Sex research at the borders of gender: Transvestites, transsexuals, and Alfred C. Kinsey

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 72-90

  Meyerowitz, Joanne ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Alfred Kinsey; Crossgender identification; Gender; Louise Lawrence; Psychological conditioning; Sex differences; Sex research; Transsexualism; Transvestism

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; FEMALE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MALE; SEX; TRANSSEXUALISM; TRANSVESTISM;

FEMALE; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; SEX; TRANSSEXUALISM; TRANSVESTISM;

EID: 0035288609     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2001.0032     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. I use the term transvestites to refer to cross-dressers and transsexuals to refer to those people with crossgender identification who hoped to transform their bodily sex characteristics through medical interventions.
2. For more on Hirschfeld's involvement, see Joanne Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming), chap. 1.
3. See Joanne Meyerowitz, "Sex Change and the Popular Press: Historical Notes on Transsexuality in the United States, 1930-1955," GLQ: J. Lesb. Gay Studies, 1998, 4: 159-87.
4. See Correspondence file: S. W., Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. (hereafter KI); and additional letters from S. W. to Kinsey in TV-BNJ notebook, Harry Benjamin Collection, KI.
5. Harry Benjamin to Alfred C. Kinsey, 8 October 1947, Correspondence file: Harry Benjamin, KI.
6. The Kinsey Institute gave me permission to use Louise Lawrence's name. The archival records make it clear that she wanted her contributions to science recognized. For other transvestite and transsexual correspondents, I use pseudonyms, noted in the text, in order to protect their privacy. For public figures, like Christinejorgensen, and activists, like Virginia Prince, I use their names only if they already appear elsewhere in the public domain.
7. Louise Lawrence, typewritten autobiography, continuation 1947-58, 2, large box, Louise Lawrence Collection, KI. In this account, Lawrence says she met Kinsey in 1948; another record gives the year as 1949.
8. From the computerized records, I used the variable "year of interview" for all women and men "who said transvestism was more than incidental." Kinsey and his colleagues interviewed transvestites from 1941 to 1962. Almost half (54) of the 116 interviews took place in 1954 and 1955. Thanks to Thomas Albright of the Kinsey Institute for running the program.
9. Louise Lawrence to Harry Benjamin, c. December 1949, in TRNSV notebook, Lawrence Collection.
10. Lawrence to Benjamin, 9 December 1952, ibid.
11. Lawrence to Benjamin, 11 May 1953, ibid.
12. Kinsey to Lawrence, 16 May 1950, in file: Alfred C. Kinsey, Lawrence Collection.
13. See, e.g., Henry Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," J. Hist. Sexual., 1996, 6: 435-58; Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), chap. 7.
14. See, e.g., Henry Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," J. Hist. Sexual., 1996, 6: 435-58; Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), chap. 7.
15. E. Carlton Winford, Femme Mimics (Dallas: Winford, 1954), p. 19. On female impersonation during World War II, see Allan Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire: The Hiistory of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press, 1990), chap. 3. On female impersonation earlier in the century, see, e.g., Sharon R. Ullman, Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), chap. 3.
16. E. Carlton Winford, Femme Mimics (Dallas: Winford, 1954), p. 19. On female impersonation during World War II, see Allan Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire: The Hiistory of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press, 1990), chap. 3. On female impersonation earlier in the century, see, e.g., Sharon R. Ullman, Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), chap. 3.
17. E. Carlton Winford, Femme Mimics (Dallas: Winford, 1954), p. 19. On female impersonation during World War II, see Allan Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire: The Hiistory of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press, 1990), chap. 3. On female impersonation earlier in the century, see, e.g., Sharon R. Ullman, Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), chap. 3.
18. On postwar contests over gender roles, see, e.g., Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946-1958," J. Amer. Hist., 1993, 79: 1455-82; William H. Chafe, The Paradox of Change: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), chap. 10. On wartime and postwar concerns about masculinity, see Edward A. Strecker, Their Mother's Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (New York: Lippincott, 1946); Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1983), chaps. 3, 4; Beth L. Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), pp. 103-8.
19. On postwar contests over gender roles, see, e.g., Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946-1958," J. Amer. Hist., 1993, 79: 1455-82; William H. Chafe, The Paradox of Change: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), chap. 10. On wartime and postwar concerns about masculinity, see Edward A. Strecker, Their Mother's Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (New York: Lippincott, 1946); Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1983), chaps. 3, 4; Beth L. Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), pp. 103-8.
