Transnational norms and military development: Constructing Ireland's professional Army

European Journal of International Relations

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 63-102

  Farrell, Theo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Civil military relations; Irish Army; Military development; Military professionalism; Transnational norms

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035529854     PISSN: 13540661     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1354066101007001003     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Allard, C. Kenneth (1990) Command, Control, and the Common Defense. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2. Allison, Graham T. (1973) Essence of Decision. Boston: Little, Brown.
3. Augusteijn, Joost (1996) From Public Defiance to Guerilla Warfare. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
4. Avant, Deborah D. (1994) Political Institutions and Military Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
5. Avant, Deborah D. (2000) 'From Mercenaries to Citizen Armies: Explaining Change in the Practice of War', International Organization 54(1): 41-72.
6. Ball, Nicole (1988) Security and Economy in the Third, World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7. Berger, Thomas U. (1996) 'Norms, Identity, and National Security in Germany and Japan', in Peter Katzenstein (ed.) The Culture of National Security, pp. 317-56. New York: Columbia University Press.
8. Berger, Thomas U. (1998) Cultures of Antimilitarism. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
9. Best, Geoffrey (1980) Humanity in Warfare. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
10. Bird, Chris (1999) 'KLA to Give Birth to Kosovo's New Army', The Guardian 3 September.
11. Black, Jeremy (1998) War and the World. New Haven: Yale University Press.
12. Boli, John and George M. Thomas (1999) 'Introduction', in John Boli and George M. Thomas (eds) Constructing World Culture, pp. 1-12. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
13. Bowden, Tom (1973) 'The Irish Underground and the War of Independence, 1919-21', Journal of Contemporary History 8: 3-23.
14. Boyd, R. (Captain) (1945) 'Memorandum on "Present Commitments and Future Policy and Programme" period about 1937', 9 February, Bryan Papers, P71/27, University College Dublin Archives.
15. Brooks, Risa (2000) 'Institutions at the Domestic/International Nexus: The Political-Military Origins of Strategic Integration, Military Effectiveness and War', PhD dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
16. Bryan, Colonel Dan (1928) 'Small Wars and Guerilla Wars in Ireland', Lecture to Irish General Staff, unpubublished ms.
17. Cameron, Craig M. (1994) American Samurai. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Checkel, Jeffrey T. (1997) 'International Norms and Domestic Politics: Bridging the Rationalist-Constructivist Divide', European Journal of International Relations 3(4): 473-95.
19. Checkel, Jeffrey T. (1998) 'The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory', World Politics 50(2): 324-48.
20. Checkel, Jeffrey T. (1999) 'Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe', International Studies Quaterly 43: 83-114.
21. Christensen, Thomas J. (1996) Useful Adversaries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22. Clinton, President William J. (1995) A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
23. Cortell, Andrew P. and James W. Davis Jr (1996) 'How Do International Institutions Matter: The Domestic Impact of International Rules and Norms?', International Studies Quarterly 40: 451-78.
24. Cortell, Andrew P. and James W. Davis Jr (2000) 'Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda', International Studies Review 2(1): 65-90.
25. Costello, Colonel Michael J. (1924) 'Report to Chairman of Army Inquiry Committee', 22 April, MJC 5, Irish Military Archives.
26. Costello, Colonel Michael J. (1928) 'Preparation for War: Draft for War Plans Division', MJC 9, Irish Military Archives.
27. Costello, Colonel Michael J. (1938) 'Outline of a Suggested Organisation for the Defence Forces', January, MJC 13, Irish Military Archives.
28. Danopoulos, Constantine P. (ed.) (1992) From Military to Civilian Rule. London: Routledge.
29. Davies, Rob and Dan O'Meara (1985) 'Total Strategy in Southern Africa', Journal of Southern African Studies 11(2): 254-69.
30. Demchak, Chris C. (nd) 'Creating the Enemy: Structuration, Adaptation and Autopoesis in the International Military Community', unpublished ms.
31. Dening, Major B.C. (1927) 'Problems of Guerrilla Warfare', An t-Óglách October: 45-50.
32. Desch, Michael C. (1998) 'Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies', International Security 23: 141-70.
33. Dessler, David (1999) 'Constructivism Within a Postivist Social Science', Review of International Studies 25(1): 123-38.
34. DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell (1991) 'Introduction', in Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio (eds) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, pp. 1-38. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. DoD (Department of Defence) (1925) 'Memo to Executive Council Re: Defence Policy', Blythe Papers, P24/107, University College Dublin Archives.
36. DoF (Department of Finance) (1923) 'Memorandum', 10 December, D/Finance 747/148, Irish National Archives.
37. Duffield, John S. (1998) World Power Forsaken. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
38. Duffield, John S. (1999) 'Political Culture and State Behaviour: Why Germany Confounds Neorealism', International Organization 53(4): 765-804.
