Public relations as "practice:" Applying the theory of Alasdair MacIntyre

Public Relations Review

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 461-473

  Leeper, Roy V ^a   Leeper, Kathie A ^a  

^a Communication Studies/Theater Art ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035605747     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00101-1     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. James E. Grunig, "Symmetrical presuppositions as a framework for public relations theory," in Carl H. Botan and Vinceton Hazelton, Jr. (eds.), Public Relations Theory (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), p. 8.
2. James G. Hutton, "The definition, dimensions, and domain of public relations," Public Relations Review 25 (1999), p. 199.
3. Joye C. Gordon, "Interpreting definitions of public relations: Self assessment and a symbolic interactionism-based alternative," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), p. 58.
4. See, for example, the analysis by Julie K. Henderson, "Negative connotations in the use of the term 'public relations' in the print media" Public Relations Review 24, pp. 45-54 and the chapter titled "The magic lantern" in Robert Jackall, Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 162-190.
5. See, for example, the analysis by Julie K. Henderson, "Negative connotations in the use of the term 'public relations' in the print media" Public Relations Review 24, pp. 45-54 and the chapter titled "The magic lantern" in Robert Jackall, Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 162-190.
6. Dean Kruckeberg and Kenneth Starck, Public Relations and Community: A Reconstructed Theory (New York, NY: Praeger, 1988) p. 16.
7. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
8. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
9. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
10. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
11. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
12. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
13. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
14. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
15. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
16. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
17. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
18. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
19. Carl H. Botan, "Introduction to the paradigm struggle in public relations," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 107-110; George Cheney and Lars Thøger Christensen, "Public relations as contested terrain: A critical response," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 167-182; Denise Ferguson, Scott Sintay, and Carl H. Botan, "Humanism as a Basis for Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; Joye C. Gordon, op. cit., pp. 57-66; Kirk Hallahan, "'Community' as the Foundation for Public Relations Theory/Practice," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Anaheim, CA, August 1996; Robert L. Heath, "A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives," Public Relations Review 19 (1993), pp. 141-155; Robert L. Heath and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "Rhetoric as a Basis for a Socially Responsible Public Relations," paper presented to the International Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois, May 1996; James G. Hutton, op. cit., pp. 199-214; Roy Leeper, "In search of a metatheory for public relations: An argument for communitarianism," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 93-104; David McKie, "Updating pubic relations: 'new science,' research paradigms, and uneven developments," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: 2001), pp. 75-92; Marvin N. Olasky, "The aborted debate within public relations: An approach through Kuhn's paradigm," in James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp. 87-95; Elizabeth L. Toth, "The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives," in Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (eds.), Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, (1992), pp. 3-15; and Gabriel M. Vasquez, "A homo narrens paradigm for public relations: Combining Bormann's symbolic convergence theory and Grunig's situational theory of publics," Journal of Public Relations Research 5 (1993), pp. 201-216.
20. Dean Kruckeberg and Kenneth Starck, op. cit. and Roy Leeper, op. cit., pp. 93-104.
21. Dean Kruckeberg and Kenneth Starck, op. cit. and Roy Leeper, op. cit., pp. 93-104.
22. Hugh M. Culbertson and Ni Chen, "Communitarianism: A foundation for communication symmetry," Public Relations Quarterly 42(2) (1997), pp. 36-41.
23. PRSA, Public Relations Tactics: The Blue Book (New York, NY: PRSA, 1998-1999), p. ii.
24. th Ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2000), p. 3.
25. th Ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995), p. 8.
26. James G. Hutton, op. cit., p. 201.
27. James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig, "Models of public relations and communication," in James E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), pp. 285-325.
28. James E. Grunig, 1989, op. cit., p. 17.
29. nd Ed. ((Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984), p. 2.
30. Roy Leeper, op. cit., p. 95.
31. John Dobson, "MacIntyre's position on business: A response to Wicks," Business Ethics 7 (1997), pp. 125-132.
32. James A. Herrick, "Rhetoric, ethics, and virtue," Communication Studies 43 (1992), pp. 137 and 142.
33. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit., pp. 186-187.
34. Ibid., p. 187.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., p. 191.
38. Kathryn B. Brewer, "Management as a practice: A response to Alasdair MacIntyre," Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1997), p. 829.
39. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit., pp. 188-189.
40. Ibid., p. 188.
41. Ibid., p. 190.
42. Ibid., pp. 190-191.
43. Kathryn B. Brewer, op. cit., p. 828.
44. Edmund B. Lambeth, "Waiting for a new St. Benedict: Alasdair MacIntyre and the theory and practice of journalism," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 9 (1990), p. 99.
45. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit., p. 194.
46. Peter McMylor, Alasdair MacIntyre: Critic of Modernity (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 152.
47. Arran E. Gare, "MacIntyre, narratives and environmental ethics," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998), p. 6.
