Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Volumn 100, Issue 12, 2000, Pages 1543-1556

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY WEIGHT; DEHYDRATION; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENDURANCE; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; HUMAN; NUTRITION; PHYSIOLOGY; SPORT; TEMPERATURE;

ALTITUDE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY WEIGHT; DEHYDRATION; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; HUMANS; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; SPORTS; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 0034567269     PISSN: 00028223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00428-4     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Swinburn B, Ravussin E. Energy balance or fat balance? Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57(suppl):766S-771S.
2. National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
3. Montoye HJ, Kemper HCG, Saris WHM, Washburn RA. Measuring Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 1996.
4. Manore MM, Thompson JL. Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 2000.
5. Hawley J, Burke L. Peak Performance: Training and Nutritional Strategies for Sports. St Leonards, NWS: Allen & Unwin Publishers; 1998.
6. Katch FI, McArdle WD. Introduction to Nutrition, Exercise, and Health. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1993.
7. Grandjean AC. Diets of elite athletes: Has the discipline of sports nutrition made an impact? J Nutr. 1997;127(suppl):874S-877S.
8. Dueck CA, Matt KS, Manore MM, Skinner JS. Treatment of athletic amenorrhea with a diet and training intervention program. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996;6:24-40.
9. Jonnalagadda SS, Benardot D, Nelson M. Energy and nutrient intakes of the United States national women's artistic gymnastics team. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998;8:331-344.
10. Loucks AB, Laughlin GA, Mortola JF, Girton L, Nelson JC, Yen SSC. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal function in eumenorrheic and amenorrheic athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:514-518.
11. Manore MM. Nutritional needs of the female athlete. In: Wheeler KB, Lombardo JA, eds. Clinics in Sports Medicine: Nutritional Aspects of Exercise. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 1999:549-563.
12. Kleiner SM, Calabrese LH, Fielder KM, Naito HK, Skibinski CI. Dietary influences on cardiovascular disease risk in anabolic steroid-using and nonusing bodybuilders. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989;8:109-119.
13. Manore MM, Thompson J, Russo M. Diet and exercise strategies of a world-class bodybuilder. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993;3:76-86.
14. Thompson JL, Manore MM. Body weight regulation and energy needs: weight loss. In: Driskell JA, Wolinsky I, eds. Energy-Yielding Macronutrients and Energy Metabolism in Sports Nutrition. Boca Raton, La: CRC Press; 2000: 291-308.
15. Manore MM. The overweight athlete. In: Maughan R, ed. IOC Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine: Nutrition in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science Publishers; 1999:469-483.
16. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition Intervention in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94:902-907.
17. Brownell KD, Rodin J, Wilmore JH. Eating, Body Weight, and Performance in Athletes: Disorders of Modern Society. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1992.
18. Sundgot-Borgen J. Eating Disorders. In: Berning JR, Steen SN, eds. Nutrition for Sport and Exercise. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers; 1998: 187-203.
19. Thompson RA, Sherman RT. Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 1993.
20. Harber VJ. Menstrual dysfunction in athletes: an energetic challenge. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2000;28:19-23.
21. American College of Sports Medicine. Position Stand: The Female Athlete Triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:i-ix.
22. Dueck CA, Manore MM, Matt KS. Role of energy balance in athletic menstrual dysfunction. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996;6:165-190.
23. Kopp-Woodroffe SA, Manore MM, Dueck CA, Skinner JS, Matt KS. Energy and nutrient status of amenorrheic athletes participating in a diet and exercise training intervention program. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999;9:70-88.
24. Loucks AB. Dietary energy requirements of physically active men and women: Threshold effects on reproductive function. In: Reducing Stress Fractures in Physically Active Military Women. Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Subcommittee on Body Composition, Nutrition and Health of Military Women. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998:89.
25. Position of the American Dietetic Association and the Canadian Dietetic Association: Nutrition for physical fitness and athletic performance for adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93:691-696.
26. Houtkooper LB, Going SB. Body composition: how should it be measured? Does it affect sport performance? Sports Sci Exchange. 1994;7:1-8.
27. Houtkooper LB. Body composition. IN: Manore MM, Thompson JL. Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 2000: 199-219.
