메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 106, Issue D21, 2001, Pages 27701-27710

NOx production by lightning over the continental United States

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LIGHTNING; NITROGEN OXIDES;

EID: 0035655785     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000191     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (56)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 0029477853 scopus 로고
    • Regional estimates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides
    • Biazar, A.P., and R.T. McNider, Regional estimates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides, J Geophys. Res., 100, 22,861-22,874, 1995.
    • (1995) J Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Biazar, A.P.1    McNider, R.T.2
  • 2
    • 0035104722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined satellite and surface-based estimation of intracloud/cloud-to-ground lightning ratio over the continental United States
    • Boccippio, D.J., K.L. Cummins, H.J. Christian, and S.J. Goodman, Combined satellite and surface-based estimation of intracloud/cloud-to-ground lightning ratio over the continental United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 108-122, 2001.
    • (2001) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 108-122
    • Boccippio, D.J.1    Cummins, K.L.2    Christian, H.J.3    Goodman, S.J.4
  • 4
    • 0021566235 scopus 로고
    • Lightning: Estimates of the rates of energy dissipation and nitrogen fixation
    • Borucki, W.J., and W.L. Chameides, Lightning: Estimates of the rates of energy dissipation and nitrogen fixation, Rev. Geophys., 22, 363-372, 1984.
    • (1984) Rev. Geophys. , vol.22 , pp. 363-372
    • Borucki, W.J.1    Chameides, W.L.2
  • 5
    • 0034115242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed distributions of nitrogen oxides in the remote free troposphere from the NASA global tropospheric experiment programs
    • Bradshaw, J., D. Vavis, G. Grodzinsky, S. Smyth, R. Newell, S. Sandholm, and S. Liu, Observed distributions of nitrogen oxides in the remote free troposphere from the NASA global tropospheric experiment programs, Rev. Geophys., 38, 61-116, 2000.
    • (2000) Rev. Geophys. , vol.38 , pp. 61-116
    • Bradshaw, J.1    Vavis, D.2    Grodzinsky, G.3    Smyth, S.4    Newell, R.5    Sandholm, S.6    Liu, S.7
  • 6
    • 0029773522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x emission by subsonic aircraft: A three-dimensional model study
    • x emission by subsonic aircraft: A three-dimensional model study, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1423-1428, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 1423-1428
    • Brasseur, G.P.1    Muller, J.F.2    Granier, C.3
  • 7
    • 0001229033 scopus 로고
    • Effect of variable energy on nitrogen fixation in instantaneous linear discharges
    • Chameides, W.L., Effect of variable energy on nitrogen fixation in instantaneous linear discharges, Nature, 277, 123-125, 1979.
    • (1979) Nature , vol.277 , pp. 123-125
    • Chameides, W.L.1
  • 9
    • 0024812938 scopus 로고
    • The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit
    • x production in lightning, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 143-149, 1977. Christian, H.J., R. J. Blakeslee, and S.J. Goodman, The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,329-13,337, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94
    • Christian, H.J.1    Blakeslee, R.J.2    Goodman, S.J.3
  • 10
    • 0031767663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite measurements of global lightning
    • Christian, H.J., and J. Latham, Satellite measurements of global lightning, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1771-1773, 1998.
    • (1998) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 1771-1773
    • Christian, H.J.1    Latham, J.2
  • 12
    • 0033793159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of nitrogen oxides by a large spark generator
    • Cook, D.R., Y.P. Liaw, D.L. Sisterson, and N.L. Miller, Production of nitrogen oxides by a large spark generator, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7103-7110, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 7103-7110
    • Cook, D.R.1    Liaw, Y.P.2    Sisterson, D.L.3    Miller, N.L.4
  • 13
    • 84970768986 scopus 로고
    • The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content
    • Crutzen, P.J., The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 320-327, 1970.
    • (1970) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.96 , pp. 320-327
    • Crutzen, P.J.1
  • 14
    • 0032571723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network
    • Cummins, K. L., M. J. Murphy, E. A. Bardo, W. L. Hiscox, R. B. Pyle, and A. E. Pifer, A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9035-9044, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 9035-9044
    • Cummins, K.L.1    Murphy, M.J.2    Bardo, E.A.3    Hiscox, W.L.4    Pyle, R.B.5    Pifer, A.E.6
  • 15
    • 0020643753 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen fixation by lightning activity in a thunderstorm
    • Drapcho, D.L., D.L. Sisteron, and R. Kumar, Nitrogen fixation by lightning activity in a thunderstorm, Atmos. Environ., 17, 729-734, 1983.
