Neuropeptides in hippocampus and cortex in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein - Initial observations

Neuroscience

Volumn 100, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 259-286

  Diez, M ^a   Koistinaho, J ^a,b   Kahn, K ^c   Games, D ^c   Hokfelt T ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^c ELAN PHARMACEUTICALS   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Cholecystokinin; Enkephalin; Galanin; Neuropeptide Y; Substance P

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ; DYNORPHIN; ENKEPHALIN; ENZYME ANTIBODY; GALANIN; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; MARKER; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; OX 42; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PROTEIN ANTIBODY; PROTEIN PRECURSOR; SUBSTANCE P; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; AUDITORY CORTEX; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN REGION; CONTROLLED STUDY; GRANULE CELL; HIPPOCAMPUS; HOMOZYGOTE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; MOSSY FIBER; MOUSE; NEURITE; NONHUMAN; PARIETAL LOBE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SENILE PLAQUE; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

ACETYLCHOLINE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN PRECURSOR; ANIMALS; CEREBRAL CORTEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MUTATION; NEUROPEPTIDES; SENILE PLAQUES; TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE;

EID: 0034648738     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00261-X     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Adams J.C. Biotin amplification of biotin and horseradish peroxidase signals in histochemical stains. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40:1992;1457-1463.
2. Adolfsson R., Gottfries C.G., Roos B.T., Winblad B. Changes in brain catecholamines in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Br. J. Psychiat. 135:1979;216-223.
3. Allen Y.S., Adrian T.E., Allen J.M., Tatemoto K., Crow T.J., Bloom S.R., Polak J.M. Neuropeptide Y distribution in rat brain. Science. 221:1983;877-879.
4. Amaral D. G. and Witter M. P. (1995) Hippocampal formation. In The Rat Nervous System (ed. Paxinos G.), pp. 443-493. Second Edition. Academic, San Diego.
5. Amstrong D.M., Benzing W.C., Evans J., Terry R.D., Shields D., Hansen L.A. Substance P and somatostatin co-exist within neuritic plaques: Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 31:1989;663-671.
6. Amstrong D.M., Terry R.D. Substance P immunoreactivity within neuritic plaques. Neurosci. Lett. 58:1985;139-144.
7. Arai H., Takahashi T., Kimura M., Noguchi I., Minami M. and Iizuka R. (1991) Post mortem human brain tissue investigations of neurotransmitters in aging and in AD/SDAT. In Biological Psychiatry (eds Racagni G., Brunelo N. and Fukada T.), pp. 131-133. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
8. Avendano C., Umbriaco D., Dykes R.W., Descarries L. Acetylcholine innervation of sensory and motor neocortical areas in adult cat: a choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemical study. J. chem. Neuroanat. 11:1996;113-130.
9. Beal M.F., MacGarvey U.M., Swartz K.J. Galanin immunoreactivity is increased in the nucleus basalis of Maynert in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 28:1988;157-161.
10. Beinfeld M.C., Meyer D.K., Eskay R.L., Jensen R.T., Brownstein M.J. The distribution of cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat as determined by radioimmunoassay. Brain Res. 212:1981;51-57.
11. Benzing W.C., Brady D.R., Mufson E.J., Armstrong D.M. Evidence that transmitter-containing dystrophic neurites precede those containing paired helical filaments within senile plaques in the entorhinal cortex of nondemented elderly and Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Res. 619:1993;55-68.
12. Benzing W.C., Mufson E.J., Armstrong D.M. Immunocytochemical distribution of peptidergic and cholinergic fibers in the human amygdala: their depletion in Alzheimer's disease and morphologic alteration in non-demented elderly with numerous senile plaques. Brain Res. 625:1993;125-138.
13. Boden P.R., Hill R.G. Effects of cholecystokinin and pentagastrin on rat hippocampal neurones maintained in vitro. Neuropeptides. 12:1988;95-103.
14. Böhme G.A., Stutzmann J.M.and, Blanchard J.C. Excitatory effects of cholecystokinin in rat hippocampus: pharmacological response compatible with 'central'- or B-type CCK receptors. Brain Res. 451:1988;309-318.
15. Borhegyi Z., Leranth C. Substance P innervation of the rat hippocampal formation. J. comp. Neurol. 384:1997;41-58.
16. Braak H., Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 82:1991;239-259.
17. Bradley P.B., Brookes A. A microiontophoretic study of the actions of mu-, delta- and kappa-opiate receptor agonists in the rat brain. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83:1984;763-772.
18. Burgunder J.-M. and Young I. W. S. (1990) Cortical neurons expressing the cholecystokinin gene in the rat: distribution in the adult brain, ontogeny, and some of their projections. J. comp. Neurol. 300, 26-46.
19. Butcher L. L. and Woolf N. J. (1984) Histochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system: clues to the localization of cholinergic neurons. In Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Chemical Transmitters and Transmitter Receptors in the CNS (eds Björklund A., Hökfelt T. and Kuhar M. J.), pp. 1-50, Vol. 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
20. Chan-Palay V. Galanin hyperinnervates surviving neurons of the human basal nucleus of Meynert in dementias of'Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diesease: a hypothesis for the role of galanin in accentuating cholinergic dysfunction in dementia. J. comp. Neurol. 273:1988;543-557.