39. Duggan, John P. (1991) A History of the Irish Army. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
40. Eden, Lynn (forthcoming) Constructing Destruction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
41. Engelhardt, Jr, H. Tristram and Arthur L. Caplan (1987) 'Patterns of Controversy and Closure', in Tristam Engelhardt Jr and Arthur L. Caplan (eds) Scientific Controversies, pp. 1-23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42. Evangelista, Matthew (1999) Unarmed Forces. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
43. Eyre, Dana P. (1997) 'The Very Model of the Major Modern Military: World System Influences on the Proliferation of Military Weapons, 1960-1990'. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
44. Eyre, Dana P. and Mark C. Suchman (1996) 'Status, Norms, and the Proliferation of Conventional Weapons', in Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.) The Culture of National Security, pp. 79-113. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
45. Farrell, Brian (1971) The Foundation of Dáil Éireann. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
46. Farrell, Theo (1996) 'Figuring Out Fighting Organisations: The New Organisational Analysis in Strategic Studies', The Journal of Strategic Studies 19(1): 122-35.
47. Farrell, Theo (1997) '"The Model Army": Military Imitation and the Enfeeblement of the Army in Post-Revolutionary Ireland, 1922-42', Irish Studies in International Affairs 8: 111-27.
48. Farrell, Theo (1998a) 'Professionalization and Suicidal Defence Planning by the Irish Army, 1921-41', Journal of Strategic Studies 21(3): 67-85.
49. Farrell, Theo (1998b) 'Culture and Military Power', Review of International Studies, 24(3): 407-16.
50. Farrell, Theo (1999) 'Correspondence: Isms and Schisms: Culturalism versus Realism in Security Studies', International Security 24(1): 161-8.
51. Feld, M.D. (1975) 'Middle-Class Society and the Rise of Military Professionalism', Armed Forces and Society 1: 419-42.
52. Fields, Frank E. and Jack J. Jensen (1998) 'Military Professionalism in Post-Communist Hungary and Poland', European Security 7(1): 117-56.
53. Finer, S.E. (1962) The Man on Horseback. London: Pall Mall Press.
54. Finnemore, Martha (1996a) National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
55. Finnemore, Martha (1996b) 'Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism', International Organization 50(2): 325-47.
56. Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink (1998) 'International Norm Dynamics and Political Change', International Organization 52: 887-917.
57. Fisk, Robert (1983) In Time of War. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
58. Fitch, Samuel J. (1998) The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
59. Fitzpatrick, David (1978) 'The Geography of Irish Nationalism, 1910-1921', Past and Present 78: 113-44.
60. Flynn, Major James (1940) 'Memo: General Defence Plan 2 - Final Outline', 29 November, Emergency Defence Plans (EDP) 1/2, Irish Military Archives.
61. Friedberg, Aaron L. (2000) In the Shadow of the Garrison State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
62. G-1 (Plans and Operations Branch) (1940) 'Memorandum No. 2: Observations On General Staff Estimate Of The Situation No. 1', EDP 1, Irish Military Archives.
63. Garvin, Tom (1996) 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
64. GHQ (General Headquarters) (1920) An Introduction to Volunteer Training. Irish Republican Army (IRA). Mulcahy Papers, P7a/22, University College Dublin Archives.
65. GHQ (1921) Training Manual. IRA. Mulcahy Papers, P7a/22, University College Dublin Archives.
66. Goldman, Emily O. (2001) 'Diffusion and Military Change in Ottoman Turkey and Meiji Japan', in Theo Farrell and Terry Terriff (eds) The Sources of Military Change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
67. Goldman, Emily O. and Leslie Eliason (eds) (nd) Diffusion of Military Knowledge from the Napoleonic to the Information Age. Unpublished ms.
68. Golinski, Jan (1998) Making Natural Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Gray, Colin S. (1986) Nuclear Strategy and National Style. Lanham, MD: Hamilton Press.
70. Greenwood, Royston and C.R. Hinings (1993) 'Understanding Strategic Change: The Contribution of Archtypes', Academy of Management Journal 36(5): 1052-81.
71. GS (General Staff) (1927) 'Memorandum on the Development of the Defence Forces in the Period 1923-1927', A/0876, Irish Military Archives.
72. GS (1928) 'Special Memo. No. 3: Territorial Organization of the Defence Forces', MJC Files, Irish Military Archives.
73. GS (1934) 'Estimate of the Situation that Would Arise in the Eventuality of a War between Ireland and Great Britain', No. 1, October, DP/00020, Irish Military Archives.