48. David Miller, "Virtues, practices and justice," in John Horton and Susan Mendus (eds.), After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994), p. 247.
49. Arran E. Gare, op. cit., p. 6.
50. David Miller, op. cit., p. 249.
51. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit., pp. 187-188.
52. Ibid., p. 263.
53. Ibid., p. 216.
54. James A. Herrick, op. cit., p. 139.
55. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit., p. 218.
56. Ibid., p. 220.
57. Edmund B. Lambeth and James Aucoin, "Journalism, narrative, and community: Implications for ethics, practice and media criticism," Professional Ethics 2 (1993), p. 70.
58. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit., p. 191.
59. Ibid., p. 258.
60. Robert B. Kruschwitz and Robert C. Roberts, "Introduction," in Robert B. Kruschwitz and Robert C. Roberts (eds.), The Virtues: Contemporary Essays on Moral Character (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1987), p. 15.
61. Edmund B. Lambeth and James Aucoin, op. cit., p. 70.
62. For a literature review and defense of the approach, see James E. Grunig, "Two-way symmetrical public relations: Past, present, and future," in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations ((Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), pp. 11-30.
63. Hugh M. Culbertson and Ni Chen, op. cit., pp. 37-40.
64. Fraser P. Seitel, op. cit., p. 7.
65. Kathie A. Leeper, "Public relations ethics and communitarianism: A preliminary investigation," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 163-179.
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69. st Century (New York, NY: University Press of America, 1994); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni (ed.), The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); J. Donald Moon, Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Brian O'Connell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999); Carolyn R. Shaffer and Kristin Anundsen, Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World ((New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993); Henry Tam, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998); and Robert Wuthnow, Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
70. st Century (New York, NY: University Press of America, 1994); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni (ed.), The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); J. Donald Moon, Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Brian O'Connell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999); Carolyn R. Shaffer and Kristin Anundsen, Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World ((New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993); Henry Tam, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998); and Robert Wuthnow, Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
71. st Century (New York, NY: University Press of America, 1994); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni (ed.), The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); J. Donald Moon, Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Brian O'Connell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999); Carolyn R. Shaffer and Kristin Anundsen, Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World ((New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993); Henry Tam, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998); and Robert Wuthnow, Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
72. st Century (New York, NY: University Press of America, 1994); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni (ed.), The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); J. Donald Moon, Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Brian O'Connell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999); Carolyn R. Shaffer and Kristin Anundsen, Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World ((New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993); Henry Tam, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998); and Robert Wuthnow, Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
73. st Century (New York, NY: University Press of America, 1994); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni (ed.), The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); J. Donald Moon, Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Brian O'Connell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999); Carolyn R. Shaffer and Kristin Anundsen, Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World ((New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993); Henry Tam, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998); and Robert Wuthnow, Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
74. st Century (New York, NY: University Press of America, 1994); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni (ed.), The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); J. Donald Moon, Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Brian O'Connell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999); Carolyn R. Shaffer and Kristin Anundsen, Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World ((New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993); Henry Tam, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998); and Robert Wuthnow, Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
75. st Century (New York, NY: University Press of America, 1994); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1993); Amitai Etzioni (ed.), The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); J. Donald Moon, Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Brian O'Connell, Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999); Carolyn R. Shaffer and Kristin Anundsen, Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World ((New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993); Henry Tam, Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998); and Robert Wuthnow, Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
76. Henry Tam, op. cit., p. 174.
77. Dean Kruckeberg and Kenneth Starck, op. cit., pp. 52-53.
78. Henry Tam, op. cit., p. 185.
79. Ibid., pp. 176-177.
80. Jacquie L'Etang, "Public relations as diplomacy," in Jacquie L'Etang and Magda Pieczka (eds.), Critical Perspectives in Public Relations (London: International Thomson Business Press, 1996), pp. 14-34.
81. Michael Karlberg, "Remembering the public in public relations research: From theoretical to operational symmetry," Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1996), p. 266.
82. Shirley Leitch and David Neilson, "Bringing publics into public relations: New theoretical frameworks for practice" in Robert L. Heath (ed.), Handbook of Public Relations (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), p. 127.
83. Carl H. Botan and Francisco Soto, "A semiotic approach to the internal functioning of publics: Implications for strategic communication and public relations," Public Relations Review 24 (1998), p. 39.
84. Ralph Estes, Tyranny of the Bottom Line: Why Corporations Make Good People Do Bad Things (San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 1996), p. 2; David C. Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (West Hartfield, CN: Kumarian Press and Berrett-Koehler, 1995), pp. 57-99.
85. Ralph Estes, Tyranny of the Bottom Line: Why Corporations Make Good People Do Bad Things (San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 1996), p. 2; David C. Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (West Hartfield, CN: Kumarian Press and Berrett-Koehler, 1995), pp. 57-99.