21. Chan-Palay V., Asan E. Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and depression. J. comp. Neurol. 287:1989;373-392.
22. Chan-Palay V., Lang W., Allen Y.S., Haesler U., Polak J.M. Cortical neurons immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y are altered in Alzheimer's-type dementia. J. comp. Neurol. 238:1985;390-400.
23. Chang M.M., Leeman S.E., Niall H.D. Amino acid sequence of substance P. Nature (New Biology). 232:1971;86-87.
24. Chartier-Harlin M.-C., Crawford F., Houlden H., Warrent A., Highers D., Fidani L., Goate A., Rossor M., Roques P., Hardy J., Mullan M. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease caused by mutation at codon 717 of the β-amyloid precursor protein gene. Nature. 353:1991;844-846.
25. Chen K.S., Masliah E., Grajeda H., Guido T., Huang J., Khan K., Motter R., Soriano F., Games D. Neurodegenerative Alzheimer-like pathology in PDAPP 717V-F transgenic mice. Prog. Brain Res. 117:1998;327-334.
26. Christensson-Nylander I., Herrera-Marschitz M., Staines W., Hökfelt T., Terenius L., Ungerstedt U., Cuello C., Oertel W.H., Goldstein M. Striato-nigral dynorphin and substance P pathways in the rat. I. Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Exp. Brain Res. 64:1986;169-192.
27. Chronwall B.M., DiMaggio D.A., Massari V.J., Pickel V.M., Ruggiero D.A., O'Donohue T.L. The anatomy of neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience. 15:1985;1159-1181.
28. Citron M., Diehl T.S., Gordon G., Biere A.L., Seubert P., Selkoe D.J. Evidence that the 42- and 40-amino acid forms of amyloid beta protein are generated from the beta-amyloid precursor protein by different protease activities. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;13,170-13,175.
29. Clark R.F., Goate A.M. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 50:1993;1164-1172.
30. Colmers W.F. Modulation of synaptic transmission in hippocampus by neuropeptide Y: presynaptic actions. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 611:1990;206-218.
31. Colmers W.F., Lukowiak K., Pittman Q.J. Presynaptic action of neuropeptide Y in area CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice. J. Physiol. 383:1987;285-299.
32. Coons A. H. (1958) Fluorescent antibody methods. In General Cytochemical Methods (ed. Danielli J. F.). Academic, New York.
33. Corder E.H., Saunders A.M., Strittmatter W.J., Schmechel D.E., Gaskell P.C., Small G.W., Roses A.D., Haines J.L. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science. 261:1993;921-923.
34. Cortés R., Ceccatelli S., Schalling M., Hökfelt T. Differential effects of intracerebroventricular colchicine administration on the expression of mRNAs for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter enzymes, with special emphasis on galanin: an in situ hybridization study. Synapse. 6:1990;369-391.
35. Cortés R., Villar M.J., Verhofstad A., Hökfelt T. Effects of central nervous system lesions on the expression of galanin: a comparative in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;7742-7746.
36. Cotman C.W., Nieto-Sampedro M. Cell biology of synaptic plasticity. Science. 225:1984;1274-1287.
37. Cox B.M., Opheim K.E., Teschemacher H., Goldstein A. A peptide-like substance from pituitary that acts like morphine. Life Sci. 16:1975;1777-1782.
38. Crawley J.N. Galanin-acetylcholine interactions: relevance to memory and Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci. 58:1996;2185-2199.
39. Cross A.J., Crow T.J., Perry E.K., Perry R.H., Blessed G., Tomlinson B.E. Reduced dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in Alzheimer's disease. Br. Med. J. 282:1981;93-94.
40. Darbarn D., Emson P.C. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 126:1985;289-293.
41. de Quidt M.E., Emson P.C. Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system-II. Immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience. 18:1986;545-618.
42. Dickson D.W., Farlo J., Davies P., Crystal H., Fuld P., Yen S.-H.C. Alzheimer's disease. A double-labeling immunohistochemical study of senile plaques. Am. J. Pathol. 132:1988;86-101.
43. Diez M., Koistinaho J., Games D., Hökfelt T. Neuropeptides in hippocampus and cortex in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 25:1999;2053.
44. Dockray G.J. Cholecystokinin in rat cerebral cortex: identification, purification and characterization by immunochemical methods. Brain Res. 188:1980;155-165.
45. Dodart J.C., Meziane H., Mathis C., Bales K.R., Paul S.M., Ungerer A. Behavioral disturbances in transgenic mice overexpressing the V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein. Behav. Neurosci. 113:1999;982-990.
46. Dodd J., Kelly J.S. The action of cholecystokinin and related peptides on pyramidal neurons of the mammalian hippocampus. Brain Res. 205:1981;337-350.
47. Dreifuss J.J., Raggenbass M. Tachykinins and bombesin excite non-pyramidal neurones in rat hippocampus. J. Physiol. 379:1986;417-428.
48. Dunwiddie T., Mueller A., Palmer M., Stewart J., Hoffer B. Electrophysiological interactions of enkephalins with neuronal circuitry in the rat hippocampus. I. Effects on pyramidal cell activity. Brain Res. 184:1980;311-330.
49. Eckenstein F.P., Baughman R.W., Quinn J. An anatomical study of cholinergic innervation in rat cerebral cortex. Neuroscience. 25:1988;457-474.
