Non-neurological variables and mortality of acute stroke

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 55, Issue 9, 2001, Pages 619-626

  Sharma, J C ^a,b  

^a Kings Mill Centre ^*  (United Kingdom)

^b Mansfield Community Hospital   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; TROPONIN T;

ADULT; AGED; BRAIN INJURY; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCONTINENCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; MALE; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MORTALITY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; STROKE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTICOAGULANTS; APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; APOLIPOPROTEINS E; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; FECAL INCONTINENCE; FEVER; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION; PROGNOSIS; SEX FACTORS; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES; SMOKING; URINARY INCONTINENCE;

EID: 0035198925     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Warlow C. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancer 1991:337: 1521-1526.
2. Wardlaw JM, Lewis SC, Dennis MS. Is visible infarction on computerised tomography associated with and adverse prognosis in acute ischémie stroke? Stroke 1998; 29: 1313-1319.
3. Sharma JC, Fletcher S, Vassallo M, Ross I. Prognostic value of CT scan features in acute ischaemic stroke and relationship with clinical syndromes. Int J Clin Pract 2000; 54(8): 514-518.
4. Office of National Statistics. Series DH, 2 No. 24. Mortality statistics: causes, England and Wales 1997. London: HMSO, 1998.
5. Department of Health. Hospital episode statistics, vols 1 and 2, England: financial year 1994-95. Leeds; DoH, 1996.
6. Dennis MS, Brun JPS, Sandercock P et al. Long term survival after first ever stroke: the Oxfordshire Community stroke project. Stroke 1993; 24: 796-800.
7. NakayamaH.Jorgensen HS.Raaschou HO.OlsenTS.The influence of age on stroke outcome: the Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke 1994; 25: 808-813.
8. Lai SM, Alter M, Friday G, Sobel E. Prognosis of survival after an initial stroke. Stroke 1995; 26: 2011-2015.
9. Henon H, Godefroy O. Leys D et al. Early predictors of death and disability after acute cerebral ischémie event. Stroke 1995; 26: 392-398.
10. Sharma JC, Fletcher S, Vassallo M. Strokes in the elderly - higher acute and three month mortality: an explanation. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999; 9: 2-9.
11. Szczudlik A.Slowik A.Turaj W et al. Early predictors of thirty day mortality in supratentorial ischémie stroke patients: first episode. Med Sei Monit 2000; 6(1): 75-80.
12. Baptisla MV, van Meile G, Bogousslavsky J. Prediction of in-hospital mortality after first ever stroke: the Lausanne stroke registry. J Neurol Sei 1999; 166: 107-114.
13. Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Pracucci G et al. Stroke in the very old - clinical presentation and determinants of 3-month functional outcome: a European perspective. Stroke 1999; 30: 2313-2319.
14. Laurre V, von Kummer R, del Zoppo G, Bluhmki E. Hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischémie stroke. Potential contributing factors in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study. Stroke 1997; 28: 957-960.
15. Barker WH, Mullooly JP. Stroke in the defined elderly population, 1967-1985. Stroke 1997; 28: 284-290.
16. Arboix A.Oliveres M.Garcia-Eroles L et al. Acute cerebrovascular disease in women. Eur Neurol 2001 ; 45: 199-205.
17. Wannamethee SG. Perry IJ, Shaper AG. Nonfasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations and risk of stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 1103-1109.
18. Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT. Diabetes mellitus: an independent risk factor for stroke. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128: 116-123.
19. Jorgensen H, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Stroke in patients with diabetes: the Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke 1994; 25: 1977-1984.
20. Counsell C, McDowell M, Dennis M. Hyperglycaemia after acute stroke: other models find that hyperglycaemia is not an independent predictor. BMJ 1997;314: 81.
21. Jorgensen H, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Effect of blood pressure and diabetes on stroke in progression. Lancet 1994; 344: 156-159.
22. Kawai N, Keep RF, Betz L. Hyperglycemia and the vascular effects of cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1997; 28: 149-154.
23. de Falco FA, Sepe VO, Fucci G, Caruso G. Correlation between hyperglycaemia and cerebral infarct size in patients with stroke: a clinical and X-ray computed tomography study in 104 patients. Schweiz Arch Neurol Pxychiatr 1993; 144: 233-239.
24. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM et al. Prevalence of admission hyperglycaemia across clinical subtypes of acute stroke. Lancet 1999; 353: 376-377.
25. Woo E, Chan YW, Yu YL, Huang CY. Admission glucose level in relation to mortality and morbidity outcome in 252 patients. Stroke 1988; 19: 185-191.
