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1
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84965431731
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A democratic legislature in the making: The historic Hungarian elections of 1990
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Several scholars have recently studied the genesis and effect of mixed electoral systems on party systems. John Hibbing & Samuel Patterson, 'A Democratic Legislature in the Making: The Historic Hungarian Elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2, January 1992, pp. 430-454; Matthew Shugart & Martin Wattenberg (eds), Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001); and Robert Moser, Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001).
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(1992)
Comparative Political Studies
, vol.23
, pp. 430-454
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Hibbing, J.1
Patterson, S.2
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2
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84965431731
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Research note: The political consequences of electoral laws in the 1990 Hungarian elections
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Several scholars have recently studied the genesis and effect of mixed electoral systems on party systems. John Hibbing & Samuel Patterson, 'A Democratic Legislature in the Making: The Historic Hungarian Elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2, January 1992, pp. 430-454; Matthew Gabel, 'Research Note: The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws in the 1990 Hungarian Elections', Comparative Politics, 25, 2, January 1995, pp. 205-214; Matthew Gabel, 'Research Note: The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws in the 1990 Hungarian Elections', Comparative Politics, 25, 2, January 1995, pp. 205-214; Robert Moser, Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001).
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(1995)
Comparative Politics
, vol.25
, pp. 205-214
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Gabel, M.1
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3
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84921647267
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Oxford, Oxford University Press
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Several scholars have recently studied the genesis and effect of mixed electoral systems on party systems. John Hibbing & Samuel Patterson, 'A Democratic Legislature in the Making: The Historic Hungarian Elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2, January 1992, pp. 430-454; Matthew Gabel, 'Research Note: The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws in the 1990 Hungarian Elections', Comparative Politics, 25, 2, January 1995, pp. 205-214; Matthew Shugart & Martin Wattenberg (eds), Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001); and Matthew Shugart & Martin Wattenberg (eds), Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001); and
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(2001)
Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?
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Shugart, M.1
Wattenberg, M.2
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4
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84965431731
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Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press
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Several scholars have recently studied the genesis and effect of mixed electoral systems on party systems. John Hibbing & Samuel Patterson, 'A Democratic Legislature in the Making: The Historic Hungarian Elections of 1990', Comparative Political Studies, 23, 2, January 1992, pp. 430-454; Matthew Gabel, 'Research Note: The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws in the 1990 Hungarian Elections', Comparative Politics, 25, 2, January 1995, pp. 205-214; Matthew Shugart & Martin Wattenberg (eds), Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001); and Robert Moser, Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001). Robert Moser, Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001).
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(2001)
Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia
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Moser, R.1
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5
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85015130177
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note
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This time span covers the first two State Dumas of the post-communist era, the Fifth (1994-1995) and the Sixth (1996-1998). The earlier four Dumas existed prior to the 1917 revolution. The first two post-communist Dumas share little if anything besides name in common with the original pre-communist Russian Dumas.
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8
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0003727379
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New Haven, Yale University Press
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Douglas Rae, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967); Rein Taagepera & Matthew Shugart, Seats and Votes (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989). Rein Taagepera & Matthew Shugart, Seats and Votes (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989).
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(1989)
Seats and Votes
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Taagepera, R.1
Shugart, M.2
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9
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84930559160
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Electoral responsiveness and partisan bias in multiparty democracies
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Gary King, 'Electoral Responsiveness and Partisan Bias in Multiparty Democracies', Legislative Studies Quarterly, 15, May 1990, pp. 159-181.
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(1990)
Legislative Studies Quarterly
, vol.15
, pp. 159-181
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King, G.1
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10
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85015128085
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The PR bias toward nationalisation assumes a closed list and no intraparty competition
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The PR bias toward nationalisation assumes a closed list and no intraparty competition.
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11
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0032646479
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New Haven, Yale University Press
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For example see Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1997); Clive Bean, The Personal Vote in Australian Federal Elections', Political Studies, 38, June 1990, pp. 253-268; Philip Norton & David Wood, 'Constituency Service by Members of Parliament: Does It Contribute to a Personal Vote?', Parliamentary Affairs, 43, April 1990, pp. 196-208; Philip North, The Growth of the Constituency Role of the MP', Parliamentary Affairs, 47, October 1994, pp. 705-720; and Hugh Ward & John Peter, 'Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities', Political Studies, 47, March 1999, pp. 32-52.
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(1997)
Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment
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Fiorina, M.1
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12
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0032646479
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Boston, Little, Brown
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For example see Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Boston, Little, Brown, 1978); Richard Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Boston, Little, Brown, 1978); Philip Norton & David Wood, 'Constituency Service by Members of Parliament: Does It Contribute to a Personal Vote?', Parliamentary Affairs, 43, April 1990, pp. 196-208; Philip North, The Growth of the Constituency Role of the MP', Parliamentary Affairs, 47, October 1994, pp. 705-720; and Hugh Ward & John Peter, 'Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities', Political Studies, 47, March 1999, pp. 32-52.