50. Etienne P., Robitaille Y., Wood P., Gauthier S., Nair N.P., Quirion R. Nucleus basalis neuronal loss, neuritic plaques and choline acetyltransferase activity in advanced Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 19:1986;1279-1291.
51. Ferrier J.N., Cross A.J., Johnson J.A., Roberts G.W., Crow T.J., Corsellis J.A.N., Lee Y.C., O'Shaughnessy D., Adrian T.E., McGregor B.P., Baracese-Hamilton A.J., Bloom S.R. Neuropeptides in Alzheimer type dementia. J. neurol. Sci. 62:1983;159-170.
52. Fisone G., Wu C.F., Consolo F., Nordström Ö., Brynne N., Bartfai T., Melander T., Hökfelt T. Galanin inhibits acetylcholine release in the ventral hippocampus of the rat: histochemical, autoradiographic, in vivo and in vitro studies. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1987;7339-7343.
53. Franklin B.J., Paxinos G. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 1997;Academic, San Diego.
54. Fredens K., Stengaard-Pedersen K., Wallace M.N. Localization of cholecystokinin in the dentate commissural-associational system of the mouse and rat. Brain Res. 401:1987;68-78.
55. Frey P. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK 26-33), nonsulfated octapeptide and tetrapeptide (CCK 30-33) in rat brain: analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Neurochem. Int. 5:1983;811-815.
56. Friede R.L. Enzyme histochemical studies of senile plaques. J. Neuropathol. exp. Neurol. 24:1965;477-491.
57. Fry J.P., Zieglgänsberger W., Herz A. Specific versus non-specific actions of opioids on hippocampal neurones in the rat brain. Brain Res. 163:1979;295-305.
58. Gabriel S., Grutzmann R., Lemke M., Gabriel H.J., Henklein P., Davidowa H. Interaction of cholecystokinin and glutamate agonists within the dLGN, the dentate gyrus, and the hippocampus. Brain Res. Bull. 39:1996;381-389.
59. Gabriel S.M., Bierer L.M., Davidson M., Purohit D.P., Perl D.P., Harotunian V. Galanin-like immunoreactivity is increased in the postmortem cerebral cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 2:1994;1516-1523.
60. Gall C., Berry L.M., Hodgson L.A. Cholecystokinin in the mouse hippocampus: localization in the mossy fiber and dentate commissural systems. Exp. Brain Res. 62:1986;431-437.
61. Gall C., Brecha N., Karten H., Chang K.J. Localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity to identified axonal and neuronal populations of the rat hippocampus. J. comp. Neurol. 198:1981;335-350.
62. Gall C., Lauterborn J., Isackson P., White J. Seizures, neuropeptide regulation, and mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Prog. Brain. Res. 83:1990;371-390.
63. Games D., Adams D., Alessandrini R., Barbour R., Berthelette P., Blackwell C., Carr T., Clemes J., Donaldson T., Gillespie F., Guido T., Hagopian S., Johnson-Wood K., Khan K., Lee M., Leibowitz P., Lieberburg I., Little S., Masliah E., McConlogue L., Montoya-Zavala M., Mucke L., Paganini L., Penniman E., Power M., Schenk D., Seubert P., Snyder B., Soriano F., Tan H., Vitale J., Wadworth S., Wolozin B., Zhao J. Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein. Nature. 373:1995;523-527.
64. Gehlert D.R., Chronwall B.M., Schafer M.P., O'Donohue T.L. Localization of neuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid in rat and mouse brain by in situ hybridization. Synapse. 1:1987;25-31.
65. Geula C. and Mesulam M. M. (1994) Cholinergic systems and related neuropathological predilection patterns in Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's disease (eds Terry R. D., Katzman R. and Blick K. L.), pp. 263-291. Raven, New York.
66. Glenner G.G., Wong C.W. Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 120:1984;885-890.
67. Goate A., Chartier-Hallin M.-C., Mullan M., Brown J., Crawford F., Fidani L., Guiffra L., Haynes A., Irving N., James L., Mant R., Newton P., Rooke K., Roques P., Talbot C., Pericak-Vance M., Roses A., Williamson R., Rossor M., Owen M., Hardy J. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 349:1991;704-706.
68. Goldstein A., Ghazarhosian V. Immunoreactive dynorphin in pituitary and brain. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 77:1980;6207-6210.
69. Gottfries C.-G., Frederiksen S.O., Heilig M. Neuropeptides and Alzheimer's disease. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 5:1995;491-500.
70. Gruol D.L., Chavkin C., Valentino R.J., Siggins G.R. Dynorphin-A alters the excitability of pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus in vitro. Life Sci. 33:1983;533-536.
71. Gähwiler B.H. Excitatory action of opioid peptides and opiates on cultured hippocampal pyramidal cells. Brain Res. 194:1980;193-203.
72. Haas H.L., Hermann A., Greene R.W., Chan-Palay V. Action and location of neuropeptide tyrosine (Y) on hippocampal neurons of the rat in slice preparations. J. comp. Neurol. 257:1987;208-215.
73. Hartman B.K., Zide D., Udenfriend S. The use of dopamine ß-hydroxylase as a marker for the noradrenergic pathways of the central nervous system in the rat. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 69:1972;2722-2726.