26. Weir CJ, Murray CD, Dyker AG, Lees KR. Is hyperglycaemia an independent predictor of poor outcome after acute stroke? Results of a long term follow up study. BMJ 1996; 312: 1303-1306.
27. Mitchell A, Kirkpatrick P. Hyperglycaemia in acute stroke: may occur as a result of neuroendocrine response. BMJ 1997; 353: 810-811.
28. Woo E, Ma JTC, Robinson JD, Yu YL. Hyperglycemia is a stress response in acute stroke. Stroke 1988; 19: 1359-1364.
29. Slowik A, Zwolinska G, Tomik B el al. Prognostic significance of transient hyperglycaemia in acute phase of ischaemic stroke. Neurol Neurochir Pol 1998:32:317-329.
30. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM et al. Glucose potassium insulin infusion in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke 1999; 30: 793-799.
31. Arboix A, Massons J, Garcia-Eroles L et al. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality from acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1527-1532.
32. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P. Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: a meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke 2000; 31: 410-414.
33. Sharma JC, Ross IN. Antipyretic therapy in acute stroke. Lancet 1998; 352:740-741.
34. Mac-Walter R, McMahon A, Fraser H et al. Does body temperature on admission predict long term outcome after an acute stroke? Cerebrovasc Dis 1998; 8(suppl4): 11. Abstract.
35. Terent A, Andersson B. Prognosis for patients with cerebrovascular stroke and transient ischaemic attacks. Ups J Med Sei 1998; 86: 63-74.
36. Castillo J, Davlos A. Marrugat J, Noya M. Timing for fever-related brain damage in acute ischémie stroke. Stroke 1998; 29: 2455-2460.
37. Boysen G, Christensen H. Stroke severity determines body temperature in acute stroke. Stroke 2001 ; 32: 413-417.
38. Sharma JC, Fletcher S, Vassallo M, Ross I. What influences outcome of stroke: pyrexia or dysphagia? Int J Clin Pract 2001 ; 55(1): 17-20.
39. Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM et al. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet 1996:347:422-425.
40. SharmaJC. Stroke severity determines body temperature in acute stroke. Letter. Stroke 2001; 32(7): 1697.
41. Schwab S, Schwartz S, Spranger M et ul. Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 1998:29(12): 2461-2466.
42. De Keyser J. Antipyretics in acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1998; 352: 6-7.
43. Nakayama H, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM etal. Prevalence and risk factors of incontinence after stroke. The Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke 1997: 28: 58-62.
44. Barer DH. Continence after stroke: useful predictor or goal of therapy? Age Af-eing 1989: 188: 183-191.
45. Wade DT, Hewer RL. Outlook after an acute stroke: urinary incontinence and loss of consciousness compared in 532 patients. Q J Met! 1985; 56: 601-608.
46. Herzog AR, Diokno AC, Brown MB etal. Urinary incontinence as a factor for mortality. J Am Geriatr Sue 1994; 42: 264-268.
47. Borrie MJ. Campbell AJ. Caradoc-Davies TH et al. Urinary incontinence after stroke: a prospective study. Age Ageing 1986: 15: 177-181.
48. Jawad SH, Ward AB, Jones P. Study of relationship between premorbid urinary incontinence and stroke functional outcome. Clin Rehabil 1999; 13: 447-452.
49. Candelise L. Pinardi G. Morabito A, and the Italian Acute Stroke Study group. Mortality in acute stroke with atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1991; 22: 169-174.
50. Friedman P.I. Atrial fibrillation after stroke in the elderly. Stroke 1991: 22: 209-214.
51. Kaarisalo MM. Immonen-raiha P. Marttila RJ et al. Atrial fibrillation in older stroke patients: association with recurrence and mortality after first ischémie stroke. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997:45: 1297-1301.
52. Kaarisalo MM, Immonen-raiha P. Marttila RJ et al. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: mortality and causes of death after first acute ischémie stroke. Stroke 1997:28: 311-315.
53. Lamassa M. Di Carlo A. Praccuci G et al. Characteristics, outcome, and care of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation in Europe. Stroke 2001 ; 32: 392-398.
54. Arboix A. Garcia-Eroles L, Massons JB et al. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: clinical presentation of cardioembolic and atherothrombotie infarction, lut J Cardiol 2000; 73: 33-42.
55. Sharma JC. Fletcher S. Vassallo M, Ross I. Cardiovascular disease and outcome of acute stroke: influence of pre-existing cardiac failure. F.ur J Heart Fail 2000: 2(2): 145-150.
56. Jelinek MV, Ansari MZ. Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) as a cause of fatal stroke and all cause death. Aust NZ J Med 1998; 28: 799-804.