    • (1983) Atmos. Environ. , vol.17 , pp. 729-734
    • Drapcho, D.L.1    Sisteron, D.L.2    Kumar, R.3
  • 16
    • 0024837241 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning
    • Franzblau, E., and R.R. Popp, Nitrogen oxides produced from lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,089-11,104, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94
    • Franzblau, E.1    Popp, R.R.2
  • 17
    • 0027879858 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxides production by lightning discharges
    • Goldenbaum, G.C., and R.R. Dickerson, Nitric oxides production by lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,333-18,338, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98
    • Goldenbaum, G.C.1    Dickerson, R.R.2
  • 18
    • 0001306302 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above the clouds
    • Goodman, S. J., H.J. Christian, and W.D. Rust, A comparison of the optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above the clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol. 27, 1369-1380, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.27 , pp. 1369-1380
    • Goodman, S.J.1    Christian, H.J.2    Rust, W.D.3
  • 19
    • 0017454122 scopus 로고
    • Ozone and oxides of nitrogen production during thunderstorms
    • Griffing, G.W., Ozone and oxides of nitrogen production during thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 943-950, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.82 , pp. 943-950
    • Griffing, G.W.1
  • 20
    • 0014995573 scopus 로고
    • Channel heating in return stroke lightning
    • Hill, R.D., Channel heating in return stroke lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 637-645, 1971.
    • (1971) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.76 , pp. 637-645
    • Hill, R.D.1
  • 21
    • 0018924224 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning
    • Hill, R.D., R.G. Rinker, and H.D. Wilson, Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 179-192, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 179-192
    • Hill, R.D.1    Rinker, R.G.2    Wilson, H.D.3
  • 22
    • 0024808322 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan
    • Hojo, J., M. Ishii, T. Kawamura, F. Suzuki, H. Komuro, and M. Shiogama, Seasonal variation of cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,207-13,212, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94
    • Hojo, J.1    Ishii, M.2    Kawamura, T.3    Suzuki, F.4    Komuro, H.5    Shiogama, M.6
  • 23
    • 0033589855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x in electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes
    • x in electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,247-28,264, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103
    • Huntrieser, H.1    Schlager, H.2    Feigl, C.3    Holler, H.4
  • 25
    • 0016929670 scopus 로고
    • A gated wideband magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes
    • Krider, E.P., R.C. Noggle, and M.A. Uman, A gated wideband magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes, J. Appl. Meteorol., 15, 301-306, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.15 , pp. 301-306
    • Krider, E.P.1    Noggle, R.C.2    Uman, M.A.3
  • 27
    • 0025589856 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of field, laboratory, and theoretical estimates of global nitrogen fixation by lightning
    • Liaw, Y.P., D.L. Sisterson, and N.L. Miller, Comparison of field, laboratory, and theoretical estimates of global nitrogen fixation by lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22,489-22,494, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95
    • Liaw, Y.P.1    Sisterson, D.L.2    Miller, N.L.3
  • 29
    • 0033740898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x production by lighting estimated from the optical transient detector (OTD)
    • x production by lighting estimated from the optical transient detector (OTD), Tellus, Ser. B, 52, 1206-1215, 2000.
    • (2000) Tellus, Ser. B , vol.52 , pp. 1206-1215
    • Nesbitt, S.W.1    Zhang, R.2    Orville, R.E.3
  • 30
    • 0000667921 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning
    • Noxon, J.F., Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 463-465, 1976.
    • (1976) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.3 , pp. 463-465
    • Noxon, J.F.1
  • 31
    • 0003682949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description of EDGAR version 2.0: A set of global emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on a 1×1 degree grid
    • Natl. Inst. of Publ. Health and the Environ., Bilthoven, Netherlands
    • Olivier, J.G.J., A.F. Bouwman, C.W.M. Van der Maas, J.J.M. Berdowski, C. Veldt, J.P.J. Bloos, A.J.H. Visschedijk, P.Y.J. Zandveld, and J.L. Haverlag, Description of EDGAR version 2.0: A set of global emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on a 1×1 degree grid, RIVM Rep. 771060 002/TNO-MEP Rep. R96/119, Natl. Inst. of Publ. Health and the Environ., Bilthoven, Netherlands, 1996.
