulation of soil PCBs in crickets: comparison of laboratory and field studies, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12 (1993), 2097-2103.
69. D. J. Hoffman, C. P. Rice, and T. J. Kubiak, PCBs and Dioxins in birds, in: "Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissue concentrations", W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, eds., pp. 165-207, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, Boca Raton (1996).
70. R. Eisler, Polychlorinated biphenyl hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Reports 85 (1.7) (1986).
71. C. P. Rice and P. O'Keefe, Sources, pathways, and effects of PCBs, Dioxins, and Dibenzofurans, in: "Handbook of ecotoxicology", D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, and J. Cairns, eds., pp. 424-468, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl, Boca Raton (1995).
72. J. Bitman and H. C. Cecil, Estrogenic activity of DDT analogs and polychlorinated biphenyls, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 18 (1970), 1108-1112.
73. W. H. Stickel, L. F. Stickel, R. A. Dyrland and D. L. Hughes, Aroclor 1254 residues in birds: lethal levels and loss rates, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13 (1984), 7-13.
74. R. Eisler and A. A. Belisle, Planar PCB hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review, National Biological Service Biological Report 31 (1996).
75. B. Brunström, Toxicity of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in avian embryos, Chemosphere 19 (1989), 765-768.
76. P. De Voogt, D. E. Wells, L. Reutergårdh and U. A. T. Brinkman, Biological activity, determination and occurance of planar, mono- and di-ortho PCBs, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 40 (1990), 1-46.
77. M. G. Barron, H. Galbraith and D. Beltman, Comparative reproductive and developmental toxicology of PCBs in birds, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 112C (1995), 1-14.
78. D. J. Hoffman, M. J. Melancon, P. N. Klein, J. D. Eismann and J. W. Spann, Comparative developmental toxicity of planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in chickens, American kestrels, and common terns, Environmental Toxicologv and Chemistry 17 (1998), 747-757.
79. C. M. Custer, T. W. Custer and M. Coffey, Organochlorine chemicals in tree swallows nesting in Pool 15 of the Upper Mississippi River, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 64 (2000), 341-346.
80. C. A. Bishop, M. D. Koster, A. A. Chek, D. J. T. Hussell and K. Jock, Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River basin, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14 (1995), 491-501.
81. J. W. Nichols, C. P. Larsen, M. E. McDonald, G. J. Niemi and G. T. Ankley, A bioenergetics-based model for accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls by nesting tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, Environmental Science and Technology 29 (1995), 604-612.
82. M. van den Berg et al., Toxic equivalency factors (TEFS) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, for humans and wildlife, Environmental Health Perspectives 106 (1998), 775-792.
83. J. M. Larson, W. H. Karasov, L. Sileo, K. L., Stromborg, B. A. Hanbidge, J. P. Giesy, P. D. Jones, D. E. Tillitt and D. A. Verbrugge, Reproductive success, developmental anomalies, and environmental contaminants in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15 (1996), 553-559.
84. T. J. Kubiak, H. J. Harris, L. M. Smith, T. R. Schwartz, D. L., Stalling, J. A. Trick, L. Sileo, D. E. Docherty and T. C. Erdman, Microcontaminants and reproductive impairment of the Forster's tern on Green Bay, Lake Michigan - 1983, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18 (1989), 706-727.
85. T. W. Custer, C. M. Custer, R. K. Hines, S. Gutreuter, K. L. Stromborg, P. D. Allen and M. J. Melancon, Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive success of double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (1999), 1209-1217.
86. G. A. Fox, What have biomarkers told us about the effects of contaminants on the health of fish-eating birds in the Great Lakes? The theory and a literature review, Journal of Great Lakes Research 19 (1993), 722-736.
87. G. T. Ankley, G. J. Niemi, K. B. Lodge, H. J. Harris, D. L. Beaver, D. E. Tillitt, T. R. Schwartz, J. P. Giesy, P. D. Jones and C. Hagley, Uptake of planar polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7.8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24 (1993), 332-344.
88. P. D. Jones, J. P. Giesy, J. L. Newsted, D. A. Verbrugge, D. L. Beaver, G. T. Ankley, D. E. Tillitt, K. B. Lodge and G. J. Niemi, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in tissues of birds at Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, Archives qf Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24 (1993), 345-354.