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(1978)
Home Style: House Members in Their Districts
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Fenno, R.1
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13
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84982747183
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The personal vote in Australian federal elections
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For example see Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Boston, Little, Brown, 1978); Clive Bean, The Personal Vote in Australian Federal Elections', Political Studies, 38, June 1990, pp. 253-268; Clive Bean, The Personal Vote in Australian Federal Elections', Political Studies, 38, June 1990, pp. 253-268; Philip North, The Growth of the Constituency Role of the MP', Parliamentary Affairs, 47, October 1994, pp. 705-720; and Hugh Ward & John Peter, 'Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities', Political Studies, 47, March 1999, pp. 32-52.
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(1990)
Political Studies
, vol.38
, pp. 253-268
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Bean, C.1
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14
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0001266076
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Constituency service by members of parliament: Does it contribute to a personal vote?
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For example see Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Boston, Little, Brown, 1978); Clive Bean, The Personal Vote in Australian Federal Elections', Political Studies, 38, June 1990, pp. 253-268; Philip Norton & David Wood, 'Constituency Service by Members of Parliament: Does It Contribute to a Personal Vote?', Parliamentary Affairs, 43, April 1990, pp. 196-208; Philip Norton & David Wood, 'Constituency Service by Members of Parliament: Does It Contribute to a Personal Vote?', Parliamentary Affairs, 43, April 1990, pp. 196-208; Hugh Ward & John Peter, 'Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities', Political Studies, 47, March 1999, pp. 32-52.
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(1990)
Parliamentary Affairs
, vol.43
, pp. 196-208
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Norton, P.1
Wood, D.2
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15
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34248244196
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The growth of the constituency role of the MP
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For example see Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Boston, Little, Brown, 1978); Clive Bean, The Personal Vote in Australian Federal Elections', Political Studies, 38, June 1990, pp. 253-268; Philip Norton & David Wood, 'Constituency Service by Members of Parliament: Does It Contribute to a Personal Vote?', Parliamentary Affairs, 43, April 1990, pp. 196-208; Philip North, The Growth of the Constituency Role of the MP', Parliamentary Affairs, 47, October 1994, pp. 705-720; and Philip North, The Growth of the Constituency Role of the MP', Parliamentary Affairs, 47, October 1994, pp. 705-720; and
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(1994)
Parliamentary Affairs
, vol.47
, pp. 705-720
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North, P.1
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16
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0032646479
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Targeting benefits for electoral gain: Constituency marginality and the distribution of grants to english local authorities
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For example see Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1997); Richard Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Boston, Little, Brown, 1978); Clive Bean, The Personal Vote in Australian Federal Elections', Political Studies, 38, June 1990, pp. 253-268; Philip Norton & David Wood, 'Constituency Service by Members of Parliament: Does It Contribute to a Personal Vote?', Parliamentary Affairs, 43, April 1990, pp. 196-208; Philip North, The Growth of the Constituency Role of the MP', Parliamentary Affairs, 47, October 1994, pp. 705-720; and Hugh Ward & John Peter, 'Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities', Political Studies, 47, March 1999, pp. 32-52. Hugh Ward & John Peter, 'Targeting Benefits for Electoral Gain: Constituency Marginality and the Distribution of Grants to English Local Authorities', Political Studies, 47, March 1999, pp. 32-52. Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts; and Bruce Cain, John Ferejohn & Morris Fiorina, The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1987).
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(1999)
Political Studies
, vol.47
, pp. 32-52
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Ward, H.1
Peter, J.2
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19
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84935999062
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Cambridge, Harvard University Press
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Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment; Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts; and Bruce Cain, John Ferejohn & Morris Fiorina, The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1987). Bruce Cain, John Ferejohn & Morris Fiorina, The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1987).
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(1987)
The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence
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Cain, B.1
Ferejohn, J.2
Fiorina, M.3
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20
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84934563985
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An empirical test of preferences for the political pork barrel: District level appropriations for river and harbor legislation, 1889-1913
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Richard Wilson, 'An Empirical Test of Preferences for the Political Pork Barrel: District Level Appropriations for River and Harbor Legislation, 1889-1913', American Journal of Political Science, 20, November 1986, pp. 729-754.
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(1986)
American Journal of Political Science
, vol.20
, pp. 729-754
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Wilson, R.1
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21
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84973810262
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Comparative pork barrel politics: Perceptions from the West German bundestag
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Thomas Lancaster & W. David Patterson, 'Comparative Pork Barrel Politics: Perceptions from the West German Bundestag', Comparative Political Studies, 22, 4, January 1990, pp. 458-477.
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(1990)
Comparative Political Studies
, vol.22
, pp. 458-477
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Lancaster, T.1
Patterson, W.D.2
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22
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84928449151
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The electoral system and constituency-oriented activity in the European parliament
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Edward Scholl, The Electoral System and Constituency-oriented Activity in the European Parliament', International Studies Quarterly, 30, September 1986, pp. 315-332.
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(1986)
International Studies Quarterly
, vol.30
, pp. 315-332
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Scholl, E.1
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23
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0032219765
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Electoral institutions and party cohesion in the Russian Duma
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Moshe Haspel, Thomas Remington & Steven Smith, 'Electoral Institutions and Party Cohesion in the Russian Duma', Journal of Politics, 60, 2, May 1998, pp. 417-439.
