An examination of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression and its application to youth

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 209-230

  Laurent, Jeff ^a   Ettelson, Rebecca ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

^b ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Tripartite model

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; ANXIETY; AROUSAL; CHILD; DEPRESSION; HUMAN; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; ANXIETY; AROUSAL; CHILD; DEPRESSION; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0035467897     PISSN: 10964037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1017547014504     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1990/1991). "Comorbidity" in child and adolescent psychiatry: Categorical and quantitative perspectives. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1, 271-278.
2. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
3. Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213-232.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and the disorders of emotion. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear (Vol. 43, pp. 251-328). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
6. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.
7. Beidel, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiological assessment of anxious emotional states in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 80-82.
8. Bernstein, G. A., & Borchardt, C. M. (1991). Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 519-532.
9. Brady, E. U., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244-255.
10. Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomie arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179-192.
11. Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1063-1080.
12. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
13. Chorpita, B. F., Albano, A. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The structure of negative emotions in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 74-85.
14. Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3-21.
15. Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Moffitt, C., Yim, L., & Umemoto, L. A. (2000). Assessment of tripartite factors of emotion in children and adolescents I: Structural validity and normative data of an affect and arousal scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22, 141-160.
16. Chorpita, B. F., Plummer, C. M., & Moffitt, C. E. (2000). Relations of tripartite dimensions of emotion to childhood anxiety and mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 299-310.
17. Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptations of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 35, 569-581.
18. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316-336.
19. Crocker, P. R. E. (1997). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) with a youth sport sample. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 91-97.
20. Crook, K., Beaver, B. R., & Bell, M. (1998). Anxiety and depression in children: A preliminary examination of the PANAS-C. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 333-350.
21. Daleiden, E., Chorpita, B. F., & Lu, W. (2000). Assessment of tripartite factors of emotion in children and adolescents II: Concurrent validity of the Affect and Arousal Scales for Children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22, 161-182.
22. Dobson, K. S. (1985). The relationship between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 307-324.
23. Eason, L. J., Finch, A. J., Brasted, W., & Saylor, C. F. (1985). The assessment of depression and anxiety in hospitalized pediatric patients. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 16, 57-64.
24. Ettelson, R., & Laurent, J. (2001). [Adolescent completed Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaires]. Unpublished raw data.
25. Feldman, L. A. (1993). Distinguishing depression and anxiety in self-report: Evidence from confirmatory factor analysis on nonclinical and clinical samples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 631-638.
26. Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967-984.
27. Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1999). The structure of current affect: Controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 10-14.
28. Finch, A. J., Jr., Lipovsky, J. A., & Casat, C. D. (1989). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity or separate constructs? In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 171-202). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
29. Foa, E. B., & Foa, U. G. (1982). Differentiating depression and anxiety: Is it possible? Is it useful? Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 18, 62-68.
30. Garber, J., Kriss, M. R., Koch, M., & Lindholm, L. (1988). Recurrent depression in adolescents: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 49-54.
31. Gittelman, R. (1986). Childhood anxiety disorders: Correlates and outcome. In R. Gittelman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 101-125). New York: Guilford.
32. Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 532-560.
34. Green, D. P., Goldman, S. L., & Salovey, P. (1993). Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1029-1041.
35. Green, D. P., & Salovey, P. (1999). In what sense are positive and negative affect independent? A reply toTellegen, Watson, and Clark. Psychological Science, 10, 304-306.
36. Hodges, K. (1990). Depression and anxiety in children: A comparison of self-report questionnaires to clinical interview. Psychological Assessment, 2, 376-381.
37. Huebner, E. S., & Dew, T. (1995). Preliminary validation of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule with adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 13, 286-293.
38. Ialongo, N., Edelsohn, G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Crockett, L., & Kellam, S. (1996). Social and cognitive impairment in first-grade children with anxious and depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 15-24.
39. Inderbitzen, H. M., & Hope, D. A. (1995). Relationship among adolescent reports of social anxiety, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 385-396.
40. Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotion: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press.
41. Jensen, P. S., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H. R., Dulcan, M. K., Schwab-Stone, M. E., & Lahey, B. B. (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1569-1579.
42. Joiner, T. E. Jr., & Barnett, J. (1994). Testing interpersonal theory of depression in child and adolescent psychiatric patients using a projective technique. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 595-609.
43. Joiner, T. E., Jr., Catanzaro, S. J., & Laurent, J. (1996). The tripartite structure of positive and negative affect, depression, and anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 401-409.
44. Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Lonigan, C. J. (2000). Tripartite model of depression and anxiety in youth psychiatric inpatients: Relations with diagnostic status and future symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 372-382.
45. Joiner, T. E., Jr., Steer, R. A., Beck, A. T., Schmidt, N. B., Rudd, M. D., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1999). Physiological hyperarousal: Construct validity of a central aspect of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 290-298.
46. Jolly, J. B., Dyck, M. J., Kramer, T. A., & Wherry, J. N. (1994). Integration of positive and negative affectivity and cognitive content-specificity: Improved discrimination of anxious and depressed symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 544-552.
47. Kaslow, N. J., Stark, K. D., Printz, B., Livingston, R., & Tsai, S. L. (1992). Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children: Development and relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 339-347.
48. Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents: Directions for research and practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Wunder, J., Beardslee, W. R., Schwartz, C. E., & Roth, J. (1992). Chronic course of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 595-599.
50. Kendall, P. C., Cantwell, D. P., & Kazdin, A. E. (1989). Depression in children and adolescents: Assessment issues and recommendations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 109-146.
51. Kendall, P. C., & Ingram, R. (1987). The future of cognitive assessment of anxiety: Let's get specific. In L. Michelson & L. M. Ascher (Eds.), Anxiety and stress disorders: Cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment (pp. 89-104). New York: Guilford.
52. Keogh, E., & Reidy, J. (2000). Exploring the factor structure of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 106-125.
53. Kercher, K. (1992). Assessing subjective well-being in the old-old: The PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect. Research on Aging, 14, 131-168.
54. Kiernan, G., Laurent, J., Joiner, T. E., Jr., Catanzaro, S. J., & MacLachlan, M. (2001). Cross-cultural examination of the tri-partite model with children: Data from the Barretstown studies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 359-379.
55. King, N. J., Ollendick, T. H., & Gullone, E. (1991). Negative affectivity in children and adolescents: Relations between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 441-459.
56. Kovacs, M. (1980/1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatria, 46, 305-315.
57. Kovacs, M. (1985). The natural history and course of depressive disorders in childhood. Psychiatric Annals, 15, 387-389.
58. Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
59. Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (1995). Theory-based screening of youth internalizing disorders. Unpublished manuscript.
60. Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (1998, April/May). A child measure of the tripartite model: Initial development and validation of the Physiological Hyperarousal-Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children. In S. J. Catanzaro (Chair), The tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Current research and future prospects. Symposium conducted at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
61. Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2000, March/April). Physiological Hyperarousal Scale for Children: Scale development and preliminary validation. Poster presented at the 32nd Annual Convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, New Orleans, LA.
62. Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., Joiner, T. E., Jr., Rudolph, K. D., Potter, K. I., Lambert, S., Osborne, L., & Gathright, T. (1999). A measure of positive and negative affect for children: Scale development and initial validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 326-338.
63. Laurent, J., Potter, K., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1994, March). Assessing positive and negative affect in children: The development of the PANAS-C. 26th Annual Convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, Seattle, WA.
64. Laurent, J., & Stark, K. D. (1993). Testing the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis with anxious and depressed youngsters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 226-237.
65. Lefkowitz, M. M., & Burton, N. (1978). Childhood depression: A critique of the concept. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 716-726.
66. Lipman, R. S. (1982). Differentiating anxiety and depression in anxiety disorders: Use of rating scales. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 18, 69-77.
67. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., & Lahey, B. B. (1990). Mental health professionals' perception of the utility of children, mothers, and teachers as informants on childhood pathology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 136-143.
68. Lonigan, C. J., Carey, M. P., & Finch, A. J., Jr. (1994). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity and the utility of self-reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1000-1008.
69. Lonigan, C. J., Hooe, E. S., David, C. F., & Kistner, J. A. (1999). Positive and negative affectivity in children: Confirmatory factor analysis of a two-factor model and its relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 374-386.
70. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: Psychological Foundation of Australia.
71. Matthews, K. A., Manuck, S. B., & Saab, P. G. (1986). Cardiovascular responses of adolescents during a naturally occurring stressor and their behavioral and psychophysiological predictors. Psychophysiology, 23, 198-209.
72. Mickelson, C., & Gipson, M. (1997). Self-report of autonomic arousal by children. Paper presented at the 31st meeting of the American Association of Behavior Therapy, Miami, FL.