57. Andre C, Novis SA. Clinical factors adversely affecting early outcome after brain infarction. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1994: 52: 153-160.
58. Basile AM, Lamassa M, Di Carlo A et al. Stroke preceded by myocardial infarction has a worse prognosis despite the antithrombotic treatment prior to stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001 : lllsiippl 4): 7. Abstract.
59. Wallace JD. Levy LL. blood pressure after stroke. JAMA 1981: 246: 2177-2180.
60. Brott T, McCarthy P. Antihypertensive therapy in stroke. In: Fisher M. Ed. Medical therapy of acute stroke. New York: Mercel Dekker 1989: 117-141.
61. Carlberg B, Asplund K, Hagg E. The prognostic value of admission blood pressure in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 1993: 24: 1372-1375.
62. Terayama Y. Tanahashi N. Fukuuchi Y, Gotoch F. Prognostic value of admission blood pressure in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1997:28: 1185-1188.
63. Britton M. Carlsson A. Very high blood pressure in acute stroke, y Intern Med 1990:228: 611-615.
64. Dandapani BK, Suzuki S. Kelly RE et al. Relation between blood pressure and outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1995; 26: 21-24.
65. Dawson SL. Evans SN. Manktelow BN et al. Diurnal blood pressure change varies with stroke subtype in acute phase. Stroke 1998: 29: 1519-1524.
66. Mortis L, Schwartz RS, Poulos R, Howes LG. blood pressure change in acute cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. Stroke 1997; 28: 1401-1405.
67. Robinson T, Waddington A, Ward-Close A et al. The predictive role of 24-hour compared to casual blood pressure levels on outcome following acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997; 7: 264-272.
68. Signorini DF. Sandercock PAG, Warlow CP. Systolic blood pressure on randomisation and outcome in the international stroke trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999; 9(suppl 1): 34. Abstract.
69. M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR. Longo-Mbenza B, Tambwe MJ et al. i shaped relation between mortality and admission blood pressure in black patients with acute stroke. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 1863-1868.
70. Castillo J, Davalos R, Leira J et al. Influence of blood pressure in the acute phase ischémie stroke on brain injury and stroke outcome. Cerehmvasc Dis 2001; ll(suppl 4): 7. Abstract.
71. Mac-waiter R, Wong SYS. Castillon A el ill. Is there a relationship between renal function and survival after acute stroke? Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; Il(suppl4): 6. Abstract.
72. Bornstein NH, Karepov VG. Aronovich BD et al. Failure of aspirin treatment after stroke. Stroke 1994; 25: 275-277.
73. Jorgensen HS, Reith J. Nakayama H et al. What determines good recovery in patients with the most severe strokes. Stroke 1999; 30: 2008-2012.
74. Moncayo J. de Freitas GR, Bogousslavsky J et al. Do transient ischémie attacks have a neuroprotective effect? Neurology 2000; 54: 2089-2094.
75. Longstreth WT Jr. Bernick C. Fitzpatrick A et al. Frequency and predictors of stroke death in 5888 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology 2001; 56: 368-375.
76. Baptista MV, van Meile G. Bogousslavsky J. Death from ischémie stroke in the anterior circulation: the contralateral carotid matters. F.nr Neural 1999:41(1): 15-19.
77. Joynt RJ. Fiebel JH. Sladek CM. Antidiurctic hormone levels in stroke patients. Ann Neural 1980; 9: 182-184.
78. Miller PD. Kerbs RA. Neal BJ. Melntyre DO. Hypodipsia in geriatric patients. Am J Med 1982; 73: 344-346.
79. O'Neill PA, Davies I, Fullerton KJ. Bennet D. Fluid balance in elderly patients following acute stroke. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 280-285.
80. Bhalla A, Sankaralingam S. Dundas R el aJ. Influence of raised plasma osmolality on clinical outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 2000: 31: 2043-2048.
81. Grau AJ. Buggle F, Heindl S et al. Recent infection as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia. Stroke 1995: 26: 373-379.
82. Grau AJ. Buggle F, Zicgler C et ill. Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 1997: 28: 1724-1729.
83. Grau AJ, Buggle F. Steichen-Wiehn C. Clinical and biochemical analysis in infection-associated stroke. Stroke 1995; 26: 1520-1526.
84. Cermak J, Key NS, Bach RR et al. C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monoeytes to synthesise tissue factor. Blood 1993: 83: 513-520.
85. Muir KW, Weir CJ, Alwan W et al. C-reaetive protein and outcome after ischémie stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 981-985.
86. Di Napoli M. Francesca P, Bocola V. C-reactive protein in ischémie stroke: an independent prognostic factor. Stroke 2001: 32: 917-924.