74. Hendriks L., van Duijn C.M., Cras P., Cruts M., van Hul W., van Harskamp F., Martin J.-J., Hofman A., van Broeckhoven C. Presenile dementia and cerebral haemorrhage linked to a mutation at codon 692 of the β-amyloid precursor protein gene. Nat. Genet. 1:1992;218-221.
75. Hökfelt T., Zhang X., Shi T. S., Tong Y.-G., Wang H. F., Xu Z.-Q. D., Landry M., Broberger C., Diez M., Ju G., Grant G. and Villar M. (1999) Phenotypic changes in peripheral and central neurons induced by nerve injury Focus on neuropeptides. In Challenges for Neuroscience in the 21st Century. Taniguchi Symposia on Brain Science No. 22 (ed. Hayaishi O.), pp. 63-87. Karger, Basel.
76. Hsaio K.K., Borchelt D.R., Olson K., Johannsdottir R., Kitt C., Yunis W., Xu S., Eckman C., Harigaya Y., Younkin S., Yang F., Cole G. Age-related CNS disorder and early death in transgenic FVB/N mice overexpressing Alzheimer amyloid precursor proteins. Neuron. 15:1995;1203-1218.
77. Hughes J., Smith T.W., Kosterlitz H.W., Fothergill L.A., Morgan B.A., Morris H.R. Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature. 258:1975;577-580.
78. Ingram S.M., Krause R.G., Baldino I., F., Jr., Skeen L.C. and Lewis M.E. (1989) Neuronal localization of cholecystokinin mRNA in the rat brain by using in situ hybridization histochemistry. J. comp. Neurol. 287, 260-272.
79. Irizarry M.C., Soriano F., McNamara M., Page K.J., Schenk D., Games D., Hyman B.T. Aβ deposition is associated with neuropil changes, but not with overt neuronal loss in the human amyloid precursor protein V717F (PDAPP) transgenic mouse. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;7053-7059.
80. Jacobs R.W., Farrivar N., Butcher L.L. Alzheimer dementia and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-diaphorase activity in senile plaques and the basal forebrain. Neurosci. Lett. 53:1985;39-44.
81. Jaffe D.B., Aitken P.G., Nadler J.V. The effects of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin antagonists on synaptic function in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. Brain Res. 415:1987;197-203.
82. Johnson G.D., Nogueira Araujo G.M. A simple method of reducing the fading of immunofluorescence during microscopy. J. Immunol. Meth. 43:1981;349-350.
83. Johnson H., Ulfhake B., Dagerlind Å., Bennett G.W., Fone K.C.F., Hökfelt T. The serotonergic bulbospinal system and brainstem-spinal cord content of serotonin-, TRH-, and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the aged rat with special reference to the spinal cord motor nucleus. Synapse. 15:1993;63-89.
84. Johnson-Wood K., Lee M., Motter R., Hu K., Gordon G., Barbout R., Khan K., Gordon M., Tan H., Games D., Lieberburg I., Schenk D., Seubert P., McConlogue L. Amyloid percursor protein processing and Aβ42 deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;1550-1555.
85. Kang J., Lemaire H.-G., Unterbeck A., Salbaum J.M., Master C.L., Grzeschik K.-H., Multhaup G., Beyreuther K., Müller-Hill B. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature. 325:1987;733-736.
86. Khachaturian H., Watson S.J., Lewis M.E., Höllt V. Telencephalic enkephalinergic systems in the rat brain. J. Neurosci. 3:1983;844-855.
87. Kimura H., McGeer P.L., Peng F., McGeer E.G. Choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons in rodent brain demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Science. 208:1980;1057-1059.
88. Koh J.-Y., Yang L.-L., Cotman C.W. β-amyloid protein increases the vulnerability of cultured cortical neurons to excitoxic damage. Brain Res. 533:1990;315-320.
89. Kowall N.W., Beal M.F. Cortical somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and NADPH diaphorase neurons: normal anatomy and alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 23:1988;105-114.
90. Kowall N.W., Beal M.F., Martin J.B. Neuropeptide Y, somatostatin and NADPH diaphorase reactive fibers contribute to senile plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 36:1986;224.
91. Kulmala H.K., Hutton J.T. Role of senile plaque in neuropeptide deficits of Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 9:1985;625-628.
92. Lamour Y., Senut M.C., Dutar P., Bassant M.H. Neuropeptides and septo-hippocampal neurons: electrophysiological effects and distributions of immunoreactivity. Peptides. 9:1988;1351-1359.
93. Lannfelt L., Folkesson R., Mohammed A.H., Winblad B., Hellgren D., Duff K., Hardy J. Alzheimer's disease: molecular genetics and transgenic animal models. Behav. Brain Res. 57:1993;207-213.
94. Lee H.K., Dunwiddie T., Hoffer B. Electrophysiological interactions of enkephalins with neuronal circuitry in the rat hippocampus. II. Effects on interneuron excitability. Brain Res. 184:1980;331-342.
95. Levy E., Carman M.D., Fernandez-Madrid I.J., Power M.D., Lieberburg I., Van Duinen S.G., Bots G.T.A.M., Luyendijk W., Frangione B. Mutation of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid gene in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage. Dutch type. Science. 248:1990;1124-1126.
