Observations of reactive oxidized nitrogen and spéciation of NOy, during the PROPHET summer 1998 intensive

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 106, Issue D20, 2001, Pages 24359-24386

  Thomberry, Troy ^a,b   Carroll, Mary Anne ^a   Keeler, Gerald J ^a   Sillman, Sanford ^a   Bertman, Steven B ^c   Pippin, Margaret R ^c   Ostling, Kristi ^c   Grossenbacher, John W ^d   Shepson, Paul B ^d,e   Cooper, Owen R ^f   Moody, Jennie L ^f   Stockwell, William R ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^g DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035193920     PISSN: 2169897X     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD900238     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Ammann, M., M. Kalberer, D. T. Jost, L. Tobler, E. Rössler, D. Piquet, H. W. Gäggeler, and U. Baltensperger, Heterogeneous production of nitrous acid on soot in polluted air masses, Nature, 395, 157-160, 1998.
2. Andres-Hernandez, M. D., J. Notholt, J. Hjorth, and O. Schrems, A DOAS study on the origin of nitrous acid at urban and non-urban Sites, Atmos. Environ., 30, 175-180, 1996.
3. Aneja, V. P., D.-S. Kim, M. Das, and B. E. Hartsell, Measurements and analysis of reactive nitrogen species in the rural troposphere of the southeast United States: Southern Oxidant Study site SONIA, Atmos. Environ., 30, 649-659, 1996.
4. Atkinson, R., Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 1-216, 1994.
5. y species during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment, J Geophys. Res., 97, 10, 449-10, 462, 1992.
6. 2 + soot reaction in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1729-1736, 1999.
7. Bakwin, P. S., et al., Reactive nitrogen oxides and ozone above a taiga woodland, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1927-1936, 1994.
8. Berkowitz, C. M., J. D. Fast, S. R. Springston, R. J. Larsen, C. W. Spicer, P. V. Doskey, J. M. Jubbe, and R. Plastridge, Formation mechanisms and chemical characteristics of elevated photochemical layers over the northeast United States, J Geophys. Res., 103, 10, 631-10, 647, 1998.
9. Bollinger, M. J., Chemiluminescence measurements of oxides of nitrogen in the clean troposphere and atmospheric chemistry implications, Ph. D. thesis, Chem. Dept., Univ. of Colo., Boulder, 1982.
10. Bollinger, M. J., R. E. Sievers, D. W. Fahey, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, Conversion of nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, and n-propyl nitrate to nitric oxide by gold catalyzed reduction with carbon monoxide, Anal. Chem., 55, 1980-1986, 1983.
11. Bradshaw, J., S. Sandholm, and R. Talbot, An update on reactive odd-nitrogen measurements made during recent NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment programs, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19, 129-19, 148, 1998.
12. Buhr, M. P., D. D. Parrish, R. B. Norton, F. C. Fehsenfeld, and R. E. Sievers, Contribution of organic nitrates to the total reactive nitrogen budget at a rural eastern U. S. site, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9809-9816, 1990.
13. Calvert J. G., A. Lazrus, G. L. Kok, B. G. Heikes, J. G. Walega, J. Lind, and C. A. Cantrell, Chemical mechanisms of acid generation in the troposphere, Nature, 317, 27-35, 1985.
14. x in the non-urban troposphere, in Progress and Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry, pp. 198-255, edited by J. R. Barker, World Sci., River Edge, N. J., 1995.
15. Carroll, M. A., M. McFarland, B. A. Ridley, and D. L. Albntton, Ground-based nitric oxide measurements at Wallops Island, Virginia, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12, 853-12, 860, 1985.
16. Carroll, M. A., P. B. Shepson, and S. B. Bertman, Overview of the Program for Reserach on Oxidants: Photochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) summer 1998 intensive, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
17. Chameides, W. L., The photochemical role of tropospheric nitrogen oxides, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 17-20, 1978.
18. Chen, X., D. G. Hulbert, and P. B. Shepson, Measurements of the organic nitrate yield from OH reaction with isoprene, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25, 563-25, 568, 1998.
