Singapore's tourism industry How Its Strengths Offset Economic

Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 42-49

  Toh, Rex S ^a   Khan, Habibullah ^b   Lim, Karen ^c  

^a SEATTLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^c Singapore Economic Development Board   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035255732     PISSN: 00108804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0010880401421005     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. 1 A Bull, The Economics of Travel and Tourism (Australia Pitman Publishing, 1994)
2. 2 World Tourism Organization, Compendium of Tourism Statistics (Madrid WTO, 1999), p 209
3. 3 WTO, p 169
4. 4 H Khan, S Y Phang, and R S Toh, "Singapore's Hospitality Industry The Multiplier Effect," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol 36, No 1 (February 1995), pp 64-69 We applied the Leontief Inverse to the input-output tables of Singapore to calculate the Type II tourism-output multiplier (inclusive of direct, indirect, and induced effects) See WW Leontief, Input-Output Economics (New York Oxford University Press, 1966)
5. 5 Khan, Phang, and Toh
6. 6 H Khan, S Y Phang, and R.S Toh, "Tourism Growth in Singapore An Optimal Target," Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 23, No 1 (1996), pp 222-224
7. 7 M Wackernagel and W Rees, Our Ecological Footprints (Gabriola Islands New Society Publishers, 1996)
8. 8 www ecouncil ac cr/rio/focus/report/english/footprint/ranking.htm
9. 9 "Living Planet Report," Worldwide Fund for Nature (Gland WWF, 1999)
10. 10 R W Butler, "Tourism - An Evolutionary Perspective," in Tourism and Sustainable Development Monitoring, Planning, and Managing, ed G Nelson (Ontario University of Waterloo, 1993), pp 28-29
11. 11 R W Butler, "The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution Implications for Management of Resources," Canadian Geographer, Vol 24, No 1 (1980), pp 84-85
12. 12 For a case study of tourism's unintentional negative consequences, see Leo P Dana, "The Social Cost of Tourism A Case Study of los," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol 40, No 1 (August 1999), pp 60-63
13. 13 B Archer and C Cooper, "The Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism," in Global Tourism, ed WF Theobald (Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994), pp 84-85
14. 14 H Coccosis, "Tourism and Sustainability Perspectives and Implications," in Sustainable Tourism, eds G K Priestley, J A Edwards, and H Coccosis (United Kingdom Briddle Ltd, 1996), pp 3-7
15. 15 For example, see S Gregory and K Koithan-Louderback, "Marketing a Resort Community Estes Park at a Precipice," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol 38, No 6 (December 1997), pp 52-59
16. 16 G V Doxey, "A Causation Theory of Visitor-Resident Irritants Methodology and Research Influence," in The Impact of Tourism, Proceedings of the Travel Research Associates, Sixth Annual Conference, San Diego, 1975
17. 17 D Pearce, "Toward a Geography of Tourism," Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 6, No 3 (1979), pp 259-260
18. 18 P Murphy, "Hospitality and Authenticity Issues," in Tourism - A Community Approach, ed P Murphy (New York Methuen, Inc, 1985), pp 131-133
19. 19 D Greenwood, "Culture by the Pound An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commodification," in Hosts and Guests The Anthropology of Tourism, ed V Smith (Philadelphia The University of Philadelphia Press, 1989), pp 142-145
20. 20 R Burton, "Ecotours Operators' Responses to Growth," Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol 6, No 2 (1998), pp 142-145
21. 21 E Carter, "Ecotourism in the Third World - Problems and Prospects for Sustainability," in Ecotourism, ed E Carter and G Lowman (Chichester John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1994), pp 73-75
22. 22 See M E Wood, F Gatz, and K Lindberg, "The Ecotourism Society An Action Agenda," in Ecotourism and Resource Conservation, ed J Kusler (Madison, WI Omnipress, 1991), pp 75-79
23. 23 B McKercher, The Business of Nature-based Tourism (Victoria Hospitality Press, 1998)
24. st Century," Vol 37, No 5 (October 1996), pp 46-53
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30. 25 Note, too, that while there is a "Thailand in Miniature" and a "Malaysia in Miniature," there is no garish and tourist-oriented "Singapore in Miniature" The "in miniature" attractions might be described as a cross between Disneyland and Colonial Williamsburg, in the United States They are commercial attempts to portray specific cultures in a theme-park atmosphere Examples of exhibits and attractions include elephants at work lifting timber, sword fighting, Thai boxing, and traditional handicrafts
31. 26 That translates into a low Doxey's Irridex, somewhere near the apathy level See Doxey, op cit
32. 27 Sulphur-and nitrogen-dioxide are by-products of industrial processes and burning fuel for transportation
33. 28 Annual Statistical Reports (Singapore Pacific Travel Associates, 1996)
34. 29 See R S Toh, H Khan, and FT Ng, "Prospects for the Tourism and Hotel Industry in Singapore A Regression Model," Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol 38, No 5 (October 1997), pp 80-87
35. 30 H Khan, R S Toh, and K Fathima, "Asian Contagion Impact on Singapore Tourism," Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 28, No 1 (2000), pp 224-226
36. 31 2000 World Development Indicators (Washington, DC The World Bank, 2000)
37. 32 Ibid
38. 33 It is noteworthy that we had previously computed the trade-weighted exchange-rate elasticity of demand for tourism in Singapore to be -0 3023 That figure indicates that, as exchange rates turn against visitors, their spending power declines, leading to reduced tourist arrivals and, therefore, spending See Toh, Khan, and Ng, op cit