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(1998)
Journal of Politics
, vol.60
, pp. 417-439
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Haspel, M.1
Remington, T.2
Smith, S.3
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24
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33847579123
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Mixed systems and mixed incentives: Electoral influences on legislative behavior in Ukraine
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August
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Erik Herron, 'Mixed Systems and Mixed Incentives: Electoral Influences on Legislative Behavior in Ukraine', paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, August 2000.
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(2000)
American Political Science Association Annual Meeting
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Herron, E.1
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25
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85015120389
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note
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Since the inception of the Russian Federation there have been three Duma elections using the mixed system, in December 1993, December 1995 and December 1999. This article focuses on the first two Dumas, the Fifth and the Sixth.
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26
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85015115552
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note
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In 1993 parties needed to collect 100,000 signatures, no more than 5% of which could be collected in one region. In 1995 the thresholds were changed. A party needed to collect 200 000 signatures, of which no more than 7% could be from one region.
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28
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85050709826
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Politicheskaya situatsiya v rossii i novyi izbiratel'nyi zakon
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Boris Starshun & Viktor Sheinis, 'Politicheskaya situatsiya v Rossii i novyi izbiratel'nyi zakon', Polis, 1993, 3, pp. 65-69.
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(1993)
Polis
, vol.3
, pp. 65-69
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Starshun, B.1
Sheinis, V.2
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29
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0003727379
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This number represents the total number of effective parliamentary parties based on the number of seats in the Duma. Taagepera & Shugart, Seats and Votes.
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Seats and Votes
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Taagepera1
Shugart2
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30
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0007338134
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Independents and party formation: Elite partisanship as an intervening variable in Russian politics
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Robert Moser, 'Independents and Party Formation: Elite Partisanship as an Intervening Variable in Russian Politics', Comparative Politics, 31, 2, January 1999, pp. 147-165.
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(1999)
Comparative Politics
, vol.31
, pp. 147-165
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Moser, R.1
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32
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85015111471
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note
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During interviews, Duma deputies were often reluctant to discuss ties between regions and SMD deputies, even in other parties. One SMD deputy from the liberal Yabloko faction, for example, refused to discuss the ties between regional governors and the SMD deputies in the deputy group Russia's Regions, indicating that she herself was an SMD deputy. Deputy of the State Duma, interview by author, June 1998, Moscow.
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33
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85015112364
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note
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The roll-call voting data used in this article come from two sources. First, the 1994-1997 data were obtained from the roll-call vote database created by the Centre for Applied Political Research, Moscow. Second, the 1998 data were obtained from the Duma Secretariat.
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34
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85015120281
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note
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Non-voting was a common problem in both the Fifth and Sixth Dumas. Interviews with Duma deputies confirm that, for many, non-voting was an expression of dissatisfaction; however, non-voting was sometimes caused by other, non-political factors (Deputies of the State Duma, interviewed by author, May-July 1999, Moscow). For the statistical analyses in this article, all non-voting (either abstentions or failure to participate) was coded as a vote against. To guarantee that the results presented here were not simply the result of this coding decision, statistical tests that excluded all non-votes and abstentions were also undertaken. The results in these tests did not substantially differ from the results presented in this article.
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35
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0000791148
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Party discipline in the Brazilian constitutional congress
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Scott Mainwaring & Anibal Pérez Liñán, 'Party Discipline in the Brazilian Constitutional Congress', Legislative Studies Quarterly, 22, 4, November 1997, pp. 453-483.
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(1997)
Legislative Studies Quarterly
, vol.22
, pp. 453-483
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Mainwaring, S.1
Liñán, A.P.2
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36
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0003044825
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Legislative autonomy in new regimes: The Czech and polish cases
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John Carey, Frantisek Formanek & Ewa Karpowicz, 'Legislative Autonomy in New Regimes: The Czech and Polish Cases', Legislative Studies Quarterly, 24, 4, November 1999, pp. 569-603, refer to budget votes as 'bellwethers of legislative autonomy and the cohesiveness of parties and coalitions'. Deputies of the State Duma, interviewed by author, May-July 1999, Moscow.
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(1999)
Legislative Studies Quarterly
, vol.24
, Issue.4
, pp. 569-603
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Carey, J.1
Formanek, F.2
Karpowicz, E.3
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37
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85015123703
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Between 1994 and 1998 some 127 deputies changed their partisan affiliation
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Between 1994 and 1998 some 127 deputies changed their partisan affiliation.
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41
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85015117978
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note
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There were some members of the Fifth Duma who served in the previous Congress of People's Deputies; however, since the Duma was chosen via an entirely different electoral system, former Congress members are not considered as incumbents in the models presented here.
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44
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21144480405
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Presidentialism, multipartism, and democracy: The difficult combination
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Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination', Comparative Political Studies, 26, 4, July 1993, pp. 198-228.
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(1993)
Comparative Political Studies
, vol.26
, Issue.4
, pp. 198-228
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Mainwaring, S.1
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