89. D. L. Beaver, of Tree Swallow reproduction and growth and maturation of nestlings in the Saginaw Bay area, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN (1992).
90. K. L. Froese, D. A. Verbrugge, G. T. Ankley, G. J. Niemi, C. P. Larsen, and J. P. Giesy, Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments to aquatic insects and tree swallow eggs and nestlings in Saginaw Bay, Michigan, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 (1998), 484-492.
91. C. A. Bishop, N. A. Mahony, S. Trudeau, and K. E. Pettit, Reproductive success and biochemical effects in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in wetlands of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin, USA and Canada, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (1999), 263-271.
92. M. L. Harris and J. E. Elliott, Reproductive success and chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along rivers receiving pulp and paper mill effluent discharges, Environmental Pollution 110 (2000), 307-320.
93. L. Wilson, M. Harris and J. Elliott, Contaminants in wildlife indicator species from the Fraser River basin, in: "Health of the Fraser River aquatic ecosystem: a synthesis of research conducted under the Fraser River Action Plan", C. Gray and T. Tuominen, eds., pp. 161-188, Environment Canada, Vancouver, B.C. DOE FRAP 1998-11, (1998).
94. G. G. Shaw, Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in eggs and nestlings of tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, in Central Alberta, Canadian Field Naturalist 98 (1984), 258-260.
95. L. R. DeWeese, R. R. Cohen and C. J. Stafford, Organochlorine residues and eggshell measurements for tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor in Colorado, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35 (1985), 767-775.
96. J. E. Elliott, P. A. Martin, T. W. Arnold and P. H. Sinclair, Organochlorines and reproductive success of birds in orchard and non-orchard areas of central British Columbia, Canada, 1990-91, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26 (1994), 435-443.
97. A. L. Secord and J. P. McCarty, Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of tree swallows in the upper Hudson River valley, New York. Effects on breeding biology and implications for other bird species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cortland, NY (1997).
98. L. J. Blus, Organochlorine pesticides, in: "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", Hoffman, D. J., Rattner, B. A., Burton, G. A., and Cairns, J., eds., pp. 275-300, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
99. C. A. Bishop, H. J. Boermans, P. Ng, G. D. Campbell and J. Struger, Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. I. Immunological parameters, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 55 (1998); 531-559.
100. C. A. Bishop, B. Collins, P. Mineau, N. M. Burgess, W. F. Read, and C. Risley, Reproduction of cavity-nesting birds in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in southern Ontario, Canada, 1988-1994, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 (2000), 588-599.
101. E. F. Hill, Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, in: "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", Hoffman, D. J., Rattner, B. A., Burton, G. A., and Cairns, J., eds., pp. 243-273, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
102. C. A. Bishop, P. Ng, P. Mineau, J. S. Quinn and J. Struger, The effects of pesticide spraying on chick growth, behavior and parental care in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in an apple orchard in Ontario, Canada, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 (2000) 2286-2297.
103. P. A. Martin, D. V. Weseloh, C. A. Bishop, K. Legierse, B. Braune and R. J. Norstrom, Organochlorine contaminants in avian wildlife of Severn Sound, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 30 (1995), 693-711.
104. P. H. Albers, Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in: "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton and J. Cairns, eds., pp. 330-355, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
105. T. W. Custer, C. M. Custer, K. Dickerson, K. Allen, M. J. Melancon and L. J. Schmidt, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, trace elements and monooxygenase activity in birds nesting on the North Platte River, Casper, WY, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20 (2000) 624-631.
106. V. L. St. Louis, L. Breebaart, J. C. Barlow J. F. Klaverkamp, Metal accumulation and metallothionein concentrations in tree swallow nestlings near acidified lakes, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12 (1993), 1203-1207.
107. M. L. Kraus, Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in pre-fledging tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43 (1989), 407-414.
108. L. J. Blus, C. J. Henny, D. J. Hoffman and R. A. Grove, Accumulation in and effects of lead and cadmium on waterfowl and passerines in Northern Idaho, Environmental Pollution 89 (1995), 311-318.
