Therapeutic options for the management of patients with cardiac syndrome X

European Heart Journal

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 283-293

  Kaski, Juan Carlos ^a   Valenzuela Garcia, L F ^a  

^a ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Angina; Chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms; Syndrome X

Indexed keywords

ACEBUTOLOL; ADENOSINE; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMINOPHYLLINE; AMLODIPINE; ATENOLOL; BAMIFYLLINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CILAZAPRIL; CLONIDINE; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DOXAZOSIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; IMIPRAMINE; ISOSORBIDE 5 NITRATE; ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; LIDOFLAZINE; NICORANDIL; NITRATE; PRAZOSIN; PROPRANOLOL; TRIMETAZIDINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; EXERCISE TEST; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; INTRACORONARY INFUSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION; SYNDROME X; THORAX PAIN; TRANSCUTANEOUS NERVE STIMULATION;

ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; AMINOPHYLLINE; ANALGESICS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; IMIPRAMINE; MICROVASCULAR ANGINA; NICORANDIL; NITRATES; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 0034944808     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/euhj.2000.2152     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Chest pain with normal coronary angiogram; pathogenesis, diagnosis and management
2. Angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. Clinical presentation and hemodynamic characteristics
3. 'Microvascular angina' as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries
4. Failure to demonstrate myocardial ischaemia in patients with angina and normal coronary arteries. Evaluation by continuous coronary sinus pH monitoring and lactate metabolism
5. Cardiac syndrome X: Clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. Long-term follow-up study
6. The anginal syndrome associated with normal coronary angiograms
7. Assessment of quality of life in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (syndrome X) using a specific questionnaire
8. Paradox of nitrates in patients with angina pectoris and angiographically normal coronary arteries
9. Paradoxical effect of intracoronary nitrates on coronary blood flow in patients with syndrome X
10. Usefulness of changes in exercise tolerance induced by nitroglycerin in identifying patients with syndrome X
11. Acute effects of nitrates on exercise testing in patients with syndrome X
12. Efficacy of calcium channel blocker therapy for angina pectoris resulting from small-vessel coronary artery disease and abnormal vasodilator reserve
13. Comparison of verapamil versus propranolol therapy in Syndrome X
14. Comparison of coronary vasomotor responses to nifedipine in Syndrome X and in Prinzmetal's angina pectoris
15. Acute coronary vasomotor effects of nifedipine and therapeutic correlates in syndrome X
16. Effect of diltiazem on coronary flow reserve in patients with microvascular angina
17. Beneficial and detrimental effects of lidoflazine in microvascular angina
18. Coronary microvascular response to intracoronary administration of nicorandil
19. Effect of nicorandil on abnormal coronary flow reserve assessed by exercise 201TI scintigraphy in patients with angina pectoris and nearly normal coronary angiograms
20. Effect of short-term treatment of nicorandil on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and abnormal cardiac autonomic activity in microvascular angina
21. The effect of trimetazidine in the treatment of microvascular angina
22. Effect of atenolol on QT interval and dispersion in patients with Syndrome X
23. Impaired left ventricular filling dynamics in patients with angina and angiografically normal coronary arteries: Effect of B adrenergic blockade
24. Verapamil versus acebutolol for syndrome X
25. Atenolol versus amlodipine versus isosorbide-5-mononitrate on anginal symptoms in syndrome X
26. Lack of evidence for alpha-adrenergic receptor mediated mechanisms in the genesis of ischemia in syndrome X
27. Adrenergically mediated coronary vasoconstriction in patients with syndrome X
28. Effects of doxazosin on exercise-induced angina pectoris, ST-segment depression and insulin sensitivity in patients with Syndrome X
29. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms
30. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves improve endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease: The TREND study
31. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease
32. Converting enzyme inhibitor improves forearm reactive hyperaemia in essential hypertension
33. Peptidergic control of cardiovascular function: The angiotensin paradigm
34. ACE inhibition attenuates sympathetic coronary vasoconstriction in patients with coronary artery disease
35. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on exercise-induced angina and ST segment depression in patients with microvascular angina
36. Therapeutic benefits of cilazapril in patients with syndrome X
37. Antianginal and anti-ischemic effects of nisoldipine and ramipril in patients with syndrome X
38. Mechanisms of angina pectoris in syndrome X
39. Low threshold for adenosine induced chest pain in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiogram
40. Exercise capacity after acute aminophylline administration in angina pectoris
41. Comparative effects of theophylline and isosorbide dinitrate on exercise capacity in stable angina pectoris, and their mechanism of action
42. Improved exercise capacity with acute aminophylline administration in patients with syndrome X
43. Effects of short term aminophylline administration on cardiac functional reserve in patients with syndrome X
44. Effects of oral aminophylline in patients with angina and normal coronary arteriograms
45. Abnormal cardiac pain perception in syndrome X
46. Effects of bamiphylline on exercise testing in patients with syndrome X
47. Different effects of acute administration of aminophylline and nitroglycerin on exercise capacity in patients with syndrome X
48. The use of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic pain
49. Low dose imipramine improves chest pain but not quality of life in patients with angina and normal coronary angiograms
50. Pain mechanisms: A new theory
51. TENS in angina pectoris
52. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on coronary blood flow
53. The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on coronary and systemic haemodynamics in syndrome X
54. Spinal cord stimulation in angina pectoris with normal coronary angiograms
55. Syndrome X in women is associated with oestrogen deficiency
56. Absence of sustained reflex vasoconstriction in women with menopausal flushes
57. Angina and normal coronary arteries in women: Gynecologic findings
58. Short-term effect of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on coronary vascular reactivity in postmenopausal women with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms
59. Beneficial effect of treatment with transdermal estradiol-17B on exercise-induced angina and ST segment depression in syndrome X
60. 17 B-estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X
61. Chest pain and normal coronary arteries: Psychological aspects
62. Psychological treatment for atypical non-cardiac chest pain: A controlled evaluation
63. A controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for non-cardiac chest pain
64. Cognitive behavioural therapy for non-cardiac chest pain: A randomized trial
65. Group psychological treatment for chest pain with normal coronary arteries: A controlled trial
66. Effect of omeprazole in patients with chest pain and normal coronary anatomy: Initial experience