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84920310370
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note
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We photographed cores digitally and processed these images with the National Institutes of Health program IMAGE. This program assigns a value between 0 (white) and 256 (black) to each pixel. Because each pixel represents ∼0.3 mm of core and because gray scale is a good proxy for C content, the gray-scale record represents a proxy for the oscillation between inorganic, storm-induced clastic sedimentation and organic-rich background sedimentation with subannual resolution.
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84920310369
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note
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13C values for both light and dark laminae.
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note
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14C-dated intervals according to the gray-scale value, so that the lighter the color of sediment, the less time it represents (and vice versa).
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The El Niño signal that is recorded in Laguna Pallcacocha may be complicated by other factors. Delta progradation may influence the delivery of clastic sediment to the deep basin, and we expect that this would cause a progressive increase in the grain size and thickness of the clastic layers; however, we have noted no such trends. Seismic activity may be responsible for clastic events, but it is unlikely that this would have a major effect on the periodicity of sedimentation within the 2- to 8.5-year ENSO band. Because most precipitation that falls in the tropical Andes is derived from the tropical easterlies, it is possible that the North Atlantic Oscillation is a compounding influence on interannual sediment delivery to the lake [Y. Kushnir, J. Clin. 7, 141 (1994)].
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The time series for each drive were interpolated at a 0.75-year interval (the minimum sample spacing). The trend and low-frequency variance were removed with a triangular-shaped filter with a 1/2 pass band frequency of 1/150 year. With 100 lags (M = n/8, where M is the number of lags), we calculated the variance spectrum as the Fourier transform of the autocovariance function, using the Blackman-Tukey method [G. M. Jenkins and D. G. Watts, Spectral Analysis and Its Applications (Holden-Day, Oakland, CA, 1968)] in the ARAND package from Brown University (Providence, RI). Confidence levels (80%) are based on the inverse chi-square distribution.
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Spectral Analysis and Its Applications
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On the basis of flood deposits intercalated with clay-enriched aridic soils along the hyperarid north coast of Perú, an alternative interpretation has been proposed, which asserts that the presence of TAMAs is a result of coastal geomorphology and sea-level rise rather than climate [T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Diaz, L. Wells, Cl. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966] and that the ENSO persisted through at least the past 40,000 years (3). Our record clearly shows that storm-generated clastic depositional events occurred during the Late Glacial and early Holocene with periodicities of ≥ 15 years, but not in the 2- to 8.5-year ENSO band. The interpretation of the TAMA (5) is also problematic because it implies a quasi-permanent El Niño state, which is neither evident in our record as a prolonged period of clastic sedimentation, nor in other proxy records from the region (3). We suggest that whereas El Niños may have been less frequent, the eastern Pacific was marked by less intense upwelling and zonal circulation and was capable of producing infrequent and localized coastal flooding but was insufficient to generate high-frequency convective-driven precipitation to 4000 masl.
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DeVries, T.J.1
Ortlieb, L.2
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35
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0030901852
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On the basis of flood deposits intercalated with clay-enriched aridic soils along the hyperarid north coast of Perú, an alternative interpretation has been proposed, which asserts that the presence of TAMAs is a result of coastal geomorphology and sea-level rise rather than climate [T. J. DeVries, L. Ortlieb, A. Diaz, L. Wells, Cl. Hillaire-Marcel, Science 276, 965 (1997); L. E. Wells and J. S. Noller, ibid., p. 966] and that the ENSO persisted through at least the past 40,000 years (3). Our record clearly shows that storm-generated clastic depositional events occurred during the Late Glacial and early Holocene with periodicities of ≥ 15 years, but not in the 2- to 8.5-year ENSO band. The interpretation of the TAMA (5) is also problematic because it implies a quasi-permanent El Niño state, which is neither evident in our record as a prolonged period of clastic sedimentation, nor in other proxy records from the region (3). We suggest that whereas El Niños may have been less frequent, the eastern Pacific was marked by less intense upwelling and zonal circulation and was capable of producing infrequent and localized coastal flooding but was insufficient to generate high-frequency convective-driven precipitation to 4000 masl.
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Science
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84920310367
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note
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We thank R. Fleischer, P. Gremillion, and anonymous reviewers for improving the manuscript and C. Oballe and K. Reed for their help in retrieving the sediment core. Supported by NSF grants EAR9418886 (D.T.R.) and EAR9422424 (G.O.S.) and by the Union College Internal Education Foundation (J.H.N.) and Faculty Research Fund (D.T.R.).
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