109. C. E. Grue, T. J. O'Shea and D. J. Hoffman, Lead concentrations and reproduction in highway-nesting barn swallows, Condor 86 (1984), 383-389.
110. K. A. King, T. W. Custer, and D. A. Weaver, Reproductive success of barn swallows nesting near a selenium-contaminated lake in east Texas, USA, Environmental Pollution 84 (1994), 53-58.
111. T. Tuominen and C. Gray, Research results: integration and conclusions, in: "Health of the Fraser River aquatic ecosystem: a synthesis of research conducted under the Fraser River Action Plan", C. Gray and T. Tuominen, eds., pp. 135-180, Environment Canada, Vancouver, B. C. DOE FRAP 1998-11, (1998).
112. I. L. Brisbin, Jr., Birds as monitors of radionuclide contamination, in: "Birds as monitors of environmental change", R. W. Furness and J. J. D. Greenwood, eds., pp. 144-178, Chapman & Hall, New York (1993).
113. R. Zach and K. R. Mayoh, Breeding biology of tree swallows and house wrens in a gradient of gamma radiation, Ecology 63 (1982), 1720-1728.
114. R. Zach and K. R. Mayoh, Gamma irradiation of tree swallow embryos and subsequent growth and survival, Condor 88 (1986), 1-10.
115. R. Zach, J. L. Hawkins and S. C. Sheppard, Effects of ionizing radiation on breeding swallows at current radiation protection standards, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12 (1993), 779-786.
116. A. Camplani, N. Saino, and A. P. Møller, Carotenoids, sexual signals and immune function in barn swallows from Chernobyl, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 266 (1999), 1111-1116.
117. N. Saino, A. M. Bolzern and A. P. Møller, Immunocompetence, ornamentation, and viability of male barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94 (1997), 549-552.
118. A. P. Møller, Morphology and sexual selection in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica in Chernobyl, Ukraine, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London 252 (1993), 51-57.
119. W. N. Beyer and G. H. Heinz, Implications of regulating environmental contaminants on the basis of wildlife populations and communities, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 (2000), 1703-1704.
120. J. P. McCarty, Aquatic community characteristics influence the foraging patterns of Tree Swallows, Condor 99 (1997), 210-213.
121. B. E. Sample, R. J. Cooper and R. C. Whitmore, Dietary shifts among songbirds from a diflubenzuron-treated forest, Condor 95 (1993), 616-624.
122. R. C. Whitmore, R. J. Cooper, and B. E. Sample, Bird fat reductions in forests treated with Dimilin, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12 (1993), 2059-2064.
123. D. L. Beaver and P. E. Lederle, Green Bay Tree Swallow study - 1988, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth MN (1988).
124. D. M. Fry, C. K. Toone, S. M. Speich and R. J. Peard, Sex ratio skew and breeding patterns of gulls: demographic and toxicological considerations, Studies in Avian Biology 10 (1987), 26-43.
125. M. R. Conover, Occurrence of supernormal clutches in the Laridae, Wilson Bulletin 96 (1984), 249-267.
126. D. S. Henshel, Developmental neurotoxic effects of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds on domestic and wild avian species, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 (1998), 88-98.
127. B. J. Stutchbury and R. J. Robertson, Signalling subordinate and female status: two hypotheses for the adaptive significance of subadult plumage in female tree swallows, Auk 104 (1987), 717-723.
128. D. J. T. Hussell, Age and plumage color in female tree swallows, Journal of Field Ornithology 54 (1983), 312-318.
129. R. G. Heath, J. W. Spann and J. F. Kreitzer, Marked DDE impairment of Mallard reproduction in controlled studies, Nature 224 (1969), 47-48.
130. D. A. Ratcliffe, Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey, Nature 215 (1967), 208-210.
131. D. B. Peakall and J. L. Lincer, Do PCBs cause eggshell thinning?, Environmental Pollution 91 (1996), 127-129.
132. J. P. Giesy, J. P. Ludwig and D. E. Tillitt, Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region: assigning causality. Environmental Science and Technology 28:128A-135A (1994).