28. Barr SI, McCargar LJ, Crawford SM. Practical use of body composition analysis in sport. Sports Med. 1994;17:277-282.
29. Webster BL, Barr SI. Body composition analysis of female adolescent athletes: comparing six regression equations. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:648-653.
30. Sinning WE. Body composition in athletes. In: Roche AF, Heymsfield SB, Lohman TG, eds. Human Body Composition. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 1996:257-273.
31. Lohman TG. Basic Concepts in body composition assessment. Advances in Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 1992:109-118.
32. Beals KA, Manore MM. Nutritional status of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:419-425.
33. Beals KA, Manore MM. Subclinical eating disorders in physically active women. Topics Clin Nutr. 1999;14:14-29.
34. Manore MM. Chronic dieting in active women: What are the health consequences? Women's Health Issues. 1996;6:332-341.
35. Lohman TG, Houtkooper LB, Going SB. Body fat measurement goes high-tech. Not all are created equal. ACSM Health Fitness J. 1997;1:30-35.
36. Heyward VH. Evaluation of body composition. Curr Issues Sports Med. 1996;22;146-156.
37. Going SB. Densitometry. In: Human Body Composition. In: Roche AF, Heymsfield SB, Lohman TG, eds. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 1996:3-23.
38. Lohman TG. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In: Roche AF, S.B. Heymsfield SB, Lohman TG, eds. Human Body Composition. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 1996:63-78.
39. Modlesky CM, Evans EM, Millard-Stafford ML, Collins MA, Lewis, RD, and Cureton KJ. Impact of bone mineral estimates on percent fat estimates from a four-component model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:1861-1868.
40. Sardinha LB, Lohman TG, Teixeira PJ, Guedes DP, Going SB. Comparison of air displacement plethysmography with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and 3 field methods for estimating body composition in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:786-793.
41. Ellis KJ, Abrams SA, Wong WW. Body composition of a young, multiethnic female population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:724-31.
42. Houtkooper LB, Going SB, Sproul J, Blew RM, Lohman TG. Comparison of methods for assessing body composition changes over 1 year in post-menopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:4001-4006.
43. Brooks GA, Mercier J. Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise. The cross over concept. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76:2253-2261.
44. Brooks GA, Trimmer J. Literature supports the cross over concept [letter]. J Appl Physiol. 1995;80:1073-1075.
45. Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hemmert MK, Ivy JL. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J Appl Physiol. 1986;61:165-172.
46. Bergman BC, Butterfield GE, Wolfel EE, Casazza GA, Lopaschuk GD, Brooks GA. Evaluation of exercise and training on muscle lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:E106-E117.
47. El-Khoury AE, Forslund A, Olsson R, Branth S, Sjodin A, Andersson A, Atkinson A, Selvaraj A, Hambraeus L, and Young VR. Moderate exercise at energy balance does not affect 24-h leucine oxidation or nitrogen retention in healthy men. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:E394-E407.
48. Phillips SM, Atkinson SA, Tarnopolsky MA, and MacDougall JD. Gender differences in leucine kinetics and nitrogen balance in endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:2134-2141.
49. Bergman BC, Brooks GA. Respiratory gas-exchange ratios during graded exercise in fed and fasted trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 86:479-487.
50. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 4th ed. US Depts of Agriculture and Health and Human Services; 1995. Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232.
51. Health and Welfare Canada. Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Government Publishing Centre; 1990.
52. Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: effects on metabolism and performance. In: Holloszy JO, ed. Exerc Sports Sci Rev. Philadelphia, Pa: Williams & Wilkins; 1991:19;1-40.
53. Coyle EF. Substrate utilization during exercise in active people. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(suppl):968S-79S.
54. Butterfield GE. Whole-body protein utilization in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19(suppl):S157-S165.
55. Lemon PWR. Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998;8:426-447.
56. Meredith CN, Zackin MJ, Frontera WR, Evans WJ. Dietary protein requirements and body protein metabolism in endurance-trained men. J Appl Physiol. 1989;66:2850-2856.
57. Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Chesley A, Phillips SM, Schwarcz H. Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73:1986-1995.
58. Davis JM, Bailey SP. Possible mechanisms of central nervous system fatigue during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:45-57.
59. Calders P, Matthys D, Derave W, Pannier J-L. Effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), glucose, and glucose plus BCAA on endurance performance in rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:583-587.