96. Levy-Lahad E., Wasco W., Poorkaj P., Romano D.M., Oshima J., Pettingell W.H., Yu C., Jondro P.D., Schmidt S.D., Wang K., Crowley A.C., Fu Y.-H., Guenetter S.Y., Galas D., Nemens E., Wijsman E.M., Bird T.D., Schellenberg G.D., Tanzi R.E. Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer′s disease locus. Science. 269:1995;973-977.
97. Lieberman D.N., Mody I. Substance P enhances NMDA channel function in hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells. J. Neurophysiol. 80:1998;113-119.
98. Ljungdahl Å., Hökfelt T., Nilsson G. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat-I. Cell bodies and nerve terminals. Neuroscience. 3:1978;861-943.
99. Lowney L.I., Gentleman S.B., Goldstein A. A pituitary endorphin with novel properties. Life Sci. 24:1979;2377-2384.
100. Lundkvist J., Land T., Kahl U., Bedecs K., Bartfai T. cDNA sequence, ligand binding, and regulation of galanin/GMAP in mouse brain. Neurosci. Lett. 200:1995;121-124.
101. Maeda K., Kawata E., Sakai K., Chihara K. Effects of putative cognitive function-enhancing drugs and dopaminergic agents on somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 233:1993;227-235.
102. Markey K.A., Kondo S., Shenkman L., Goldstein M. Purification and characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase from a clonal pheochromocytoma cell line. Mol. Pharmacol. 17:1980;79-85.
103. Marsh D., Grassi J., Vigny M., Massoulie J. An immunological study of rat acetylcholinesterase: comparison with acetylcholinesterases from other vertebrates. J. Neurochem. 43:1984;204-213.
104. Masliah E., Sisk A., Mallory M., Mucke L., Schenk D., Games D. Comparison of neurodegenerative pathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein and Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;5795-5811.
105. Masters C.L., Multhaup G., Simms G., Pottgiesser J., Martins R.N., Beyreuther K. Neuronal origin of a cerebral amyloid: neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease contain the same protein as the amyloid of plaque cores and blood vessels. EMBO J. 4:1985;2757-2763.
106. Masters C.L., Simms G., Winman N.A., Multhaup G., McDonald B.L., Beyreuther K. Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1985;4245-4249.
107. Mastropaolo J., Nadi N.S., Ostrowski N.L., Crawley J.N. Galanin antagonizes acetylcholine on a memory task in basal forebrain-lesioned rats. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;9841-9845.
108. Mattson M.P., Cheng B., Davis D. Amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity. J.Neurosci. 12:1992;379-389.
109. Mazarati A.M., Liu H., Soomets U., Sankar R., Shin D., Katsuori H., Langel Ü., Wasterlain C.G. Galanin modulation of seizures and seizure modulation of hippocampal galanin in animal models of status epilepticus. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;10,070-10,077.
110. McDonald J.K., Parnavelas J.G., Karamanlidis A., Brecha N., Rosenquist G. The morphology and distribution of peptide-containing neurons in the adult and developing visual cortex of the rat. III. Cholecystokinin. J. Neurocytol. 11:1982;881-895.
111. Melander T., Hökfelt T., Rökaeus Å. Distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. J. comp. Neurol. 248:1986;475-517.
112. Melander T., Staines W.A., Hökfelt T., Rökaeus Å., Eckenstein F., Salvaterra P.M., Wainer B.H. Galanin-like immunoreactivity in cholinergic neurons of the septum-basal forebrain complex projecting to the hippocampus of the rat. Brain Res. 360:1985;130-138.
113. Miller K.K., Hoffer A., Svoboda K.R., Lupica C.R. Cholecystokinin increases GABA release by inhibiting a resting K+ conductance in hippocampal interneurons. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;4994-5003.
114. Miller M.A., Kolb P.E., Planas B., Raskind M.A. Few cholinergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain coexpress galanin messenger RNA. J. comp. Neurol. 391:1998;248-258.
115. Minami M., Makino Y., Arai H., Iizuka R. A disorganized increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex of Alzheimer-type dementia brains. J. Neural. Transm. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect. 4:1991;285-292.
116. Morino P., Herrera-Marschitz M., Castel M.-N., Ungerstedt U., Varro A., Dockray G., Hökfelt T. Cholecystokinin in cortico-striatal neurons in the rat: immunohistochemical studies at light and electron microscopic level. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:1994;681-692.
117. Morino P., Herrera-Marschitz M., Meana J.J., Ungerstedt U., Hökfelt T. Immunohistochemical evidence for a crossed cholecystokinin corticostriatal pathway in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 148:1992;133-136.
118. Morrison J.H., Rogers J., Scherr S., Benoit R., Bloom F.E. Somatostatin immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's patients. Nature. 314:1985;90-92.
119. Mountjoy C.Q., Rossor M.N., Iversen L.L., Roth M. Correlation of cortical cholinergic and GABA deficits with quantitative neuropathological findings in senile dementia. Brain. 107:1984;507-518.
120. Mufson J., Cochran E., Benzing W., Kordower J.H. Galaninergic innervation of the cholinergic vertical limb of the diagonal band (Ch2) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in aging, Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Dementia. 4:1993;237-250.
121. Mullan M., Crawford F., Axelman K., Houlden H., Lilius L., Winblad B., Lannfelt L. A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer's disease in the APP gene at the N-terminus of beta-amyloid. Nature Genet. 1:1992;345-347.