133. M. Gilbertson, R. D. Morris and R. A. Hunter, Abnormal chicks and PCB residue levels in eggs of colonial birds in the lower Great Lakes (1971-73), Auk 93 (1976), 434-442.
134. M. Gilbertson, T. J. Kubiak, J. P. Ludwig and G. A. Fox, Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: similarity to chick-edema disease, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 33 (1991), 455-520.
135. M. Stapleton, P. O. Dunn, J. P. McCarty, A. L. Secord and L. A. Whittingham, Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination and minisatellite DNA mutation rates of tree swallows, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in press (2001).
136. C. L. Yauk and J. S. Quinn, Multilocus DNA fingerprinting reveals high rate of heritable genetic mutation in herring gulls nesting in an industrialized urban site, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93 (1996), 12137-12141.
137. H. Ellegren, G. Lindgren, C. R. Primmer and A. P. Møller, Fitness loss and germline mutations in barn swallows breeding in Chernobyl, Nature 389 (1997), 593-596.
138. D. A. Wiggins, Food availability, growth, and heritability of body size in nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 (1990), 1292-1296.
139. R. Zach, Hatching asynchrony, egg size, growth, and fledging in tree swallows, Auk 99 (1982), 695-700.
140. R. Zach and K. R. Mayoh, Gamma radiation effects on nestling tree swallows, Ecology 65 (1984), 1641-1647.
141. C. A. Bishop, G. J. Van Der Kraak, P. Ng, J. E. G. Smits and A. Hontela, Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. II. Sex and thyroid hormone concentrations and testes development, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 55 (1998), 561-581.
142. K. Halldin, C. Berg, I. Brandt, and B. Brunström, Sexual behavior in Japanese quail as a test end point for endocrine disruption: effects of in Ovo exposure to Ethinylestradiol and Diethylstilbestrol, Environmental Health Perspectives 107 (1999), 861-866.
143. P. J. Koval, T. J. Peterle, and J. D. Harder, Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on mourning dove reproduction and circulating progesterone levels, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39 (1987), 663-670.
144. S. L. Schantz, B. W. Seo, J. Moshtaghian and S. Amin, Developmental exposure to Polychlorinated biphenyls or dioxin: do changes in thyroid function mediate effects on spatial learning?, American Zoologist 37 (1997), 399-408.
145. C. A. Logan and J. C. Wingfield, Hormonal correlates of breeding status, nest construction, and parental care in multiple-brooded northern mockingbirds, Mimus polyglottos, Hormones and Behavior 29 (1995), 12-30.
146. A. P. Møller, The effect of feather nest lining on reproduction in the swallow Hirundo rustica, Ornis Scandinavica 22 (1991), 396-400.
147. N. E. Collias and E. C. Collias, Nest building and bird behavior, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (1984).
148. C. J. Erickson and J. B. Hutchinson, Induction of nest-material collecting in male Barbary doves by intracerebral androgen, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 50 (1977), 9-16.
149. D. W. Winkler, Use and importance of feathers as nest lining in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), Auk 110 (1993), 29-36.
150. M. P. Lombardo, R. M. Bosman, C. A. Faro, S. G. Houtteman and T. S. Kluisza, Effect of feathers as nest insulation on incubation behavior and reproductive performance of tree swallows (Tachycinela bicolor), Auk 112 (1995), 973-981.
151. J. P. McCarty and A. L. Secord, Nest-building behavior in PCB-contaminated tree swallows, Auk 116 (1999), 55-63.
152. T. W. Custer and G. H. Heinz, Reproductive success and nest attentiveness of mallard ducks fed Aroclor 1254, Environmental Pollution 21 (1980), 313-318.
153. C. A. Arenal and R. S. Halbrook, PCB and heavy metal contamination and effects in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at a Superfund Site, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58 (1997), 254-262.
154. C. E. Grue, G. V. N. Powell and M. J. McChesney, Care of nestlings by wild female starlings exposed to an organophosphate pesticide, Journal of Applied Ecology 19 (1982), 327-335.
155. G. A. Fox, S. W. Kennedy, S. Trudeau, C. A. Bishop and M. Wayland, Hepatic porphyrin patterns in birds as a promising measure of effect and bioavailability of PCBs and other HAHs in water and sediments, Organohalogen Compounds 33 (1997), 366-370.