73. Mitchell, J., McCauley, E., Burke, P. M., & Moss, S. J. (1988). Phenomenology of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 12-20.
74. Mullaney, J. A. (1984). The relationship between anxiety and depression: A review of some principal component analytic studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 7, 139-148.
75. Norvell, N,. Brophy, C., & Finch, A. J., Jr. (1985). The relationship of anxiety to childhood depression. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 150-153.
76. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
77. Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1994). Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of internalizing problems in children: The role of longitudinal data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychologv, 62, 918-927.
78. Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 56-64.
79. Quay, H. C., & Peterson, D. R. (1996). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
80. Reidy, J., & Keogh, E. (1997). Testing the discriminant and convergent validity of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire using a British sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 337-344.
81. Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271-280.
82. Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1985). Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
83. Reynolds, W. M. (Ed.). (1992). Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents. NY: Wiley & Sons.
84. Rie, H. E. (1966). Depression in childhood: A survey of some pertinent contributions. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 653-685.
85. Rudolph, K. D., Lambert, S. F., Osborne, L., Gathright, T., & Kumar, S. (2000). Developmental considerations in anxiety and depression: II. The emergence of sex differences across early adolescence. Manuscript under revision.
86. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
87. Russell, J. A., & Feldman Barren, L. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 805-819.
88. Russo, M. F., & Beidel, D. C. (1994). Comorbidity of childhood anxiety and externalizing disorders: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and validation issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 199-221.
89. Seligman, L. D., & Ollendick, T. H. ( 1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: An integrative review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 125-144.
90. Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent versions. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
91. Silverman, W., K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., & Peterson, R. A. (1991) Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162-168.
92. Spielberger, C. D. (1973). Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children ("How I Feel Questionnaire"). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
93. Stark, K. D., Kaslow, N. J., & Laurent, J. (1993). The assessment of depression in children: Are we assessing depression or the broad-band construct of negative affectivity? Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 1, 149-154.
94. Strauss, C. C., Frame, C. L., & Forehand, R. (1987). Psychosocial impairment associated with anxiety in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 235-239.
95. Strauss, C. C., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P., Frame, C. L., & Hynd, G. W. (1988). Peer social status of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 137-141.
96. Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999a). Further support for a hierarchical model of affect: Reply to Green and Salovey. Psychological Science, 10, 307-309.
97. Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999b). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297-303.
98. Tomarken, A. J. (1995). A psychometric perspective on psychophysiological measures. Psychological Assessment, 7, 387-395.
99. Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. I. The positive affects. New York: Springer.
100. Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. II. The negative affects. New York: Springer.
101. Watson, D. (1988). The vicissitudes of mood measurement: Effects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 128-141.
102. Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. New York: Guilford.
103. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465-490.
104. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991a). The Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa, Department of Psychology, Iowa City.
105. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991b). The PANAS-X: Preliminary manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded form. Unpublished manuscript. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.
106. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent issues. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 267-296.
107. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353.
108. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1984). Cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood: A Japanese replication and a comparison with U. S. findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 127-144.
109. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
110. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 15-25.
111. Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
112. Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 3-14.
113. Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820-838.
114. Weiss, B., Jackson, E. W., & Süsser, K. (1997). Effect of co-occurrence of the referability of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 198-204.
115. Weissman, M. M., Wolk, S., Wickramaratne, P., Goldstein, R. B., Adams, P., Greenwald, S., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., & Steinberg, D. (1999). Children with prepubertal-onset major depression disorder and anxiety grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 794-801.
116. Wilson, K., Gullone, E., & Moss, S. (1998). The youth version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: A psychometric validation. Behaviour Change, 15, 187-193.
117. Wisniewski, J. J., Naglieri, J. A., & Mulick, J. A. (1988). Psychometric properties of a children's psychosomatic symptom checklist. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 497-507.
118. Wolfe, V. V., Finch, A. J., Jr. Saylor, C. F., Blount, R. L., Pallmeyer, T. P., & Carek, D. J. (1987). Negative affectivity in children: A multitrait-multimethod investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 245-250.
119. Woolston, J. L., Rosenthal, S. L., Riddle, M. A., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Zimmerman, L. D. (1989). Childhood comorbidity of anxiety/affective disorders and behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 707-713.
120. Yik, M. S. M., Russell, J. A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (1999). Structure of self-reported current affect: Integration and beyond. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 600-619.
121. Zevon, M. A., & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111-122.