20. On postwar contests over gender roles, see, e.g., Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946-1958," J. Amer. Hist., 1993, 79: 1455-82; William H. Chafe, The Paradox of Change: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), chap. 10. On wartime and postwar concerns about masculinity, see Edward A. Strecker, Their Mother's Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (New York: Lippincott, 1946); Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1983), chaps. 3, 4; Beth L. Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), pp. 103-8.
21. On postwar contests over gender roles, see, e.g., Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946-1958," J. Amer. Hist., 1993, 79: 1455-82; William H. Chafe, The Paradox of Change: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), chap. 10. On wartime and postwar concerns about masculinity, see Edward A. Strecker, Their Mother's Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (New York: Lippincott, 1946); Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1983), chaps. 3, 4; Beth L. Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), pp. 103-8.
22. On postwar contests over gender roles, see, e.g., Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946-1958," J. Amer. Hist., 1993, 79: 1455-82; William H. Chafe, The Paradox of Change: American Women in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), chap. 10. On wartime and postwar concerns about masculinity, see Edward A. Strecker, Their Mother's Sons: The Psychiatrist Examines an American Problem (New York: Lippincott, 1946); Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1983), chaps. 3, 4; Beth L. Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), pp. 103-8.
23. Henry Lewis, Jr., "Transvestites: The Men Kinsey Forgot," Why, c. November 1950, p. 87, in Kinsey Clipping Notebooks (Male Series), KI.
24. James H. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life (New York: Norton, 1997), chap. 7.
25. Kinsey to Lawrence, 17 August 1950, in file: Alfred C. Kinsey, Lawrence Collection.
26. The Bay Area list, dated May 1954, and the national list, dated 28 October 1954, are both in TRNSV notebook, Lawrence Collection.
27. For a firsthand account of this history, see [Virginia Prince], "The Life and Times of Virginia," Transvestia, 1979, 100: 26.
28. J. Thornton to "Dear Friends," enclosed with Thornton to Kinsey, December 1951, in TRNSV notebook, Lawrence Collection.
29. Transvestia, 1952, 1: 4.
30. Ibid., p. 9.
31. Ibid., p. 4.
32. After two issues, the newsletter folded due to lack of funds. Virginia Prince revived it in 1960 and turned it into a national publication. On Virginia Prince and the second version of Transvestia, see Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), chap. 12.
33. Berdeen Frankel Meyer, "Case Summary and Closing Note," 2 October 1950, p. 8, in V. B. correspondence, TV-BNJ 1 notebook, Benjamin Collection.
34. Kinsey to Benjamin, 9 May 1953, Correspondence file: Harry Benjamin, KI.
35. See, e.g., Wardell B. Pomeroy, Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp. 386-87; Christine Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography (New York: Eriksson, 1967), pp. 221-23.
36. See, e.g., Wardell B. Pomeroy, Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp. 386-87; Christine Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography (New York: Eriksson, 1967), pp. 221-23.
37. Kinsey to Benjamin, 5 January 1955, Correspondence file: Harry Benjamin, KI.
38. Kinsey to Benjamin, 6 March 1956, ibid.
39. Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), p. 748; Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row and Paul B. Hoeber, 1964), p. 412.
40. Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), p. 748; Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row and Paul B. Hoeber, 1964), p. 412.
41. Conversation with Paul Gebhard, 23 October 1996, Bloomington, Ind.
42. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, Alfred C. Kinsey: Sex the Measure of All Things: A Biography (London: Chatto & Windus, 1998), p. 156.
43. Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), p. 618.
44. Ibid., p. 249.
45. Gathorne-Hardy, Kinsey (n. 33), p. 76.
46. See Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: Heinemann, c. 1906 [first German edition, 1903]); Gregorio Marañon, The Evolution of Sex and Intersexual Conditions (London: Allen & Unwin, 1932). On hormones and the theory of bisexuality, see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29. For American medical texts, see, e.g., Max Thorek, The Human Testis: Its Gross Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Pathology, with Particular Reference to Its Endocrinology (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1924), pp. 247, 254; Robert T. Frank, The Female Sex Hormone (Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1929), pp. 7, 8, 115; Hugh Hampton Young, Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism and Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1937), p. 35. For popular accounts, see the magazine Sexology.
