Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water: Evaluation of two concentration methods and occurrence in wastewater

Parassitologia

Volumn 42, Issue 3-4, 2000, Pages 205-209

  Brandonisio, Olga ^a   Portincasa, F ^b   Torchetti, G ^a   Lacarpia, N ^a   Rizzi, A ^a   Fumarola, L ^a   Donadio, F ^b   Carnimeo, D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^b Servizio Vigilanza Igienica   (Italy)

Author keywords

Crossflow; Cryptosporidium; Giardia; Wastewater; Water

Indexed keywords

WATER;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FILTRATION; GIARDIA; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METHODOLOGY; PARASITOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FILTRATION; GIARDIA; PARASITOLOGY; WATER;

EID: 0034574998     PISSN: 00482951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Adin A, Asano T (1998). The role of physical-chemical treatment in wastewater reclamation and reuse. Water Sci Technol 37: 79-90.
2. Aldom JE, Chagla AH (1995). Recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water by a membrane filter dissolution method. Lett Appl Microbiol 20: 186-187.
3. Awad El Kariem FM, Robinson HA, Retry F, McDonald V, Evans D, Casemore D (1998). Differentiation between human and animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum using molecular and biological markers. Parasitol Res 84: 297-301.
4. Bernieri F, Galli D, Giordano S, et al. (1996). Indagine nazionale AMCLI-CoSP sulla diffusions delle parassitosi intestinali. Microbiol Med 11: 463-472.
5. Bielec L, Boisvert TC, Jackson SG (1996). Modified procedure for recovery of Giardia cysts from diverse water sources. Lett Appl Microbiol 22: 21-25.
6. Brandonisio O, Maggi P, Panaro MA, Lisi S, Andriola A, Acquafredda A, Angarano G (1999). Intestinal protozoa in HIV-infected patients in Apulia, South Italy. Epidemiol Infect 123: 457-462.
7. Bukhari Z, Smith HV, Sykes N, Humphreys SW, Paton CA, Girdwood RWA, Fricker CR (1997). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts and Giardia spp cysts in sewage influents and effluents from treatment plants in England. Water Sci Technol 35: 385-390.
8. Caccio S, Homan W, Camilli R, Traldi G. Kortbeek T, Pozio E (2000). A microsatellite marker reveals population heterogeneity within human and animal genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitology 120: 237-244.
9. Campbell AT, Smith HV (1997). Immunomagnetisable separation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from water samples. Water Sci Technol 35: 397-401.
10. Chappel CL. Okhuysen PC. Sterling CR, DuPont HL (1996). Cryptosporidium parvum: intensity of infection and oocysts excretion patterns in healthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 173: 232-236.
11. Clancy JL, Gollnitz WD, Tabib Z (1994). Commercial labs: how accurate are they? J Am Water Works Assoc 86: 89-97.
12. DuPont HL, Chappel CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W (1995). The infectivity of Cryptosporidum parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 332: 855-859.
13. Falk CC, Karanis P. Schoenen D, Seitz HM (1998). Bench scale experiments for the evaluation of a membrane filtration method for the recovery efficiency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium from water. Water Res 32: 565-568.
14. Payer R. Graczyk TK, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, Farley CA. (1998b). Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 1070-1074.
15. Payer R. Morgan U, Upton SJ (2000). Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol 30: 1305-1322.
16. Fayer R, Trout JM, Jenkins MC (1998a). Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in water at environmental temperatures. J Parasitol 84: 1165-1169.
17. Fricker CR, Crabb JH (1998). Water-borne cryptosporidiosis: detection methods and treatment options. Adv Parasitol 40: 241-278.
18. Gomez-Bautista M, Ortega-Mora LM, Tabares E, Lopez-Rodas V, Costas E (2000). Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 1866-1870.
19. Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR. Fayer R (1996). Evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test kits for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts of species other than Cryptosporidium parvum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 274-279.
20. Grimason AM, Wiandt S. Baleux B, Thitai WN, Bontoux J, Smith HV (1996). Occurrence and removal of Giardia sp cysts by Kenyan and French waste stabilisation pond systems. Water Sci Technol 33: 83-89.
21. Hallier-Soulier S. Guillot E (2000). Detection of cryptosporidia and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental samples by immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol 89: 5-10.
