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Slabs from corals were cut parallel to the axis of maximum growth and reduced to 2-mm thickness, ultrasonically cleaned, and dried at 40°C. Samples 150 to 350 μn thick were then precisely shaved along a continuous strip of 2 mm by 2 mm in cross-sectional area. Our microsampling procedure was designed to provide a minimum of 50 samples per annual growth increment, despite large differences in the annual extension rate among coral colonies, to ensure that the full range of the annual SST cycle was well defined. Every second sample was analyzed (about 25 samples per year), and these data were routinely filtered with a two-point running mean. For comparison with the coral records, blended ship- and satellite-derived SSTs (15) were plotted at the same frequency (26 weekly increments per year) and filtered with a two-point running mean to simulate the coral-derived SSTs. The instrumental SSTs have been regressed to reproduce in situ SST measurements made by ships and buoys (15). Buoy measurements of SST are typically made at a depth of 0.5 m, whereas ship measurements may be made as deep as 5 m. Therefore, the coral specimens were all collected from 2 to 3 m below mean low sea level so that they compare well with the satellite retrievals of SST.
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note
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18O is ±0.06 per mil (n = 34, 2σ) for a typical 150-μg sample.
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18O/∂T is the empirically derived temperature-dependent oxygen isotope fractionation (-0.18 per mil per degree Celsius) for the Porites investigated in this study and elsewhere (23).
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The along-track scanning radiometer (ATSR) data are supplied by the European Space Agency and have been analyzed by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK.
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53
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We thank I. Ward for assistance with coral sample preparation and mass spectrometry; S. Anker, S. Vellacott, P. Walbran, and W. Hantoro for help with collecting corals; and W. Beck, D. Schrag, B. Linsley, D. Battisti, and K. Trenberth for valuable discussions. Financial support was provided by the Australian National Greenhouse Advisory Committee.
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