19. Cooper, O. R., J. L. Moody, T. Thomberry, M. Town, and M. A. Carroll, PROPHET 1998 meteorological overview and air mass classification, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
20. 2 in the chemistry of the troposphere and stratosphere, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 7, 443-472, 1979.
21. Crutzen, P. J., Ozone in the troposphere, in Composition, Chemistry, and Climate of the Atmosphere, pp. 349-393, edited by H. B. Singh, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1995.
22. 3, and OH, J Geophys. Res., 98, 7149-7163, 1993.
23. Dye, T. S., P. T. Roberts, and M. E. Korc, Observations of transport processes for ozone and ozone precursors during the 1991 Lake Michigan Ozone Study, J. Appl., Meteorol., 34, 1877-1889, 1995.
24. Elder, F. C., Acid deposition-Acidification of the environment, ACSSymp. Ser., 483, 36-63, 1992.
25. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Vol. I and II, EPA-454/R93-021a, b, Research Triangle Park, N. C., 1993.
26. y in the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 3, 435-468, 1985.
27. y.) at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9781-9793, 1986.
28. Faloona, I., et al., Nighttime observations of anomalously high levels of hydroxyl radicals above a deciduous forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
29. 2 measurement techniques, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3579-3597, 1990.
30. Geron, C. D., A. B. Guenther, and T. E. Pierce. An improved model for estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds from forests in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12, 773-12, 791, 1994.
31. Gregory, G. L., et al., An intercomparison of airborne nitrogen dioxide instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10, 103-10, 128, 1990.
32. Gregory, G. L., J. M. Hoell Jr., A. L. Torres, M. A. Carroll, B. A. Ridley, M. O. Rodgers, J. Bradshaw, S. Sandholm, and D. D. Davis, An intercomparison of airborne nitric oxide instruments: A second opportunity, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10, 129-10, 138, 1990.
33. Grossenbacher, J. W., et al., Measurements of isoprene nitrates above a forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
34. Hamm, S., G. Helas, and P. Wameck, Acetonitrile in the air over Europe, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 483-486, 1989.
35. Hanna, S. R. and J. C. Chang, Relations between meteorology and ozone in the Lake Michigan region, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 670-678, 1995.
36. Harrison, R. M., and A.-M. N. Kitto, Evidence for a surface source of atmospheric nitrous acid, Atmos. Environ., 28 A, 1089-1094, 1994.
37. Harrison, R. M., J. D. Peak, and G. M. Collins, Tropospheric cycle of nitrous acid, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14, 429-14, 439, 1996.
38. y species measured at a coastal site, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4255-4272, 1999.
39. 3 chemistry in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 883-895, 1983.
40. Hoell, J. M., Jr., G. L. Gregory, D. S. McDougal, M. A. Carroll, M. McFarland, B. A. Ridley, D. D. Davis, J. Bradshaw, M. O. Rodgers, and A. L. Torres, An intercomparison of nitric oxide measurement techniques, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12, 843-12, 851, 1985.
41. x production within or upon ice particles in the Greenland snowpack, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 695-698, 1999.
42. Hurst, J. M., et al., Investigation of the nighttime decay of isoprene, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
43. Irving, P. M. (Ed.), Acidic Deposition: State of the Science and Technology, 265 pp., Natl. Acid Precip. Assess. Program, Washington, D. C., 1991.
44. Isebrands, J. G., A. B. Guenther, P. Harley, D. Helmig, L. Klinger, L. Vierling, P. Zimmerman, and C. Geron, Volatile organic compound emission rates from mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in northern Wisconsin, USA, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2527-2536, 1999
45. Jacob, D. J., J. A. Logan, G. M. Gardner, R. M. Yevich, C. M. Spivakovsky, and S. C. Wofsy, Factors regulating ozone over the United States and its export to the global atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14, 817-14, 826, 1993.
46. Kalberer, M., M. Ammann, F. Ahrens, H. W. Gäggeler, and U. Baltensperger, Heterogeneous formation of nitrous acid (HONO) on soot aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13, 825-13, 832, 1999.