    • (1996) RIVM Rep. 771060 002/TNO-MEP Rep. R96/119
    • Olivier, J.G.J.1    Bouwman, A.F.2    Van Der Maas, C.W.M.3    Berdowski, J.J.M.4    Veldt, C.5    Bloos, J.P.J.6    Visschedijk, A.J.H.7    Zandveld, P.Y.J.8    Haverlag, J.L.9
  • 33
    • 7744229362 scopus 로고
    • Cloud-to ground lightning flash characteristics in the contiguous United States: 1989-1991
    • Orville, R.E., Cloud-to ground lightning flash characteristics in the contiguous United States: 1989-1991, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,833-10,841, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Orville, R.E.1
  • 34
    • 0001183887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous United States: 1992-95
    • Orville, R.E., and A.C. Silver, Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous United States: 1992-95, Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 631-638, 1997.
    • (1997) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 631-638
    • Orville, R.E.1    Silver, A.C.2
  • 37
    • 0020002016 scopus 로고
    • Gaseous products created by electrical discharges in the atmosphere and condensation nuclei resulting from gaseous phase reactions
    • Peyrous, R., and R.M. Lapeyre, Gaseous products created by electrical discharges in the atmosphere and condensation nuclei resulting from gaseous phase reactions, Atmos. Environ., 16, 959-968, 1982.
    • (1982) Atmos. Environ. , vol.16 , pp. 959-968
    • Peyrous, R.1    Lapeyre, R.M.2
  • 40
    • 0031455432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x from lightning. 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics
    • x from lightning. 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5929-5941, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 5929-5941
    • Price, C.1    Penner, J.2    Prather, M.3
  • 41
    • 0007408426 scopus 로고
    • National network status
    • paper presented Lightning Location and Prot., Inc., Tucson, Az.
    • Pyle, R., National network status, paper presented at International Lightning Detection Conference, Lightning Location and Prot., Inc., Tucson, Az., 1995.
    • (1995) International Lightning Detection Conference
    • Pyle, R.1
  • 45
    • 0030482238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of nitrogen oxides by electrical discharges and implications for atmospheric lightning
    • Stark, M.S., J.T. Harrison, and C. Anastasi, Formation of nitrogen oxides by electrical discharges and implications for atmospheric lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6963-6969, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 6963-6969
    • Stark, M.S.1    Harrison, J.T.2    Anastasi, C.3
  • 46
    • 0029668204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x emissions on the upper tropospheric ozone: A two-dimensional model study
    • x emissions on the upper tropospheric ozone: A two-dimensional model study, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1291-1303, 1996.
    • (1996) Atmos. Environ. , vol.30 , pp. 1291-1303
    • Strand, A.1    Hov, O.2
  • 47
    • 0035080150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of lightning on reactive nitrogen and nitrogen reservoir species in the troposphere
    • Tie, X.X., R. Zhang, G. Brasseur, L. Emmons, and W. Lei, Effects of lightning on reactive nitrogen and nitrogen reservoir species in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3167-3178, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 3167-3178
    • Tie, X.X.1    Zhang, R.2    Brasseur, G.3    Emmons, L.4    Lei, W.5
  • 48
    • 84987141832 scopus 로고
    • Production of nitrogen oxides by lightning
    • Tuck, A.F., Production of nitrogen oxides by lightning, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 102, 749-755, 1976.
    • (1976) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.102 , pp. 749-755
    • Tuck, A.F.1
  • 50
    • 0032552280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide production by simulated lightning: Dependence on current, energy, and pressure
    • Wang, Y., A. W. DeSilva, C. G. Goldenbaum, and R. R. Dickerson, Nitric oxide production by simulated lightning: Dependence on current, energy, and pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19,149-19,159, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103
    • Wang, Y.1    DeSilva, A.W.2    Goldenbaum, C.G.3    Dickerson, R.R.4
  • 51
    • 0026308015 scopus 로고
    • Mixed phase microphysics and cloud electrification
    • Williams, E.R., R. Zhang, and J. Rydock, Mixed phase microphysics and cloud electrification, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2195-2203, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 2195-2203
    • Williams, E.R.1    Zhang, R.2    Rydock, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.