Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts and Giardia spp cysts in sewage influents and effluents from treatment plants in England

Water Science and Technology

Volumn 35, Issue 11-12, 1997, Pages 385-390

  Bukhari, Z ^a   Smith, H V ^a   Sykes, N ^b   Humphreys, S W ^a   Paton, C A ^a   Girdwood, R W A ^a   Fricker, C R ^b  

^a NHS GREATER GLASGOW AND CLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^b THAMES WATER UTILITIES LTD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Giardia; Sludge; Wastewaters

Indexed keywords

EFFLUENTS; GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; POTABLE WATER; PROTOZOA; SEWAGE; SEWAGE SLUDGE; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS; SOILS; WATER POLLUTION;

CYSTS; ENGLAND; INFLUENTS; OOCYSTS;

SEWAGE TREATMENT;

RUNOFF;

CONFERENCE PAPER; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; GIARDIA DUODENALIS; LEACHING; OOCYST; SEWAGE EFFLUENT; UNITED KINGDOM; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SAMPLING;

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; GIARDIA; GIARDIA INTESTINALIS; PROTOZOA;

EID: 0030876178     PISSN: 02731223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00290-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (21)

1. Anon (1990a). Cryptosporidium in water supplies. Department of the Environment, Department of Health. HMSO London.
2. Anon (1990b). Methods for the examination of waters and associated materials. Isolation and identification of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Free Living Pathogenic Amoebae in water etc. 1989. Department of Environment, Standing Committee of Analysts. HMSO London.
3. Bukhari, Z. (1995). Cryptosporidium spp infections in livestock and the significance of environmental contamination with oocysts. PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
4. Bukhari, Z. and Smith, H. V. (1996). Bovine Cryptosporidium infections in the west of central Scotland (submitted).
5. Carrington, E. G. and Gray, P. (1993). The influence of cattle waste and sewage effluent on the levels of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface waters. WRc Report No: FR 0421. Foundation for Water Research, UK.
6. D'Antonio, R. G., Winn, R. E., Taylor, J. P., Gustafson, T. L., Current, W. L., Rhodes, M. M., Gary, G. W. and Zajac, R. A. (1985). A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann. Int. Med., 103, 886-888.
7. Dawson, D. J., Furness, M. L., Maddocks, M., Roberts, J. and Vidler, J. S. (1994). The impact of catchment events on levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw waters. AWWA seminar "Watershed Management and Control of Infectious Organisms" New York, 20 June 1994.
8. Enriquez, V., Rose, J. B., Enriquez, C. E. and Gerba, C. P. (1995). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in secondary and tertiary wastewater effluents. In "Protozoan Parasites and Water" edited by W. B. Betts, D. P. Casemore, C. R. Fricker, H. V. Smith and J. Watkins, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK pp. 84-86.
9. Gassmann, L. and Schwartzbrod, J. (1991). Wastewater and Giardia cysts. Wat. Sci. Tech., 24(2), 183-186.
10. Jakubowski, W., Sykora, J. L., Sorber, C. A., Casson, L. W. and Gavaghan, P. D. (1991). Determining giardiasis prevalence by examination of sewage. Wat. Sci. Tech., 24(2), 173-178.
11. Madore, M. S., Rose, J. B., Gerba, C. P., Arrowood, M. J. and Sterling, C. R. (1987). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in sewage effluents and selected surface waters. J. Parasitol., 73, 702-705.
12. Parker, J. F. W. (1993). Cryptosporidium spp Oocysts in the Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, Removal and Destruction. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
13. Parker, J. F. W., Smith, H. V. and Girdwood, R. W. A. (1993). Survey of Loch Lomond to assess the occurrence and prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts and their likely impact on human health. WRc Report No: FR 0409, Foundation for Water Research, UK.
14. Robertson, L. J., Paton, C. A., Campbell, A. T., Smith, H. V. and Smith, P. G. (1996). Removal of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts at sewage treatment plants in Scotland, UK. (submitted).
15. Robertson, L. J., Smith, H. V. and Paton, C. A. (1995). Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage influent in six treatment plants in Scotland and prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis diagnosed in the communities served by those plants. In "Protozoan Parasites and Water" edited by W. B. Betts, D. P. Casemore, C. R. Fricker, H. V. Smith and J. Watkins, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK pp. 47-49.
16. Rose, J. B. (1988). Occurrence and significance of Cryptosporidium in water. J. Am. Wat. Wks. Ass. Res. Technol., (February 1988) pp. 53-58.
17. Rose, J. B. and Botzenhart, K. (1990). Cryptosporidium und Giardia im wasser. Wasser Abwasser., 131, 563-572.
18. Rose, J. B., Kayed, D., Madore, M. S., Gerba, C. P., Arrowood, M. J. and Sterling, C. R. (1988). Methods for the recovery of Giardia and Cryptosporidium from environmental waters and their comparative occurrence. In "Advances in Giardia Research" edited by P. Wallis and B. Hammond, University of Calgary Press.
19. Sykora, J. L., Sorber, C. A., Jakubowski, W., Casson, L. W., Gavaghan, P. D., Shapiro, M. A. and Schott, M. J. (1991). Distribution of Giardia cysts in waste-water. Wat. Sci. Tech., 24(2), 187-192.
20. Weber, R. C., Bryan, R. T., Bishop, H. S., Walquist, S. P., Sullivan, J. J. and Jaranek, D. D. (1991). Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: Evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods. J. Clin. Microbiol., 29, 1323-1327.
21. Webster, K. A., Smith, H. V., Giles, M., Dawson, L. and Robertson, L. J. (1996). Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in faeces: comparison of conventional coproscopical methods and the polymerase chain reaction. Vet. Parasitol., 61, 5-13.