Electrical activation of artificial muscles containing polyacrylonitrile gel fibers

Biomacromolecules

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 642-647

  Schreyer, H Brett ^a   Gebhart, Nouvelle ^a   Kim, Kwang J ^a   Shahinpoor, Mohsen ^a  

^a MSC01 1070   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACRYLIC ACID RESIN; PLATINUM; POLYACRYLONITRILE;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL ORGAN; CHEMISTRY; ELASTICITY; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; GEL; MUSCLE; PHYSIOLOGY;

ACRYLIC RESINS; ARTIFICIAL ORGANS; ELASTICITY; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; GELS; MUSCLES; PLATINUM;

EID: 0034578098     PISSN: 15257797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/bm005557l     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Otero, T. F.; Angulo, E.; Rodriquez, J.; Santamaria, C. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 341, 369-375.
2. Pei, Q.; Inganas, O. Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 277-278.
3. Kaneto, K.; Kaneko, M.; Min, Y.; MacDiarmid, A. G. Synth. Met. 1995, 71, 2211-2212.
4. Smela, E.; Inganas, O.; Lundstrom, I. Science 1995, 268, 1735-1738.
5. Santa, A. D.; DeRossi, D.; Mazzoldi, A. Synth. Met. 1997, 90, 93-100.
6. Smela, E.; Gadegaard, N. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 953-957.
7. Smela, E.; Kallenbach, M.; Holdenried, J. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 1999, 8, 373-383.
8. Osada, Y.; Hasebe, M. Chem. Lett. 1985, 1285-1288.
9. DeRossi, D. E.; Chiarelli, P.; Buzzigoli, G.; Domenici, C.; Lazzeri, L. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 1986, 32, 157-163.
10. Grimshaw, P. E.; Nussbaum, J.; Grodzinsky, A.; Yarmush, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 93, 6: 4462-4472.
11. Shiga, T.; Kurauchi, T. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1990, 39, 2305-2320.
12. Doi, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Hirose, Y. Macromolecules 1992, 25. 5504-5511.
13. Osada, Y.; Okuzaki, H.; Hon, H. Nature 1992, 355, 242-244.
14. Shahinpoor, M. Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J. 1992, 1, 91-94.
15. Herbert, I. R.; Tipping, A.; Bashir, Z. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1993, 31, 1459-1470.
16. Shahinpoor, M. Nonhomogeneous large deformation theory of ionic polymeric gels in electric and pH fields. Proceedings of the 1993 SPIE Conference on Smart Structures and Materials; Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 1993; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, 1993; No. 1916, pp 40-50.
17. Shiga, T.; Hirose, Y.; Okada, A.; Kurauchi, T. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1993, 47, 113-119.
18. Hirai, T.; Nemoto, H.; Hirai, M.; Hayashi, S. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1994, 53, 79-84.
19. Hirai, M.; Hirai, T.; Sukumoda, A.; Nemoto, H.; Amemiya, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Ueki, T. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1995, 91, 473-477.
20. Bohon, K.; Krause, S. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1998, 36, 1091-1094.
21. Rosen, O.; Piculell, L.; Hourdet, D. Langmuir 1998, 14, 777-782.
22. Umemoto, S.; Okui, N.; Sakai, T. In Polymer Gels: DeRossi, D., et al., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York. 1991; pp 257-270.
23. Vasiliu-Oprea, C.; Marcu, I.; Ciovica, S.; Dan, F. Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 1999, 38, 609-620.
24. Xue, T.; McKinney, M.; Wilkie, C. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1997, 58, 193-202.
25. Surianarayanan, M.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Raghavan, K. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1998, 36, 2503-2512.
26. Kikuma, J.; Warwick, T.; Zhang, H.; Tonner, B. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 1998, 94, 271-278.
27. Ogawa, H.; Saito, K. Carbon 1995, 33, 783-788.
28. Hu, X.; Johnson, D.; Tomka, J. J. Text. Inst. 1995, 86, 322-331.
29. Chatterjee, N.; Basu, S.; Palit, S.; Maiti, M. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1995, 33, 1705-1712.
30. Hu, X. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996, 62, 1925-1932.
31. Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G.; Auriemma, F. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1830-1832.
32. Bashir, Z. Acta Polym. 1996, 47, 125-129.
33. Pospisil, J.; Samoc, M.; Zieba, J. Eur. Polym. J. 1998, 34, 899-904.
34. Sawai, D.; Yamane, A.; Kameda, T.; Kanamoto, T.; Ito, M.; Yamazaki, H.; Hisatani, K. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 5622-5630.
35. Dalton, S.; Heatley, F.; Budd, P. Polymer 1999, 40, 5531-5543.
36. Shahinpoor, M.; Salehpoor, K.; Mojarrad, M. Some experimental results on the dynamic performance of PAN muscles. Proceedings of the 1997 SPIE Conference on Smart Materials Technologies; San Diego, CA, Mar. 1997; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, 1997; No. 3040, pp 169-173.
37. Kuhn, W.; Hargitay, B.; Katchalsky, A.; Eisenberg, H. Nature 1950, 165, 514-516.
38. Hamlen, R.; Kent, C.; Shafer, S. Nature 1965, 206, 1149-1150.
39. Shahinpoor, M.; Adolf, D.; Segalman, D.; Witkowski, W. Electrically controlled polymeric gel actuators. U.S. Patent 5,250,167, Oct. 1993.
40. American Society for Testing and Materials. 1997 Annual Book of ASTM Standards; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, 1997; Vol. 03.01, E111-82, pp 221-226.
41. Van Vlack, L. Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th ed.: Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1987; pp 612-613.
42. Berne, R.; Levy, M. Cardiovascular Physiology, 7th ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, MO, 1997.
43. Julian, F.; Sollins, M. Regulation of Force and Speed of Shortening in Muscle Contraction. The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction; 37th Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1973; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, 1973; pp 635-646.