47. Keeler, G. J., J. D. Spengler, and R. A. Castillo, Acid aerosol measurements at a suburban Connecticut site, Atmos. Environ., 25 A (3/4), 681-690, 1991.
48. Kitto A.-M. N., and R. M. Harrison, Nitrous acid and nitric acid measurements at sites in South-East England, Atmos. Environ., 26 A, 235-241, 1992.
49. 2, Atmos. Technol., 12, 63-69, 1980.
50. y, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10, 759-10, 776, 1997.
51. Koutrakis, P., J. M. Wolfson, J. L. Slater, M. Brauer, J. D. Spengler, R. K. Stevens, and C. L. Stone, Evaluation of an annular denuder/filter pack system to collect acidic aerosols and gases, Environ. Sci. Technol., 22, 1463-1468, 1988.
52. Lamb, B. K., H. Westberg, A. J. Hills, and C. Vogel, Measurement and modeling of isoprene emissions at the PROPHET site, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46), Fall Meet. Suppl. A31C07, 1999.
53. Lammel, G., and J. N. Cape, Nitrous acid and nitrite in the atmosphere, Chem. Soc. Rev., 25, 361-369, 1996.
54. Lary, D. J., D. E. Shallcross, and R. Toumi, Carbonaceous aerosols and their potential role in atmospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15, 929-15, 940, 1999.
55. Lelieveld, J., and F. J. Dentener, What controls tropospheric ozone?, J Geophys. Res., 105, 3531-3551, 2000.
56. Levy, H. II, P. S. Kasibhatla, W. J. Moxim, A. A. Klonecki, A. I. Hirsch, S. J. Oltmans, and W. L. Chameides, The global impact of human activity on tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 791-794, 1997.
57. x: Its evaluation, global distribution, and individual source contributions, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26, 279-26, 306, 1999.
58. Liang, J., L. W. Horowitz, D. J. Jacob, Y. Wang, A. M. Fiore, J. A. Logan, G. M. Gardner, and J. W. Munger, Seasonal budgets of reactive nitrogen species and ozone over the United States, and export fluxes to the global atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13, 435-13, 450, 1998.
59. Liu, S. C., M. Trainer, F. C. Fehsenfeld, D. D. Parrish, E. J. Williams, D. W. Fahey, G. Hiibler, and P. C. Murphy, Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4191-4207, 1987.
60. 2, J Geophys. Res., 104, 13, 833-13, 840, 1999.
61. Lyons, W. A., Turbulent diffusion and pollutant transport in shoreline environments, in Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental impact Analysis, pp. 136-208, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1975.
62. Marenco, A., H. Gouget, P. Nedelec, J. P. Pages, and F. Karcher, Evidence of a long-term increase in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series: Consequences, positive radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16, 617-16, 632, 1994.
63. Moody J. L., J. W. Munger, A. H. Goldstein, D. J. Jacob, and S. C. Wofsy, Harvard Forest regional-scale air mass composition by Patterns in Atmospheric Transport History (PATH), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13, 181-13, 194, 1998.
64. Muugel, J. W., S. C. Wofsy, P. S. Bakwin, S. Far., M. L. Goulden, B. C. Daube, A. H. Goldstein, K. E. Moore, and D. R. Fitzjarrald, Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen oxides and ozone in a temperate deciduous forest and a subarctic woodland, 1, Measurements and mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12, 639-12, 657, 1996.
65. National Research Council (NRC), Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution, Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D. C., 1991.
66. 2, Atmos. Environ., 26 A, 211-217, 1992.
67. x-rich forest environment in the southeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22, 463-22, 471, 1998.
68. O'Brien, J. M., P. B. Shepson, K. Muthramu, C. Hao, H. Niki, D. R. Hastie, R. Taylor, and P. B. Roussel, Measurements of alkyl and multifunctional organic nitrates at a rural site in Ontario, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22, 795-22, 804, 1995.