122. Murrell J., Farlow M.G., Ghetti B., Benson M.D. A mutation in the amyloid precursor protein associated with hereditary Alzheimer's disease. Science. 235:1991;97-99.
123. Mutt V., Jorpes J.E. Structure of porcine cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. I. Cleavage with thrombin and with trypsin. Eur. J. Biochem. 6:1968;156-162.
124. Nyakas C., Luiten P.G.M., Balkan B., Spencer D.G.J. Changes in septo-hippocampal projections after lateral entorhinal or combined entorhinal-raphé lesions as studied by anterograde tracing methods. Brain Res. Bull. 21:1988;285-293.
125. Nyakas C., Luiten P.G.M., Spencer D.G., Traber J. Detailed projection patterns of septal and diagonal band efferents to the hippocampus in the rat with emphasis on innervation of CA1 and dentate gyrus. Brain Res. Bull. 18:1987;533-545.
126. Ögren S.O., Hökfelt T., Kask K., Langel Ü., Bartfai T. Evidence for a role of the neuropeptide galanin in spatial learning. Neuroscience. 51:1992;1-5.
127. Ögren S.O., Kehr J., Schött P. Effects of ventral hippocampal galanin on spatial learning and on in vivo acetylcholine release in the rat. Neuroscience. 75:1996;1127-1140.
128. Ögren S.O., Schött P.A., Kehr J., Yoshitake T., Misane I., Mannström P., Sandin J. Modulation of acetylcholine and serotonin transmission by galanin. Relationship to spatial and aversive learning. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 863:1998;342-363.
129. Pease P.C. Buffered formaldehyde as a killing agent and primary fixative for electron microscopy. Anat. Rec. 142:1962;342.
130. Perry E.K., Blessed G., Tomlinson B.E., Perry R.H., Crow T.J., Cross A.J., Dockray G.J., Dimaline R., Arregui A. Neurochemical activities in human temporal lobe related to aging and Alzheimer-type changes. Neurobiol. Aging. 2:1981;251-256.
131. Perry E.K., Curtis M., Dick D.J., Candy J.M., Atack J.R., Bloxham C.A., Blessed G., Fairbairn A., Tomlinson B.E., Perry R.H. Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: comparisons with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 48:1985;413-421.
132. Perry E.K., Tomlinson B.E., Blessed G., Bergmann K., Gibson P.H., Perry R.H. Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. Br. Med. J. 2:1978;1457-1459.
133. Perry E.K., Tomlinson B.E., Blessed G., Perry R.H., Cross A.J., Crow T.J. Neuropathological and biochemical observations on the noradrenergic system in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 51:1981;279-287.
134. Perry R.H., Blessed G., Perry E.K., Tomlinson B.E. Histochemical observations on the cholinesterase activities in the brains of elderly normal and demented (Alzheimer-type) patients. Ageing. 9:1980;9-16.
135. Perry R.H., Dockray G.J., Dimaline R., Perry E.K., Blessed G., Tomlinson B.E. Neuropeptides in Alzheimer's disease, depression and schizophrenia. A post mortem analysis of vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin in cerebral cortex. J. Neurol. Sci. 51:1981;465-472.
136. Pikkarainen M., Rönkkö S., Savander V., Insausti R., Pitkänen A. Projections from the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei of the amygdala to the hippocampal formation in the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 403:1999;229-260.
137. Platt J.L., Michael A.F. Retardation of fading and enhancement of intensity of immunofluorescence by p-phenylenediamine. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 31:1983;840-842.
138. Poirier J., Baccichet A., Dea D., Gauthier S. Cholesterol synthesis and lipoprotein reuptake during synaptic remodelling in hippocampus in adult rats. Neuroscience. 55:1993;81-90.
139. Robinson J.K., Crawley J.N. Intraventricular galanin impairs delayed non-matching to sample performance in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 107:1993;458-467.
140. 125I-Galanin binding sites in Alzheimer's disease: Increases in hippocampal subfields and a decrease in the caudate nucleus. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;1106-1113.
141. Rogaev E.I., Sherrington E.A., Rogaeva E.A., Levesque G., Ikeda M., Liang Y., Chi H., Lin C., Holman K., Tsuda T., Mar L., Srobi S., Nacmias B., Placentini S., Amaducci L., Chumakov I., Cohen D., Lannfelt L., Fraser P.E., Rommens J.M., St George-Hyslop P.H. Familial Alzheimer's disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimer's disease type 3 gene. Nature. 376:1995;775-778.
142. Rökaeus Å., Melander T., Hökfelt T., Lundberg J.M., Tatemoto K., Carlquist M., Mutt V. A galanin-like peptide in the central nervous system and intestine of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 47:1984;161-166.
143. Rossor M. N., Emson P. C., Iversen L. L., Mountjoy C. Q., Roth M., Hawthorn H., Ang V. T. Y., Jenkins J. S. and Fahrenkrug J. (1981) Neuropeptides in senile dementia of Alzhimer type: studies on somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin. In Metabolic Disorders of the Nervous System (ed. Clifford-Rose F.), pp. 418-420. Pitman, London.
144. Rossor M.N., Emson P.C., Mountjoy C.Q., Roth M., Iversen L.L. Reduced amounts of immunoreactive somatostatin in the temporal cortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurosci. Lett. 20:1980;373-377.