47. See Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: Heinemann, c. 1906 [first German edition, 1903]); Gregorio Marañon, The Evolution of Sex and Intersexual Conditions (London: Allen & Unwin, 1932). On hormones and the theory of bisexuality, see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29. For American medical texts, see, e.g., Max Thorek, The Human Testis: Its Gross Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Pathology, with Particular Reference to Its Endocrinology (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1924), pp. 247, 254; Robert T. Frank, The Female Sex Hormone (Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1929), pp. 7, 8, 115; Hugh Hampton Young, Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism and Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1937), p. 35. For popular accounts, see the magazine Sexology.
48. See Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: Heinemann, c. 1906 [first German edition, 1903]); Gregorio Marañon, The Evolution of Sex and Intersexual Conditions (London: Allen & Unwin, 1932). On hormones and the theory of bisexuality, see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29. For American medical texts, see, e.g., Max Thorek, The Human Testis: Its Gross Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Pathology, with Particular Reference to Its Endocrinology (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1924), pp. 247, 254; Robert T. Frank, The Female Sex Hormone (Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1929), pp. 7, 8, 115; Hugh Hampton Young, Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism and Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1937), p. 35. For popular accounts, see the magazine Sexology.
49. See Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: Heinemann, c. 1906 [first German edition, 1903]); Gregorio Marañon, The Evolution of Sex and Intersexual Conditions (London: Allen & Unwin, 1932). On hormones and the theory of bisexuality, see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29. For American medical texts, see, e.g., Max Thorek, The Human Testis: Its Gross Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Pathology, with Particular Reference to Its Endocrinology (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1924), pp. 247, 254; Robert T. Frank, The Female Sex Hormone (Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1929), pp. 7, 8, 115; Hugh Hampton Young, Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism and Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1937), p. 35. For popular accounts, see the magazine Sexology.
50. See Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: Heinemann, c. 1906 [first German edition, 1903]); Gregorio Marañon, The Evolution of Sex and Intersexual Conditions (London: Allen & Unwin, 1932). On hormones and the theory of bisexuality, see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29. For American medical texts, see, e.g., Max Thorek, The Human Testis: Its Gross Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Pathology, with Particular Reference to Its Endocrinology (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1924), pp. 247, 254; Robert T. Frank, The Female Sex Hormone (Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1929), pp. 7, 8, 115; Hugh Hampton Young, Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism and Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1937), p. 35. For popular accounts, see the magazine Sexology.
51. See Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: Heinemann, c. 1906 [first German edition, 1903]); Gregorio Marañon, The Evolution of Sex and Intersexual Conditions (London: Allen & Unwin, 1932). On hormones and the theory of bisexuality, see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29. For American medical texts, see, e.g., Max Thorek, The Human Testis: Its Gross Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Pathology, with Particular Reference to Its Endocrinology (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1924), pp. 247, 254; Robert T. Frank, The Female Sex Hormone (Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1929), pp. 7, 8, 115; Hugh Hampton Young, Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism and Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1937), p. 35. For popular accounts, see the magazine Sexology.
52. See Otto Weininger, Sex and Character (London: Heinemann, c. 1906 [first German edition, 1903]); Gregorio Marañon, The Evolution of Sex and Intersexual Conditions (London: Allen & Unwin, 1932). On hormones and the theory of bisexuality, see Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body An Archeology of Sex Hormones (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 29. For American medical texts, see, e.g., Max Thorek, The Human Testis: Its Gross Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Pathology, with Particular Reference to Its Endocrinology (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1924), pp. 247, 254; Robert T. Frank, The Female Sex Hormone (Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1929), pp. 7, 8, 115; Hugh Hampton Young, Genital Abnormalities, Hermaphroditism and Related Adrenal Diseases (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1937), p. 35. For popular accounts, see the magazine Sexology.
53. See Magnus Hirschfeld, Transveslites: The Erotic Drive to Cross Dress (1910; repr., Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1991);
54. idem, "Die intersexuelle Konstitution," Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1923, 23: 9-26;
55. James D. Steakley, "Per Scientiam ad Justitiam: Magnus Hirschfeld and the Sexual Politics of Innate Homosexuality," in Science and Homosexualities, ed. Vernon A. Rosario (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 133-54, on p. 143.
56. See also Chandak Sengoopta, "Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-Siècle Central Europe," Isis, 1998, 89: 445-73.
57. Christian Hamburger, Georg K. Slūrup, and E. Dahl-Iversen, "Transvestism: Hormonal, Psychiatric, and Surgical Treatment," JAMA, 1953, 152: 391-96, on p. 392.
