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4, pH 6.0, 16% PEG 6000, 50 mM dioxane, and 3 mM dithiothreitol (DTT)] to stabilization buffer (100 mM MES, pH 6.3, 16% PEG 6000, 350 mM NaCl, 17% PEG 400, 50 mM dioxane, and 3 mM DTT). Crystals were cooled to 4°C overnight and maintained at that temperature for 5 days before flash-cooling. This treatment caused shrinkage along the crystallographic a axis to 131 Å, extended the diffraction limit, and led to high isomorphism of the crystals. Best results were obtained with crystals of about 200 × 150 × 50 μm. Crystals were mounted at 4°C in nylon loops 200 μm in diameter, plunged into liquid nitrogen and stored for data collection.
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Data collection was carried out at 100 K using ADSC Quantum 4-CCD detectors at the tunable high brilliance undulator beamlines 9-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) and 5.0.2 at the Advance Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Table 2). All derivative data sets were collected at the anomalous peak energy of the heavy metal to maximize the anomalous signal. Care was taken to ensure completeness and reasonable redundancy in all resolution shells. Crystals were aligned with the long c axis approximately along the spindle axis to minimize overlap of reflections and to record anomalous pairs within the shortest period of time. Further, overlap of reflections at a resolution higher than 4 Å was avoided by using crystals with low mosaicity and 0.5° oscillation steps. Diffraction data were processed with DENZO and SCALEPACK (82)].
-
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33
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0343217258
-
-
note
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For heavy atom derivatization, crystals were soaked at 4°C in stabilization buffer containing heavy atom compounds as indicated (Table 2). MAD phases were calculated with MLPHARE (88) using three tantalum data sets collected at the anomalous peak, inflection, and a remote wavelength (Table 2).
-
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-
-
34
-
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0343652883
-
-
note
-
Single heavy atom sites were located by isomorphous and anomalous cross-difference Fourier analysis. New derivatives could best be identified in anomalous difference Fourier maps, most likely because the low signal arising from the addition of only a few heavy atoms to a large unit cell is best detected in the absence of noise resulting from nonisomorphism.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
0342782724
-
-
note
-
Standard heavy atom compounds were too reactive and destroyed diffraction beyond 6 Å resolution. About 600 crystals were treated with heavy atom compounds, and a total of 60 data sets were collected to obtain those used in phasing.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
0342782723
-
-
note
-
Initially, heavy atom parameters were refined and MIRAS phases were calculated with MLPHARE (88). The molecular boundary was determined by the automatic procedure implemented in DM [K. Cowtan, Joint CCP4 and ESF-EACBM Newsl. Protein Crystallogr. 31, 34 (1994)], and the phases were further improved by solvent flattening and histogram matching in DM. These phases revealed lower occupancy sites that were subsequently included. Parameters were further refined and final MIRAS phases were calculated with SHARP (83) (Table 2). The resulting phases were improved by density modification with DM.
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37
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84889120137
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Electron density maps were viewed and model building carried out with the program O [T. A. Jones, J. Y. Zou, S. W. Cowan, M. Kjeldgaard, Acta Crystallogr. A47, 110 (1991)].
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0342347672
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note
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A first backbone model included regions in all subunits and contained a total of 2753 residues. Phases calculated from this preliminary model were recombined with the experimental MIRAS phases using SIGMAA (88). The electron density map obtained by application of these combined phases and density modification showed novel features such as continuous density where chain breaks were previously encountered. This map was used to adjust and complete the backbone model. Another phase combination step resulted in a further improved map in which no errors in the backbone tracing could be detected. A total of 18 polyalanine fragments were built for Rpb1 and Rpb2, ranging in length from 13 to 666 residues. No structural information was available for the smallest subunit Rpb12, which binds zinc. After seven out of the eight zinc ions in pol II were assigned to other subunits, a distinct density could be assigned for Rpb12 located around a zinc position on the outer surface of pol II, facing away from the cleft.
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0026019625
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2+ have been used to specifically replace catalytic magnesium ions in DNA polymerases [Y. Kim et al., Nature 376, 612 (1995); S. Doublie, S. Tabor, A. M. Long, C. C. Richardson, T. Ellenberger, Nature 391, 251 (1998); L. S. Beese and T. A. Steitz, EMBO J. 10, 25 (1991);
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2 for 2 hours, and diffraction data were collected at the anomalous peak wavelength for lead. The location of the 15.6 σ peak derived from these data precisely matches the manganese site.
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The proposed location of downstream DNA and the DNA-RNA hybrid in the crystallographic model of pol II corresponds well with that previously put forward and recently refined on the basis of protein-nucleic acid cross-linking data for the bacterial enzyme [(43) and N. Korzheva et al., manuscript submitted]. The proposed location of downstream DNA is also the same as that previously shown in 15 Å electron and 6 Å x-ray maps of pol II (27, 29), but the location of the DNA-RNA hybrid proposed here differs from that suggested on the basis of the lower resolution data. A conjecture about the location of the active site in the previous maps placed the hybrid at the downstream edge of the clamp. The active site and thus the hybrid are now definitively placed near the upstream edge of the clamp.
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79
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0343217219
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note
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2-terminal region of β′ and the COOH-terminal region of β form 3 distinct structural element, just as do the corresponding regions of Rpb1 and Rpb2, respectively, in the pol II clamp. Second, these regions include motifs conserved between the bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes. Finally, the relative position of this structural element with respect to the active site and central cleft is the same in both enzymes.
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96
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0343217239
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note
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For commercially unavailable heavy atom compounds, we thank P.J. Alaimo and R. Bergman (University of California, Berkeley); G. Huttner, P. Schöckers, and P. Hofmann (Universität Heidelberg); W. Scherer and W. A. Herrmann (Technische Universität München), G. Schneider (Stockholm University); R. Huber [Max Planck Institute (MPI) Martinsried]; B. Weberndörfer and H. Werner (Universität Würzburg); and W. Jahn (MPI Heidelberg). For assistance at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), beamlines 1-5, 7-1, 9-1, and 9-2, we thank H. Bellamy, A. Cohen, P. Ellis, P. Kuhn, T. McPhillips, K. Hodgson, M. Soltis, and the other members of the SSRL user support staff. This research is based in part on work done at SSRL, which is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The structural biology program is supported by the NIH National Center for Research Resources Biomedical Technology Program and the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research. For help at beamline 5.0.2 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Berkeley, we thank T. Earnest. We thank C. Vonrhein for help with program SHARP. We thank R. Weinzierl and S. Onesti for sending us coordinates of the Rpb5 crystal structure before publication. We thank C. D. Mackereth and L. P. McIntosh for sending us coordinates of the Rpb10 NMR structure before publication. We thank M. Levitt, Y. Lorch, and B. Shaanan for comments on the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge S. Darst for many contributions and for a copy of his manuscript on bacterial RNA polymerase-nucleic acid interaction before publication. P.C. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). D.A.B. was supported by postdoctoral fellowship PF-00-014-01-GMC from the American Cancer Society. The contribution of A.L.G. was sponsored by U.S. AMRC Breast Cancer Initiative and does not necessarily reflect the policy of the government. This research was supported by NIH grant GM49985 to R.D.K. Coordinates of Cα atoms are available from http://kornberg.stanford. edu and have been deposited at the Protein Data Bank (accession code 1EN0).
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