60. Blomstrand E, Hassmen P, Ekblom B, Newsholme EA. Administration of branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise: effects on performance and on plasma concentration of some amino acids. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1991;63:83-88.
61. Mittleman KD, Ricci MR, Bailey SP. Branched-chain amino acids prolong exercise during heat stress in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998; 30:83-91.
62. van Hall G, Raaymakers JSH, Saris WHM, Wagenmakers AJM. Ingestion of branched-chain amino acids and tryptophan during sustained exercise in man: failure to affect performance. J Physiol. 1995;486:789-794.
63. Madsen K, MacLean DA, Kiens B, Christensen D. Effects of glucose, glucose plus branched-chain amino acids, or placebo on bike performance over 100 km. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81:2644-2650.
64. Muoio DM, Leddy JJ, Horvath PJ, Awad AB, Pendergast DR. Effect of dietary fat on metabolic adjustments to maximal VO2 and endurance in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:81-88.
65. Lambert EV, Speechly DP, Dennis SC, Noakes TD. Enhanced endurance in trained cyclists during moderate intensity exercise following 2 weeks adaptation to a high fat diet. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1994;69:287-293.
66. Jeukendrup AE, Saris WHM. Fat as a fuel during exercise. In: Berning JR, Steen SN, eds. Nutrition for Sport and Exercise. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers; 1998:59-76.
67. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. A very low-fat diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:411-418.
68. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.
69. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, vitamin B-12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.
70. Clarkson PM. Exercise and the B vitamins. In: Wolinsky I, ed. Nutrition in Exercise and Sports. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1998:179-195.
71. Lewis RD. Riboflavin and niacin. In: Wolinsky I, Driskell JA, eds. Sports Nutrition: Vitamins and Trace Elements. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1997:57-73.
72. Manore MM. The effect of physical activity on thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(suppl):5985-6065.
73. Peifer JJ. Thiamin. In: Wolinsky I, Driskell JA, eds. Sports Nutrition: Vitamins and Trace Elements. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1997:47-55.
74. Sampson DA. Vitamin B6. In: Wolinsky I, Driskell JA, eds. Sports Nutrition: Vitamins and Trace Elements. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1997:75-84.
75. McMartin K. Folate and vitamin B12. In: Wolinsky I, Driskell JA, eds. Sports Nutrition: Vitamins and Trace Elements. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1997:85-96.
76. Manore MM. Vitamin B6 and exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994;4:89-103
77. Clarkson PM. Antioxidants and physical performance. Critical Reviews Food Sci Nutr. 1995;35 (1&2):131-141.
78. Ji LL. Oxidative stress during exercise: implication of antioxidant nutrients. Free Radical Biology & Med. 1995;18:1079-1086.
79. Kanter MM. Free radicals, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994;4:205-220.
80. Kanter MM. Nutritional antioxidants and physical activity. In: Wolinsky I, ed. Nutrition in Exercise and Sport. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1998:245-255.
81. Haymes EM, Clarkson PM. Minerals and trace minerals. In: Berning JR, Steen SN, eds. Nutrition for Sport and Exercise. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers; 1998:77-107.
82. Benardot D. Working with young athletes: views of a nutritionist on a sports medicine team. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996;6:110-120.
83. Looker AC, Dallman PR, Carroll MD, Gunter EW, Johnson CL. Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. JAMA. 1997;277:973-976.
84. Cousins RJ. Zinc. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ. Eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 7th ed. Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 1996:293-306.
85. Moser-Veillon PB. Zinc: consumption patterns and dietary recommendations. J Am Diet Assoc. 1990;90:1089-1093.
86. Loosli AR. Reversing sports-related iron and zinc deficiencies. Phys Sports Med. 1993;21:70-76.
87. Barr SI, Costill DL, Fink WJ. Fluid replacement during prolonged exercise: Effects of water, saline, or no fluid. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23: 811-817.
88. Below PR, Mora-Rodriguez R, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Coyle EF. Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion independently improve performance during 1 h of intense exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:200-210.
89. McConnell GK, Burge CM, Skinner SL, Hargreaves M. Influence of ingested fluid volume on physiological responses during prolonged exercise. Acta Physiol Scan. 1997;160:149-156.