58. Christine Jorgensen Reveals, record album interview, c. 1957, available at KI.
59. Harry Benjamin to Christian Hamburger, 13 May 1953, in TRNSV notebook, Lawrence Collection.
60. Harry Benjamin, "Transvestism and Transsexualism," Intern. J. Sexol., 1953, 7: 12-14, on p. 12.
61. Freud wrote that "a certain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to the normal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatus of the other sex lacking" (Sigmund Freud, "Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex," in The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud, ed. A. A. Brill [New York: Modern Library, 1938], p. 558).
62. Sandor Rado, "A Critical Examination of the Concept of Bisexuality," in idem, Psychoanalysis of Behavior: Collected Papers (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1956), p. 145.
63. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (New York: Norton, 1945), pp. 344-45. See also Emil Gutheil, "Analysis of a Case of Transvestism," in Wilhelm Stekel, Sexual Aberrations: The Phenomena of Fetishism in Relation to Sex, 2 vols. (New York: Liveright, 1930), 2: 281-318.
64. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (New York: Norton, 1945), pp. 344-45. See also Emil Gutheil, "Analysis of a Case of Transvestism," in Wilhelm Stekel, Sexual Aberrations: The Phenomena of Fetishism in Relation to Sex, 2 vols. (New York: Liveright, 1930), 2: 281-318.
65. George H. Wiedeman, "Transvestism," JAMA, 1953, 152: 1167.
66. Emil A. Gutheil, "The Psychologic Background of Transsexualism and Transvestism," Amer. J. Psychother., 1954, 8: 231-39, on p. 233.
67. Wiedeman, "Transvestism" (n. 46), p. 1167.
68. Mortimer Ostow, "Transvestism," JAMA, 1953, 152: 1553. See also Karl M. Bowman and Bernice Engle, "Medicolegal Aspects of Transvestism," Amer. J. Psychiatry, 1957, 113: 583-88, on p. 586.
69. Mortimer Ostow, "Transvestism," JAMA, 1953, 152: 1553. See also Karl M. Bowman and Bernice Engle, "Medicolegal Aspects of Transvestism," Amer. J. Psychiatry, 1957, 113: 583-88, on p. 586.
70. Gutheil, "Psychologic Background" (n. 47), p. 238.
71. Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), p. 306.
72. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1948), pp. 658-59.
73. Pomeroy, Dr. Kinsey (n. 28), p. 68; Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), pp. 299-300, 426, 494-95, 524, 577.
74. Pomeroy, Dr. Kinsey (n. 28), p. 68; Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), pp. 299-300, 426, 494-95, 524, 577.
75. Kinsey to Lawrence, 10 October 1949, folder: Alfred C. Kinsey, Lawrence Collection.
76. Kinsey to Benjamin, 27 November 1953, Correspondence file: Harry Benjamin, KI.
77. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin, and Paul H. Gebhard, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1953), p. 643.
78. Ibid., p. 644.
79. Ibid., p. 712.
80. Ibid., p. 681.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. S. W. to Kinsey, 2 October 1945, TV-BNJ notebook, Benjamin Collection.
85. Meyer, "Case Summary" (n. 26), p. 8.
86. Ibid.
87. See, e.g., Pomeroy, Dr. Kinsey (n. 28), p. 77.
88. Meyer, "Case Summary" (n. 26), p. 8.
89. V. B. to Kinsey, 31 January 1950, in TV-BNJ1 notebook, Benjamin Collection.
90. See, e.g., Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), p. 622.
91. Kinsey to Benjamin, 5 January 1955, Correspondence file: Harry Benjamin, KI.
92. Jones, Kinsey (n. 17), p. 622.
93. Conversation with Paul Gebhard (n. 32).
94. Kinsey to S. W., 23 January 1953, Correspondence file: S. W., KI.
95. Kinsey to S. W., 13 September 1955, ibid.
96. See, e.g., Gerald N. Grob, "Psychiatry's Holy Grail: The Search for the Mechanisms of Mental Diseases," Bull. Hist. Med., 1998, 72: 189-219, on pp. 211-12.
97. For a summary of some of this literature, see John L. Hampson and Joan G. Hampson, "The Ontogenesis of Sexual Behavior in Man," in Sex and Internal Secretions, ed. William C. Young, A. Albert, and Edgar Allen, vol. 2, 3d ed. (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1961), pp. 1401-32.