Speed modulation in swimming frogs

Journal of Motor Behavior

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 265-272

  Nauwelaerts, Sandra ^a   Aerts, Peter ^a   D'Août, Kristiaan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Anura; Frogs; Locomotion; Spatiotemporal variables; Speed modulation

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; FROG; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR CONTROL; NONHUMAN; SWIMMING; VELOCITY;

EID: 0034903359     PISSN: 00222895     EISSN: 19401027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00222890109601912     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Alexander, R. M. (1992a). Exploring biomechanics. Animals in motion. New York: Scientific American Library.
2. Alexander, R. M. (1992b). Human locomotion. In S. Jones, R. Martin, & D. Pilbeam (Eds.), The Cambridge encyclopaedia of human evolution (pp. 80-85). London: Chapman and Hall.
3. Alexander, R. M. (1992c). A model of bipedal locomotion on compliant legs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 338, 189-198.
4. Bainbridge, R. (1958). The speed of swimming of fish as related to size and to frequency and amplitude of the tail beat. Journal of Experimental Biology, 35, 109-133.
5. Biewener, A. A., & Full, R. J. (1992). Force platform and kinematic analysis. In A. A. Biewener (Ed.), Biomechanics. Structure and systems. A practical approach (pp. 45-74). Oxford: IRL Press.
6. Calow, L. J., & Alexander R. M. (1973). A mechanical analysis of the hindleg of a frog (Rana temporaria). Journal of Zoology, London, 171, 293-321.
7. Cavagna, G. A., Franzetti, P., Heglund, N. C., & Willems, P. (1988). The determinants of the step frequency in running, trotting and hopping in man and other vertebrates. Journal of Physiology, 399, 81-92.
8. D'Aoüt, K., & Aerts, P. (1997). Kinematics and efficiency of steady swimming in adult axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). Journal of Experimental Biology, 200, 1863-1871.
9. D'Aoüt, K., & Aerts, P. (1999). The kinematics of voluntary steady swimming of hatchling and adult axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw, 1789). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 129, 305-316.
10. Daniel, T. L. (1984). Unsteady aspects of aquatic locomotion. American Zoology, 24, 121-134.
11. Diedrich, F. J., & Warren W. H., Jr. (1995). Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk-run transition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 183-202.
12. Diedrich, F. J., & Warren W. H., Jr. (1998a). Dynamics of gait transitions. In D. A. Rosenbaum & C. E. Collyer (Eds.), Timing of behavior. Neural psychological and computational perspectives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13. Diedrich, F. J., & Warren W. H., Jr. (1998b). The dynamics of gait transitions: Effects of grade and load. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30, 60-78.
14. Farley, C. T., & Ferris D. P. (1998). Biomechanics of walking and running: Center of mass movements to muscle action. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 26, 253-285.
15. Farley, C. T., Glasheen, J., & McMahon T. A. (1993). Running springs: Speed and animal size. Journal of Experimental Biology, 185, 71-86.
16. Farley, C. T., & Gonzalez, O. (1996). Leg stiffness and stride frequency in human running. Journal of Biomechanics, 29, 181-186.
17. Fish, F. E. (1998). Formation swimming in ducklings. In L. Mad-dock, Q. Bone, & J. M. V. Rayner (Eds.), Mechanics and physiology of animal swimming (pp. 193-204). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Full, R. J., & Kubow, T. (1998). The role of the mechanical system in control. In A. Wisser & W. Nachtigall (Eds.), Biona report 13: Motion systems (pp. 215-216). Jena: Gustav Fisher Verlag.
19. Gal, J. M., & Blake, R. W. (1988). Biomechanics of frogs swimming. II. Mechanics of the limb-beat cycle in Hymenochirus boettgeri. Journal of Experimental Biology, 138, 413-429.
20. Gatesy, S. M., & Biewener, A. A. (1991). Bipedal locomotion: Effects of speed, size and limb posture in birds and humans. Journal of Zoology, 224, 127-147.
21. Jenkins, F. A., & Shubin, N. H. (1998). Prosalirus bitis and the anuran caudopelvis mechanism. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 495-510.
22. Kamel, L. T., Peters, S. E., & Bashor, D. P. (1996). Hopping and swimming in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens: II. A comparison of muscle activities. Journal of Morphology, 230, 17-31.
23. Latash, M. L. (1998). Neurophysiological basis of movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
24. Marsh, R. L. (1994). Jumping ability of anuran amphibians. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, 38, 51-111.
25. McGeer, T. (1993). Dynamics and control of bipedal locomotion. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 163, 277-314.
26. Minetti, A. E. (1998). The biomechanics of skipping gaits: A third locomotion paradigm? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 1227-1235.
27. Minetti, A. E., & Alexander, R. M. (1997). A theory of metabolic costs for bipedal gaits. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 186, 467-176.
28. Minetti, A. E., Capell, C., Zamparo, P., Di Prampero, P. E., & Saibene, F. (1995). Effects of stride frequency changes on mechanical power and energy expenditure of walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 1194-1202.
29. Peters, S. E., Kamel, L. T., & Bashor, D. P. (1996). Hopping and swimming in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens: I. Step cycles and kinematics. Journal of Morphology, 230, 1-16.
30. Reynolds, T. R. (1987). Stride length and its determinants in humans, early hominids, primates and mammals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 72, 101-115.
31. Rice, W. R. (1989). Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution, 43, 223-225.
32. Stewart, I., & Golubitsky, M. (1992). Fearful symmetry. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
33. Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
34. Van Damme, R., Aerts, P., & Vanhooydonck, B. (1998). Variation in morphology, gait characteristics and speed of locomotion in two populations of lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 63, 409-427.
35. Videler, J. J. (1993). Fish swimming. London: Chapman and Hall.
36. Wake, M. H. (1998). Amphibian locomotion in evolutionary time. Zoology, 100, 141-151.
37. Winter, D. A. (1990). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
38. Zatsiorsky, V. M., Werner, S. L., & Kaimin, M. A. (1994). Basic kinematics of walking. Step length and step frequency. A review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 34, 109-134.
39. Zug, G. R. (1978). Anuran locomotion: Structure and function. 2: Jumping performance of semiaquatic, terrestrial and arboreal frogs. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 276, 1-31.