145. Saunders A.M., Strittmatter W.J., Schmechel D., George-Hyslop P.H., Pericak-Vance M.A., Joo S.H., Rosi B.L., Gusella J.F., Crapper-MacLachlan D.R., Alberts M.J., Hulette C., Crain B., Goldgaber D., Roses A.D. Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 43:1993;1467-1472.
146. Savasta M., Palacios J.M., Mengod G. Regional localization of the mRNA coding for the neuropeptide cholecystokinin in the rat brain studied by in situ hybridization. Neurosci. Lett. 93:1988;132-138.
147. Scheuner D., Eckman C., Jensen M., Song X., Citron M., Suzuki N., Bird T.D., Hardy J., Hutton M., Kukull W., Larson E., Levy-Lahad E., Viitanen M., Peskind E., Poorkaj P., Schellenberg G., Tanzi R., Wasco W., Lannfelt L., Selkoe D., Younkin S. Secreted amyloid beta-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 and APP mutations linked to familiar Alzheimer's disease. Nature Medicine. 2:1996;864-870.
148. Schultzberg M., Lundberg J.M., Hökfelt T., Terenius L., Brandt J., Elde R.P., Goldstein M. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in gland cells and nerve terminals of the adrenal medulla. Neuroscience. 3:1978;1169-1186.
149. Schwartz J. Neurotransmitters as neurotrophic factors: a new set of functions. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 34:1990;1-23.
150. Schwarzer C., Sperk G., Samanin R., Rizzi M., Gariboldi M., Vezzani A. Neuropeptides-immunoreactivity and their mRNA expression in kindling: functional implications for limbic epileptogenesis. Brain Res. Rev. 22:1996;27-50.
151. Schött P.A., Bjelke B., Ögren S.-O. Distribution and kinetics of galanin infused into the ventral hippocampus of the rat: relationship to spatial learning. Neuroscience. 83:1998;123-136.
152. Segal M. Morphine and enkephalin interactions with putative neurotransmitters in rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology. 16:1977;587-592.
153. Selkoe D.J. The molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neuron. 6:1991;487-498.
154. Selkoe D.J. Translating cell biology into therapeutic advances in Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 399:1999;A23-A31.
155. Sherrington R., Rogaev E.I., Liang Y., Rogaeva E.A., Levesque G., Ikeda M., Chi H., Lin C., Li G., Holman K., Tsuda T., Mar L., Foncin J.-F., Bruni A.C., Montesi M.P., Sorbi S., Rainero I., Pinessi L., Nee L., Chumakov I., Pollen D., Brookes A., Sanseau P., Polinsky R.J., Wasco W., Da Silva H.A.R., Haines J.L., Pericak-Vance M.A., Tanzi R.E., Roses A.D., Fraser P.E., Rommens J.M., St George-Hyslop P.H. Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 375:1995;754-760.
156. Shi C.-J., Cassell M.D. Perirhinal cortex projections to the amygdaloid complex and hippocampal formation in the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 406:1999;299-328.
157. Skofitsch G., Jacobowitz D.M. Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system. Peptides. 6:1985;509-546.
158. Strand F.L., Rose K.J., Zuccarelli L.A., Kume J. Neuropeptide hormones as neurotrophic factors. Physiol. Rev. 71:1991;1017-1037.
159. Strittmatter W.J., Saunders A.M., Schmechel D., Pericak-Vance M., Enghild J., Slavesen G.S., Roses A.D. Apolipoprotein E: High-avidity binding to β-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;1977-1981.
160. Strittmatter W.J., Wiesgraber K.H., Huang D.Y., Dong L.-M., Salvesen G.S., Pericak-Vance M., Schmechel D., Saunders A.M., Goldgaber D., Roses A.D. Binding of human apolipoprotein E to synthetic amyloid β peptide: Isoform-specific effects and implications for late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;8098-8102.
161. Struble R.G., Cork L.C., Whitehouse P.J., Price D.L. Cholinergic innervation in neuritic plaques. Science. 16:1982;413-415.
162. Struble R.G., Powers R.E., Casanova M.F., Kitt C.A., Brown E.C., Price D.L. Neuropeptidergic systems in plaques of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. exp. Neurol. 46:1987;567-584.
163. Sturchler-Pierrat C., Abramowski D., Duke M., Wiederhold K.-H., Mistl C., Rothacher S., Ledermann B., Bürki K., Frey P., Paganetti P.A., Waridel C., Calhoun M.E., Jucker M., Probst A., Staufenbiel M., Sommer B. Two amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse models with Alzheimer disease-like pathology. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;13,287-13,292.
164. Sturchler-Pierrat C., Sommer B. Transgenic animals in Alzheimer's disease research. Rev. Neurosci. 10:1999;15-24.
165. Sundström E., Archer T., Melander T., Hökfelt T. Galanin impairs acquisition but not retrieval of spatial memory in rats studied in the Morris swim maze. Neurosci. Lett. 88:1988;331.
166. Suzuki N., Cheung T.T., Cai X.-D., Odaka A., Otvos L., Eckman C., Golde T.E., Younkin S.G. An increased percentage of long amyloid β protein secreted by familial amyloid β protein precursor (βAPP717) mutants. Science. 264:1994;1336-1340.
