Long-term effects of acid rain: Response and recovery of a forest ecosystem

Science

Volumn 272, Issue 5259, 1996, Pages 244-246

  Likens, G E ^a   Driscoll, C T ^b   Buso, D C ^a  

^a CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES   (United States)

^b Syracuse University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACID RAIN; CALCIUM; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; MAGNESIUM; SOIL CHEMISTRY;

USA, NEW HAMPSHIRE, HUBBARD BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST;

EID: 0029668618     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5259.244     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. The popular term acid rain as used here refers to the atmospheric deposition of all wet and dry substances that cause acidification
2. S. Odén, Acidification of Air and Precipitation and its Consequences on the Natural Environment (Swedish National Science Research Council, Bulletin 1, Stockholm, 1968); J. H. Gibson, Acid Deposition: Long-Term Trends (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1986)
3. S. Odén, Acidification of Air and Precipitation and its Consequences on the Natural Environment (Swedish National Science Research Council, Bulletin 1, Stockholm, 1968); J. H. Gibson, Acid Deposition: Long-Term Trends (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1986)
4. G E Likens, R. F. Wright, J. N. Galloway, T. J Butler, Sci. Am. 241, 43 (October 1979).
5. G E Likens and F. H. Bormann, Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem (Springer-Verlag, New York, ed. 2, 1995)
6. G E. Likens, The Ecosystem Approach: Its Use and Abuse (Ecology Institute, Oldendorf-Luhe, Germany, 1992).
7. P. J. Dillon, R. A. Reid, E. de Grosbois, Nature 329, 45 (1987); M. D. Morgan, J Environ. Qual. 19, 296 (1990); C. T. Driscoll and R van Dreason, Water Air Soil Pollut. 67, 319 (1993).
8. P. J. Dillon, R. A. Reid, E. de Grosbois, Nature 329, 45 (1987); M. D. Morgan, J Environ. Qual. 19, 296 (1990); C. T. Driscoll and R van Dreason, Water Air Soil Pollut. 67, 319 (1993).
9. P. J. Dillon, R. A. Reid, E. de Grosbois, Nature 329, 45 (1987); M. D. Morgan, J Environ. Qual. 19, 296 (1990); C. T. Driscoll and R van Dreason, Water Air Soil Pollut. 67, 319 (1993).
10. C T. Driscoll, G. E Likens, L O. Hedin, J. S. Eaton, F. H. Bormann, Environ Sci. Technol 23, 137 (1989).
11. n is the nonhydroxide complexes of aluminum.
12. G E Likens et al., Biogeochemistry 25, 61 (1994)
13. T. J. Butler and G. E. Likens, Atmos. Environ A 25, 305 (1991); L. O. Hedin et al., Nature 367, 351 (1994). Bulk precipitation samplers underestimate the dry portion of total atmospheric deposition, but no temporal dry deposition data are available at HBEF.
14. T. J. Butler and G. E. Likens, Atmos. Environ A 25, 305 (1991); L. O. Hedin et al., Nature 367, 351 (1994). Bulk precipitation samplers underestimate the dry portion of total atmospheric deposition, but no temporal dry deposition data are available at HBEF.
15. + in microequivalents per liter.
16. On the basis of hydrologic considerations, annual values for HBEF are calculated for a water year. 1 June through 31 May (4).
17. Chloride is a small contribution to long-term bulk precipitation (9.0%) and stream water (9.1%) fluxes of strong acid anions at HBEF.
18. See, for example, C. V. Cogbill and G E. Likens, Water Resour Res 10, 1133 (1974).
19. C E. Junge and R. T. Werby, J Meteorol. 15, 417 (1958). Samples were collected from July 1955 through June 1956
20. -1, or about three times the current value
21. -1, respectively, in 1940.
22. -1, respectively, in 1940.
23. -. Before 1963, the amount of precipitation and streamflow was taken as the average for 1963 to 1993.
24. G B. Lawrence, M. B David, W. C. Shortle, Nature 378, 162 (1995).
25. E. K Miller, J. D. Blum, A. J. Friedland, ibid. 362, 438 (1993). Strontium was measured as a surrogate for calcium.
26. 2+ at HBEF.
27. 2+, by 14% [R. D. Yanai, M A. Arthur, T. G. Siccama, C. A Federer, Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 76, 290 (1995), (19)].
28. 2+, by 14% [R. D. Yanai, M A. Arthur, T. G. Siccama, C. A Federer, Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 76, 290 (1995), (19)].
29. C. A. Federer et al., Environ Manage. 13, 593 (1989).
30. C O. Tamm and L. Hallbacken, Water Air Soil Pollut. 31, 337 (1986); Ambio 17, 56 (1988).
31. C O. Tamm and L. Hallbacken, Water Air Soil Pollut. 31, 337 (1986); Ambio 17, 56 (1988).
32. E A Bondietti, N Monroshima, W C. Shortle, K. T. Smith, Can. J For. Res 20, 1850 (1990); W. C. Shortle and E. A. Bondietti, Water Air Soil Pollut. 61, 253 (1992).
33. E A Bondietti, N Monroshima, W C. Shortle, K. T. Smith, Can. J For. Res 20, 1850 (1990); W. C. Shortle and E. A. Bondietti, Water Air Soil Pollut. 61, 253 (1992).
34. C. S Cronan and D. F Grigal, J Environ. Qual. 24, 209 (1995). Mean Ca-Al molar ratios for spruce, fir, and white birch stands at HBEF (elevation, 750 m) were 1.27 in Oa horizon leachate, decreasing to 0.40 in Bh and 0 27 in Bs horizon solutions. In high-elevation (730 m) deciduous stands, Ca:Al decreased from 1.21 in Oa to 0.59 in Bh and 0.39 in Bs horizon soil water
35. 2- values to estimate the minimum trajectory of strong acid anion concentrations after 1999 in Fig 2 (5).
36. "National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates 1940-1990," EPA-450/4-91-026 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1991).
37. Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation and the A. W. Mellon Foundation. We thank the various contributions of M. A. Arthur, C. Eagar, C E. Johnson, C. W Martin, T G Siccama, and R. D. Yanai. The HBEF is operated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Radnor, Pennsylvania