87. Di Napoli M. Francesca P, Boeola V. Prognostic influence of increased C-reactive protein and fibrogen in ischémie stroke. Stroke 2001; 32(1): 133-138.
88. Tracy RP. Inflammation in cardiovascular disease: cart, horse, or both? Circulation 1998; 97: 2000-2002.
89. Czlonkowska A, Ryglewicz D, Lechowicz W. Basic analytical parameters as the predictive factors for 30-day case fatality rate in stroke. Ada Neural Scand 1997:95: 121-124.
90. Mcarron MO, Muir KW, Weir CJ et al. The Apolipoprotein K epsilon4 allele and outcome in cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1998: 29: 1882-1887.
91. James P, Ellis CJ. Whitlock RM et al. Relation between troponin T concentration and mortality in patients presenting with acute stroke: observational study. BMJ 2000; 320: 1502-1504.
92. Iso H, Jacobs DR. Wentworth D et al. for the MRFIT research group. Serum cholesterol levels and six year mortality in 350.997 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 904-910.
93. Vauthey C. de Friestas GR, van Meile G et al. Better outcome after stroke with higher cholesterol levels. Neurology 2000: 54: 1944-1949.
94. Alexander GD, Weir CJ, Lees KR. Influence of cholesterol on survival after stroke: retrospective study. BMJ 1997; 314: 1584-1588.
95. Paciarone M. Arnold P, van Meile G. Bogousslavasky J. Severe disability at hospital discharge in ischémie stroke survivors. Eur Neitrol 2000; 43(1): 30-34.
96. Sandercock P. Stalins for stroke prevention? Lancet 2001: 357: 1548-1549.
97. Azzimondi G, Nonino F, Fiorani L et al. Incidence of stroke among inpatients in a large Italian hospital. Stroke 1994; 25: 1752-1754.
98. Andre C., Novis SA. Clinical factors adversely affecting early outcome after brain infarction. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1994; 52: 153-160.
99. Nabil A, McDonald K, Leathley M et al. Retrospective case not review of acute and inpatient stroke outcomes. BMJ 2000; 320: 1511-1512.
100. Bassetti C, Aldrich MS, Chevrin RD, Quint D. Sleep apnea in patients with transient ischémie attack and stroke: a prospective study of 59 patients. Neurology 1996; 47: 1167-1173.
101. Dyken ME, Somers VK, Yamada T et al. Investigating relationship between stroke and obstructive apnea. Stroke 1996; 27: 401-407.
102. Mohesin V. Sleep-related breathing disorders and risk of stroke. Stroke 2001; 32: 1271.
103. Good DC, Henkle JQ, Gelber D. Sleep disordered breathing and poor outcome after stroke. Stroke 1996; 27: 252-259.
104. Williams AJ, Yu G, Santiago S, Stein M. Screening for sleep apnea using pulse oximetry and a clinical score. Chest 1991; 100: 631-635.
105. Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration Group. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994; 308: 81-106.
106. Sivenius J, Cunha L, Diener HC et al. Antiplatelet treatment does not reduce the severity of subsequent stroke. Neurology 1999; 53: 825-829.
107. Kalra L, Perez I, Smithard DG. Sulch D. Does prior use of aspirin affect outcome in ischémie stroke? Am J Med 2000; 108: 205-209.
108. Sharma JC, Fletcher S. Vassallo M. Ross IN. Prior aspirin therapy, preexisting cardiovascular factors and outcome of subsequent stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; llfsuppl 4): 36. Abstract.
109. Niklas Jonsson MS, Asplund K. Does pretreatment with statins improve clinical outcome after stroke? Stroke 2001; 32: 1112.
110. Davalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix el al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke 1996; 27: 1028-1032.
111. Gariballa SE, Parker SG, Taub N, Castleden CM. Influence of nutritional status on clinical outcome after acute stroke. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 275-281.
112. Unosson M. Ek AC, Bjurulf P et al. Feeding dependence and nutritional status after acute stroke. Stroke 1994; 25: 366-371.
113. Bhalla A, Wolfe CDA, Rudd AG. Management of acute physiological parameters after stroke. Q J Med 2001; 94: 167-172.
114. Indredavik B, Bakke RPT, Slordahl SA et al. Treatment in a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit: which aspects are most important? Stroke 1999; 30: 917-923.
115. Vemmos K.Takis Kmadelos D. Stroke unit treatment versus general medical wards: long term survival. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001 ; ll(suppl 4): 8. Abstr.
116. Hacke W, Kaste M.OlsenTS et al. Acute treatment of ischémie stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000; 10(suppl 3): 22-33.