167. Südhof T.C. The synaptic vesicle cycle: a cascade of protein-protein interactions. Nature. 375:1995;645-653.
168. Tanzi R.E., Kovacs D.M., Kim T.-W., Moir R.D., Guenette S.Y., Wasco W. The gene defects responsible for familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 3:1996;159-168.
169. Tatemoto K. Neuropeptide Y; complete amino acid sequence of the brain peptide. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 79:1982;5485-5489.
170. Tatemoto K., Carlquist M., Mutt V. Neuropeptide Y, a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature. 296:1982;659-660.
171. Tatemoto K., Rökaeus Å., Jörnvall H., McDonald T.J., Mutt V. Galanin- a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine. FEBS Lett. 164:1983;124-128.
172. Theodorsson E., Stenfors C., Mathé A.A. Microwave irradiation increases recovery of neuropeptides from brain tissues. Peptides. 11:1990;1191-1197.
173. Unger J.W., McNeill T.H., Lapham L.L., Hamill R.W. Neuropeptides and neuropathology in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease: relationship between somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and subregional distribution of neuritic plaques. Brain Res. 452:1988;293-302.
174. Van Luijtelaar M.G.P.A., Steinbusch H.W.M., Tonnaer J.A.D.M. Aberrant morphology of serotonergic fibers in the forebrain of the aged rat. Neurosci. Lett. 95:1988;93-96.
175. Vanderhaeghen J.J., Lotstra F., Vierendeels G., Gilles C., Deschepper C., Verbanck P. Cholecystokinins in the central nervous system and neurohypophysis. Peptides. 2:1981;81-88.
176. Vanderhaeghen J.J., Signeau P., Gepts W. New peptide in the vertebrate CNS reacting with antigastrin antibodies. Nature. 257:1975;604-605.
177. Vidal C., Maier R., Zieglgänsberger W. Effects of dynorphin A (1-17), dynorphin A (1-13) and D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin on the excitability of pyramidal cells in CA1 and CA2 of the rat hippocampus in vitro. Neuropeptides. 5:1984;237-240.
178. Vincent S.R., Hökfelt T., Christensson I., Terenius L. Dynorphin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 33:1982;185-190.
179. von Euler U.S., Gaddum J.H. An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts. J. Physiol. 72:1931;74-87.
180. Wagner J.J., Terman G.W., Chavkin C. Endogenous dynorphins inhibit excitatory neurotransmission and block LTP induction in the hippocampus. Nature. 363:1993;451-454.
181. Walker L.C., Kitt C.A., Cork L.C., Struble R.G., Dellovade T.L., Price D.L. Multiple transmitter systems contribute neurites to individual senile plaques. J. Pathol. 47:1988;138-144.
182. Wallin A., Carlsson A., Ekman R., Gottfries C.G., Karlsson I., Svennerholm L., Widerlöv E. Hypothalamic monoamines and neuropeptides in dementia. Eur. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1:1991;165-168.
183. Watson S., Khachaturian H., Akil H., Coy C., Goldstein A. Comparison of the distribution of dynorphin systems and enkephalin systems in brain. Science. 218:1982;1134-1136.
184. Weber E., Evans C.J., Barchas J.D. Predominance of the amino-terminal octapeptide fragment of dynorphin in rat brain regions. Nature. 299:1982;77-79.
185. Weisskopf M.G., Zalutsky R.A., Nicoll R.A. The opioid peptide dynorphin mediates heterosynaptic depression of hippocampal mossy fibre synapses and modulates long-term potentiation. Nature. 362:1993;423-427.
186. Whitehouse P.J., Price D.L., Struble R.G., Clark A.W., Coyle J.T., DeLong M.R. Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science. 215:1982;1237-1239.
187. Widerlöv E., Wallin A., Gottfries C. G. and Ekman R. (1991) Hypothalamic neuropeptides in neuropsychiatric illness. In Stress and Related Disorders, From Adaptation to Dysfunction (eds Genazzini A. R., Nappi G., Petraglia F. and Martignoni E.), pp. 167-178. Parthenon, Carnforth, Lancashire.
188. Witter M. P. (1989) Connectivity of the rat hippocampus. In The Hippocampus-New Vistas (eds Chan-Palay V. and Köhler C.), pp. 53-69. Alan R. Liss, New York.
189. Wynick D., Small C.J., Bacon A., Holmes F.E., Norman M., Ormandy C.J., Kilic E., Kerr N.C., Ghatei M., Talamantes F., Bloom S.R., Pachnis V. Galanin regulates prolactin release and lactotroph proliferation. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;12,671-12,676.
190. Xu Z.-Q.D., Shi T.-J.S., Hökfelt T. Galanin/GMAP- and NPY-like immunoreactivities in locus coeruleus and noradrenergic nerve terminals in the hippocampal formation and cortex with notes on the galanin-R1 and-R2 receptors. J. comp. Neurol. 392:1998;227-251.
191. You Z.B., Godukhin O., Goiny M., Nylander I., Ungerstedt U., Terenius L., Hökfelt T., Herrera-Marschitz M. Cholecystokinin-8S increases dynorphin B, aspartate and glutamate release in the fronto-parietal cortex of the rat via different receptor subtypes. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 355:1997;576-581.
192. Zamboni I., De Martino C. Buffered picric acid formaldehyde. A new rapid fixative for electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 35:1967;148A.