22. Ho BSW, Tam TY (1998). Occurrence of Giardia cysts in beach water. Water Sci Technol 38: 73-76.
23. Karanis P, Schoenen D, Seitz HM (1998). Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany. Water Sci Technol 37: 9-18.
24. Kostrzynska M, Sankey M, Haack E, Power C, Aldom JE, Chagla AH, Unger S, Palmateer G, Lee H, Trevors JT, De Grandis SA (1999). Three sample preparation protocols for polymerase chain reaction based detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples. J Microbiol Methods 35: 65-71.
25. LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Siegel JE, Abbaszadegan M (1995). Evaluation of the immunofluorescence procedure for detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 690-697.
26. Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA. Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB. Davis JP (1994). A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 331: 161-167.
27. Matheson Z, Hargy TM, McCuin RM, Clancy JL, Fricker CR (1998). An evaluation of the Gelman Envirochek registered capsule for the simultaneous concentration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from water. J Appl Microbiol 85: 755-761.
28. Moore AG, Vesey G, Champion A. Scandizzo P, Deere D, Veal D, Williams KL (1998). Viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts exposed to chlorine or other oxidising conditions may lack identifying epitopes. Int J Parasitol 28: 1205-1212.
29. Morgan UM (2000). Detection and characterisation of parasites causing emerging zoonosis. Int J Parasitol 30: 1407-1421.
30. Morgan UM, Thompson RCA (1998). PCR detection of Cryptosporidium: the way forward? Parasitol Today 14: 241-245.
31. Musial CE, Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, Gerba CP (1987). Detection of Cryptosporidium in water by using polypropylene cartridge filter. Appl Environ Microbiol 53: 687-692.
32. Nieminski EC, Schaefer FW III, Ongerth JE (1995). Comparison of two methods for detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1714-1719.
33. Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Jakibowski W, DuPont HL (1998). Susceptibility and serologic response of healthy adults to reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun 66: 441-443.
34. Ongerth JE, Stibbs HH (1987). Identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in river water. Appl Environ Microbiol 53: 672-676.
35. Pozio E, Rezza G, Boschini A, Pezzotti P, Tamburrini A, Rossi P, Di Fine M, Smacchia C, Schiesari A, Gattei E, Zucconi R, Ballarini P (1997). Clinical cryptosporidiosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced immunosuppression: findings from a longitudinal study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative former injection drug users. J Infect Dis 176: 969-975.
36. Rendtorff RC (1954). The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules. Am J Hyg 59: 209-220.
37. Renoth S, Karanis P, Schoenen D, Seitz HM (1996). Recovery efficiency of Cryptosporidium from water with a crossflow system and continuous centrifugation: a comparison study. Zbl Bakt 283: 522-528.
38. Rodgers MR, Flanigan DJ, Jakubowski W (1995). Identification of algae which interfere with the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and a method for alleviating this interference. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 3759-3763.
39. Rose JB (1997). Environmental ecology of Cryptosporidium and public health implications. Annu Rev Public Health 18: 135-161.
40. Shepherd KM, Wyn-Jones AP (1996). An evaluation of methods for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 1317-1322.
41. Smith HV, Hayes CR (1997). The status of UK methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in water concentrates. Water Sci Technol 35: 369-376.
42. Smith HV, Robertson LJ, Ongerth JE (1995). Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis: the impact of waterborne transmission. J Water SRT-Aqua 44: 258-274.
43. Smith HV, Rose JB (1990). Waterborne cryptosporidiosis. Parasitol Today 6: 8-12.
44. Smith HV. Rose JB (1998). Waterborne cryptosporidiosis: current status. Parasitol Today 14: 14-22.
45. Toze S (1999). PCR and the detection of microbial pathogens in water and wastewater. Water Res 33: 3545-3556.
46. Vesey G, Slade JS, Byrne M, Shepherd K, Fricker CR (1993). A new method for the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water. J Appl Bacteriol 75: 82-86.
47. Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W. Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA (2001). Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru J Infect Dis 183: 492-497.
48. Xiao L, Morgan UM, Fayer R, Thompson RCA, Lal AA (2000) Cryptosporidium systematics and implications for public health. Parasitol Today 16: 287-292.