69. O'Brien, J. M., P. B. Shepson, T. Biesenthal, Q. Wu, J. W. Bottenheim, H. A. Wiebe, K. G. Anlauf, and P. Brickell, Production and distribution of organic nitrates and their relationship to carbonyl compounds in an urban environment, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2059-2069, 1997.
70. y relationships at a rural site, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14, 557-14, 563, 1994.
71. Ostling, K., B. Kelly, S. Bird, S. Bertman, M. Pippin, T. Thomberry, and M. A. Carroll, Fast-turnaround alkyl nitrate measurements during the PROPHET summer 1998 intensive, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
72. Parrish, D. D., et al., The total reactive oxidized nitrogen levels and the partitioning between the individual species at six rural sites in eastern North America, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2927-2939, 1993.
73. Pippin, M., S. B. Bertman, T. Thomberry, M. Town, M. A. Carroll, and S. Sillman, Seasonal variations of PAN, PPN, and 03 at the upper Midwest PROPHET site, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
74. Ridley, B. A. and L. C. Howlett, An instrument for nitric oxide measurements in the stratosphere, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 45, 742-746, 1974.
75. Ridley, B. A., M. A. Carroll, and G. L. Gregory, Measurements of nitric oxide in the boundary layer and free troposphere over the Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2025-2047, 1987.
76. x made during the NASA GTE/CITE 1 aircraft program, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15, 803-15, 811, 1988a.
77. 2 in the troposphere: technique and measurements in regions of a folded tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15, 813-15, 830, 1988b.
78. y) in the atmosphere, in Composition, Chemistry, and Climate of the Atmosphere, pp. 176-215, edited by H. B. Singh, Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, 1995.
79. y species from the marine boundary layer over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. ties., 101, 28, 947-28, 960, 1996.
80. Sakamaki, F., and H. Akimoto, HONO formation as unknown radical source in photochemical smog chamber. Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 20, 111-116, 1988.
81. Schneider, J., V. Bürger, and F. Arnold, Methyl cyanide and hydrogen cyanide measurements in the lower stratosphere: Implications for methyl cyanide sources and sinks, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25, 501-25, 506, 1997.
82. 3 at urban and rural sites in Ontario, Atmos. Environ., 26 A, 1259-1270, 1992.
83. Sillman, S., J. A. Logan, and S. C. Wofsy, The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1837-1851, 1990.
84. Sillman, S., P. J. Samson, and J. M. Masters, Ozone production in urban plumes transported over water: Photochemical model and case studies in the northeastern and Midwestern United States, J Geophys. Res., 98, 12, 687-12, 699, 1993.
85. Sumner, A. L., et al., A study of the formaldehyde budget above a forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
86. x budgets in a deciduous forest: Results from the PROPHET summer 1998 campaign, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
87. Townsend, A. R., B. H. Braswell, E. A. Holland, and J. E. Penner, Spatial and temporal patterns in terrestrial carboh storage due to deposition of fossil fuel nitrogen, Ecol. Appl., 6, 806-814, 1996.
88. Trainer, M., et al., Observations and modeling of the reactive nitrogen photochemistry at a rural site, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3045-3063, 1991.
89. y in photochemically aged air, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2917-2925, 1993.
90. Volz, A., and D. Kley, Evaluation of the Montsouris series of ozone measurements made in the nineteenth century, Nature, 332, 240-242, 1988.
91. y) at Sable Island, Nova Scotia, during the NARE 1993 summer intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28, 991-29, 004, 1996.
92. Wang, Y. H., and D. J. Jacob, Anthropogenic forcing on tropospheric ozone and OH since preindustrial times, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31, 123-31, 135, 1998.
93. Watson, R. T., H. Rodhe, H. Oeschger, and U. Siegenthaler, Greenhouse gases and aerosols, in Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, pp. 1-40, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1990.
94. Williams, E. J., J. M. Roberts, K. Baumann, S. B. Bertman, S. Buhr, R. B. Norton, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, Variations in NO, composition at Idaho Hill, Colorado, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6297-6314, 1997.
95. Williams, E. J., et al., Intercomparison of ground-based NOv measurement techniques, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22, 261-22, 280, 1998.