86. Laurie J. Wilson, "Excellent companies and coalition-building among the fortune 500: A value- and relationship-based theory," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), p. 341.
87. Joichi Aoi, quoted in Gary E. Powell and Daniel G. Weaver, "Do investors price social responsibility?," Business and Professional Ethics Journal 14 (3) (1995) pp. 61-62.
88. Peter M. Sandman, "Getting to maybe: Some communications aspects of siting hazardous waste facilities," Seton Hall Legislative Journal 9 (1986), pp. 437-465.
89. For example, see the instances cited in Jonathan Boswell, op. cit.; the Business Improvement Districts discussed by James Trauib, "Can associations of businesses be true community-builders?," The Responsive Community 6(2), pp. 29-38; and the consortium of businesses that are part of the group called Business for Social Responsibility that are profiled in Joel Makower, Beyond the Bottom Line: Putting Social Responsibility to Work for Your Business and the World (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994).
90. For example, see the instances cited in Jonathan Boswell, op. cit.; the Business Improvement Districts discussed by James Trauib, "Can associations of businesses be true community-builders?," The Responsive Community 6(2), pp. 29-38; and the consortium of businesses that are part of the group called Business for Social Responsibility that are profiled in Joel Makower, Beyond the Bottom Line: Putting Social Responsibility to Work for Your Business and the World (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994).
91. For example, see the instances cited in Jonathan Boswell, op. cit.; the Business Improvement Districts discussed by James Trauib, "Can associations of businesses be true community-builders?," The Responsive Community 6(2), pp. 29-38; and the consortium of businesses that are part of the group called Business for Social Responsibility that are profiled in Joel Makower, Beyond the Bottom Line: Putting Social Responsibility to Work for Your Business and the World (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994).
92. Dean Kruckeberg and Kenneth Starck, op. cit.
93. Mary Lowengard, "Community relations: New approaches to building consensus," Public Relations Journal 45(10) (1989), p. 29.
94. Linda C. Hon, "'To redeem the soul of America': Public relations and the civil rights movement," Journal of Public Relations Research 9 (1997), pp. 188-189.
95. Greg Leichty, "The limits of collaboration," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), p. 48.
96. Jacquie L'Etang, op. cit., p. 34.
97. Michael Karlberg, op. cit., p. 271.
98. Edmund B. Lambeth and James Aucoin, op. cit., p. 70.
99. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit.
100. See, for example, Paul F. Camenisch, Grounding Professional Ethics in a Pluralistic Society (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); Ernest Greenwood, "Attributes of a profession," in Bernard Baumrin and Benjamin Freedman (eds.), Moral Responsibility and the Professions (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); John Kultgen, Ethics and Professionalism (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988); and John-Christian Smith, "Strong separatism in professional ethics," Professional Ethics 3 (1994), pp. 117-140.
101. See, for example, Paul F. Camenisch, Grounding Professional Ethics in a Pluralistic Society (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); Ernest Greenwood, "Attributes of a profession," in Bernard Baumrin and Benjamin Freedman (eds.), Moral Responsibility and the Professions (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); John Kultgen, Ethics and Professionalism (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988); and John-Christian Smith, "Strong separatism in professional ethics," Professional Ethics 3 (1994), pp. 117-140.
102. See, for example, Paul F. Camenisch, Grounding Professional Ethics in a Pluralistic Society (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); Ernest Greenwood, "Attributes of a profession," in Bernard Baumrin and Benjamin Freedman (eds.), Moral Responsibility and the Professions (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); John Kultgen, Ethics and Professionalism (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988); and John-Christian Smith, "Strong separatism in professional ethics," Professional Ethics 3 (1994), pp. 117-140.
103. See, for example, Paul F. Camenisch, Grounding Professional Ethics in a Pluralistic Society (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); Ernest Greenwood, "Attributes of a profession," in Bernard Baumrin and Benjamin Freedman (eds.), Moral Responsibility and the Professions (New York, NY: Haven, 1983); John Kultgen, Ethics and Professionalism (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988); and John-Christian Smith, "Strong separatism in professional ethics," Professional Ethics 3 (1994), pp. 117-140.
104. Alasdair MacIntyre, op. cit.
105. Paul F. Camenisch, op. cit., pp. 47-76.
106. Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee, "Toward a unified conception of business ethics: Integrative social contracts theory," Academy of Management Review 19 (1994), pp. 252-284.
107. See the material in Kathie A. Leeper, op. cit. and Roy Leeper, op. cit.
108. See the material in Kathie A. Leeper, op. cit. and Roy Leeper, op. cit.
109. Peter McMylor, op. cit., p. 152.
110. Edmund B. Lambeth, op. cit., p. 103.
111. Peter McMylor, op. cit., p. 152.