74. GS (1936) 'Fundamental Factors Affecting Saorstát Defence Problem', May, G2/0057, Irish Military Archives.
75. GS (1940) 'Outline of General Defence Plan No. 2 (Final Draft)', 28 November, EDP 1/2, Irish Military Archives.
76. GS (1943) 'Report on Army Exercises', Parts I & II, January, Irish Military Archives.
77. Haas, Peter M. (1992) 'Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination', International Organization 46: 1-35.
78. Hall, Peter A. and Rosemary C.R. Taylor (1996) 'Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms', Political Studies 44(5): 936-57.
79. Halperin, Morton H. (1974) Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
80. Hart, Peter (1998) The IRA and its Enemies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
81. Hart, Peter (1999) 'The Social Structure of the Irish Republican Army, 1916-1923', The Historical Journal 42: 207-31.
82. Hartigan, Richard S. (1983) Lieber's Code and the Law of War. Chicago: Precedent.
83. Hironaka, Ann (1998) 'Boundaries of War: Historical Change in Patterns of Warmaking, 1815-1980'. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
84. Hironaka, Ann (2000) 'From Conflict to Consensus: The Decline of Wars of Colonial Independence, 1770-1985', unpublished ms.
85. Hopf, Ted (1998) 'The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory', International Security 23: 171-200.
86. Hunter, Wendy (1996) State and Soldier in Latin America. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
87. Huntington, Samuel P. (1957) The Soldier and the State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
88. Huntington, Samuel P. (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
89. Huntington, Samuel P. (1996) 'Reforming Civil-Military Relations', in Larry Diamond and Mark F. Plattner (eds) Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, pp. 3-11. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
90. Ikenberry, G. John and Charles A. Kupchan (1990) 'Socialization and Hegemonic Power', International Organization 44(3): 284-315.
91. Janowitz, Morris (1960) The Professional Soldier. New York: The Free Press.
92. Johnston, Alastair lain (1995) Cultural Realism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
93. Katzenstein, Peter J. (1996) Cultural Norms and National Security. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
94. Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink (1998) Activists Beyond Borders. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
95. Kennedy, Michael (1996) Ireland and the League of Nations, 1923-1946. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
96. Kier, Elizabeth (1997) Imagining War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
97. King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane and Sidney Verba (1994) Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
98. Klotz, Audie (1995) Norms in International Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
99. Koh, Harold H. (1997) 'Why Do Nations Obey International Law?', The Yale Law Journal 106: 2599-659.
100. Kratochwil, Friedrich V. (1984) 'The Force of Prescriptions', International Organization 38(4): 685-708.
101. Kratochwil, Friedrich V. (1989) Rules, Norms, and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Legro, Jeffrey W. (1995) Cooperation Under Fire. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
103. Legro, Jeffrey W. (1996) 'Culture and Preferences in the International Two-Step', International Organization 90: 118-37.
104. Legro, Jeffrey W. (1997) 'Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism', International Organization 51(1): 31-63.
105. Legro, Jeffrey W. (2000) 'Whence American Internationalism', International Organization 54(2): 253-89.
106. Lewis, John Wilson and Xue Litai (1999) 'China's Search for a Modern Air Force', International Security 24(1): 64-94.
107. Luft, Gal (1999) The Palestinian Security Services, Research Memorandum No. 36. Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
108. Lynn, John A. (1996) 'The Evolution of Army Style in the Modern West, 800-2000', International History Review 18(3): 509-10.
109. MacKenzie, Donald (1990) Inventing Accuracy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
110. McNeill, William H. (1982) The Pursuit of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
111. Meyer, John M., Francisco O. Ramirez and Yasemin Soysal (1992a) 'World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870-1980', Sociology of Education 65(2): 128-49.
112. Meyer, John M., David Frank, Ann Hironaka, Evan Schofer and Nancy B. Tuma (1992b) 'The Structuring of a World Environmental Regime, 1870-1990', International Organization 51: 623-51.
113. Meyer, John M., John Boli and George M. Thomas (1994) 'Ontology and Rationalization in the Western Cultural Account', in W. Richard Scott, John M. Meyer and Associates, Institutional Environments and Organizations, pp. 9-27. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
114. Meyer, John M., John Boli, George M. Thomas and Francisco O. Ramirez (1997) 'World Society and the Nation-State', American Journal of Sociology 103: 144-81.
115. Mitchell, Arthur (1995) Revolutionary Government in Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
116. Mohr, Lawrence B. (1985) 'The Reliability of the Case Study as a Source of Information', Advances in Information Processing in Organizations 2: 65-93.
117. Mulcahy, General Richard (1922) 'General Memo 3: Control of Army Expenditure', 18 July, Mulcahy Papers P7a/56, University College Dublin Archives.