156. N.M. Burgess, K. A. Hunt, C. A. Bishop, and D. V. Weseloh, Cholinesterase inhibition in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) exposed to organophosphorus insecticides in apple orchards in Ontario, Canada, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (1999), 708-716.
157. J. P. McCarty, Ecological consequences of recent climate change Conservation Biology, 15 (2001) 320-331.
158. D. W. Schindler, Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems, Science 239 (1988), 149-157.
159. G. E. Likens, C. T. Driscoll and D. C. Buso, Long-term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem, Science 272 (1996), 244-246.
160. D. H. DeHayes, P. G. Schaberg, G. J. Hawley and G. R. Strimbeck, Acid rain impacts on calcium nutrition and forest health, BioScience 49 (1999), 789-800.
161. D. W. Sparling, Acidic deposition: a review of biological effects, in "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton and J. Cairns, eds., pp. 301-329, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
162. V. L. St. Louis and J. C. Barlow, The reproductive success of tree swallows nesting near experimentally acidified lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canadian Journal of Zoology 71 (1993), 1090-1097.
163. P. J. Blancher and D. K. McNicol, Breeding biology of tree swallows in relation to wetland acidity, Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 (1988), 842-849.
164. V. L. St. Louis, Element concentrations in chironomids and their abundance in the littoral zone of acidified lakes in Northwestern Ontario, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 50 (1993), 953-963.
165. V. L. St. Louis, L. Breebaart and J. C. Barlow, Foraging behaviour of Tree Swallows over acidified and nonacidic lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 (1990), 2385-2392.
166. S. J. Ormerod, J. O'Halloran, S. D. Gribbin, and S. J. Tyler, The ecology of dipper Cinclus cinclus (L.) in relation to stream acidity in Upland Wales: breeding performance, calcium physiology, and nestling growth, Journal of Applied Ecology 28 (1991), 419-433.
167. R. Pahl, D. W. Winkler, J. Graveland and B. W. Batterman, Songbirds do not create long-term stores of calcium in their legs prior to laying: results from high-resolution radiography, Proceedings of the Royal Society London 264 (1997), 239-244.
168. M. H. Henning, E. S. Ebert, R. E. Keenan, S. G. Martin and J. W. Duncan, Assessment of effects of PCB-contaminated floodplain soils on reproductive success of insectivorous songbirds, Chemosphere 34 (1997), 112-1137.
169. T. W. La Point, Signs and measurements of ecotoxicity in the aquatic environment, in: "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton and J. Cairns, eds., pp. 13-24, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
170. T. Eeva, E. Lehikomen and T. Pohjalainen, Pollution-related variation in food supply and breeding success in two hole-nesting passerines, Ecology 78 (1997), 1120-1131.
171. I. E. Moul, L. M Nichol, J. M. Landucci and M. Hanawa, Assessment of potential indicator species for monitoring environmental contamination of the Fraser River Basra, British Columbia, Environment Canada, Vancouver B. C. DOE FRAP 1996-06(1996).
172. G. Zimmermann, D. R. Dietrich, P. Schmid and C. Schlatter, Congener-specific bioaccumulation of PCBs in different water bird species, Chemosphere 34 (1997), 1379-1388.
173. M. J. Melancon, Bioindicators used in aquatic and terrestrial monitoring, in: "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton and J. Cairns, eds., pp. 220-240, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
174. D. J. Hoffman, Wildlife toxicity testing, in: "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton and J. Cairns, eds., pp. 47-69, CRC. Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
175. J. R. Sauer and G. W. Pendleton, Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies, in: "Handbook of Ecotoxicology", D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton and J. Cairns, eds., pp. 681-702, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton (1995).
176. E. J. Calabrese and L. A. Baldwin, Reevaluation of the fundamental dose-response relationship, BioScience 49 (1999), 725-732.
177. J. R. Colquhoun, J. Symula, J. A. Mellon, S. J. Jackling and H. J. Dean, Effects of the Adirondack black fly treatment program on tree swallow reproduction, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Rome Field Station, Rome, New York. (1981).