118. Nadelmann, Ethan A. (1990) 'Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society', International Organization 44(4): 479-526
119. Neufeld, Mark (1993) 'Interpretation and the "Science" of International Relations', Review of International Studies 19: 39-62.
120. Nordlinger, Eric (1977) Soldiers in Politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
121. O'Connell, Colonel J.J. (1930) 'Guerrilla Warfare as Standard Form', An t-Óglách April: 50-2.
122. O'Duffy, General Eoin (1924) 'Memo to the Executive Council', 18 March, Blythe Papers, P24/154, University College Dublin Archives.
123. O'Halpin, Eunan (1994) 'The Army and the Dáil', in Brian Farrell (ed.) The Creation of the Dáil, pp. 107-22. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
124. O'Halpin, Eunan (1999) Defending Ireland: The Irish State and its Enemies Since 1922. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
125. Parker, Geoffrey (1996) The Military Revolution, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
126. Porpora, Douglas V. (1993) 'Cultural Rules and Material Relations', Sociological Theory 11(2): 212-29
127. Posen, Barry R. (1984) The Sources of Military Doctrine. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
128. Posen, Barry R. (1993) 'Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power', International Security 18(2): 80-124.
129. Price, Richard (1998) 'Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines', International Organization 52(3): 613-44.
130. Ralston, David B. (1996) Importing the European Army. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
131. Ramirez, Francisco O. and John W. Meyer (1980) 'Comparative Education', Annual Review of Sociology 6: 369-99.
132. Regan, John M. (1999) The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921-1936. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
133. Resende-Santos, Joào (1996) 'Anarchy and Emulation of Military Systems: Military Organization and Technology in South America, 1870-1930', Security Studies 5(3): 193-260.
134. Risse, Thomas and Kathryn Sikkink (1999) 'The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction', in Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink (eds) The Power of Human Rights, pp. 1-38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
135. Rosen, Stephen Peter (1991) Winning the Next War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
136. Scott, W. Richard (1992) Organizations, 3rd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
137. Simon, Jeffrey (1995) Central European Civil-Military Relations and NATO Expansion. Washington, DC: National Defence University Press.
138. Smith, M.L.R (1997) Fighting for Ireland. London: Routledge.
139. Spinardi, Graham (1994) From Polaris to Trident. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
140. Strang, David and Patricia Chang (1993) 'The International Labour Organization and the Welfare State: Institutional Effects on National Welfare Spending, 1960-1980', International Organization 47: 235-62.
141. Swidler, Ann (1986) 'Culture in Action', American Sociological Review 51(2): 273-86.
142. Taylor, Brian (forthcoming) 'Russia's Passive Army: Rethinking Military Coups', Comparative Political Studies. Taylor, Brian (nd) 'The Russian Military in Politics', unpublished ms.
143. Teitler, G. (1977) The Gensis of the Professional Officers Corps. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
144. Thelen, Kathleen and Sven Steinmo (1992) 'Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics', in Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen and Frank Longstreth (eds) Structuring Politics, pp. 1-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
145. Thomas, Ward (2000) 'Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination', International Security 25(1): 105-33.
146. Thomson, Janice E. (1994) Mercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
147. Townshend, Charles (1983) Political Violence in Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
148. Townshend, Charles (1987) 'The Irish Republican Army and the Development of Guerrilla Warfare, 1916-1921', The English Historical Review 94: 318-45.
149. Van Doom, Jacques (1975) The Soldier and Social Change. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
150. Valiulis, Maryann Gialanella (1992) Potrait of a Revolutionary: General Richard Mulcahy and the Founding of the Irish State. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
151. Walt, Stephen M. (1987) The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
152. Waltz, Kenneth (1979) Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
153. Wendt, Alexander (1995) 'Constructing International Politics', International Security 20(1): 71-81.
154. Wendt, Alexander (1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
155. Wendt, Alexander and Michael Barnett (1993) 'Dependent State Formation and Third World Militarization', Review of International Studies 19: 321-47.
156. Weyland, Kurt (1995) 'The American Bias in Organization Theory', Governance 8(1): 113-24.
157. Wirtz, James J. (1991) The Tet Offensive. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
158. Young, Peter (1993-94) 'Defence and the New Irish State, 1919-1939', The Irish Sword 19: 1-10.
159. Zaccor, A.M. (1997) 'The Lithuanian Army: A Tool for Rejoining Europe', European Security 6(1): 100-13.
160. Zahar, Marie-Joelle (1999) 'Fanatics, Mercenaries, Brigands and Politicians: Militia Decision-Making and Civil Conflict Resolution'. PhD dissertation, McGill University.
161. Zisk, Kimberley Martin (1993) Engaging the Enemy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.