90. Montain SJ, Coyle EF. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73:1340-1350.
91. Walsh RM, Noakes TD, Hawley JA, Dennis SC. Impaired high-intensity cycling performance time at low levels of dehydration. Int J Sports Med. 1994;15:392-398.
92. Noakes TD. Fluid replacement during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1993;21:297-330.
93. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:i-vii.
94. Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, Montain SJ, Reiff RV, Rich BSE, Roberts WO, Stone JA. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Fluid replacement for athletes. J Athletic Training. 2000;35(2):212-224.
95. Barr SI. Effects of dehydration on exercise performance. Can J Appl Physiol. 1999;24:164-172.
96. Barr SI, Costill DL. Water. Can the endurance athlete get too much of a good thing? J Am Diet Assoc. 1989;89:1629-1632, 1635.
97. Speedy DB, Noakes TD, Rogers IR, Thompson JMD, Campbell RGD, Kuttner JA, Boswell DB, Wright S, Hamlin M. Hyponatremia in ultradistance triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:809-815.
98. Vrigens DMG, Rehrer NJ. Sodium-free fluid ingestion decreases plasma sodium during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86:1847-1851.
99. Shirreffs SM, Taylor AJ, Leiper JB, Maughan RJ. Post-exercise rehydration in man: Effects of volume consumed and drink sodium content. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:1260-1271.
100. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB. Sodium intake and post-exercise rehydration in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995;71:311-319.
101. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, Shirreffs SM. Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: Effects of food and fluid intake. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;73:317-325.
102. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Heat and cold illnesses during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:i-x.
103. Adner MM, Scarlet JJ, Casey J, Robison W, Jones BH. The Boston marathon medical care team: ten years of experience. Physician Sportsmed. 1988;16:98-106.
104. Freund BJ, Sawka MN. Influence of cold stress on human fluid balance. In: Marriott BM, Carlson SJ, eds. Nutritional Needs in Cold and in High-Altitude Environments. Washington, DC: Committee on Military Nutrition Research; 1996:161-179.
105. Hackett PH, Rennie D, Grover RF, Reeves JT. Acute mountain sickness and the edemas of high altitude: a common pathogenesis? Respir Physiol. 1981;46:383-390.
106. Butterfield GE. Maintenance of Body Weight at Altitude: In Search of 500 kcal/day. In: Marriott BM, Carlson SJ, eds. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments. Washington, DC: Committee on Military Nutrition Research; 1996:357-378.
107. Butterfield GE, Gates J, Fleming S, Brooks GA, Sutton JR, Reeves JT. Increased energy intake minimizes weight loss in men at high altitude. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72:1741-1748.
108. Mawson JT, Braun B, Rock PB, Moore LG, Mazzeo R, Butterfield GE. Women at altitude: Energy requirements at 4300 m. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:272-281.
109. Rosenbloom CA (ed). Sports Nutrition: A Guide for the Professional Working with Active People. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2000.
110. Nutrition Recommendations....A Call for Action: Summary Report of the Scientific Review Committee and the Communications/Implementation Committee. Ottawa, Canada: Health and Welfare Canada; 1989.
111. Food Guide Pyramid: A Guide to Daily Food Choices. Washington, DC: US Dept of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Information Service; 1992. Home and Garden Bulletin No. 252.
112. Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating. Ottawa, Canada: Minister of Supply and Services Canada; 1992.
113. Benardot D, Thompson WR. Energy from food for physical activity. Enough and on time. ACSM Health & Fitness Journal. 1999;3:14-18.
114. Neufer PD, Costill DL, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP, Mitchell JB, Houmard J. Improvements in exercise performance: Effects of carbohydrate feedings and diet. J Appl Physiol. 1987;62:983-988.
115. Sherman WM, Brodowicz G, Wright DA, Allen WK, Simonsen J, Dernback A. Effect of 4 h pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21:598-604.
116. Wright DA, Sherman WM, Dernback AR. Carbohydrate feedings before, during or in combination improve cycling endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. 1991;71:1082-1088.
117. Schabort EJ, Bosch AN, Weltan SM, Noakes TD. The effect of a preexercise meal on time to fatigue during prolonged cycling exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:464-471.
118. Foster C, Costill DL, Fink WJ. Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance. Med Sci Sports. 1979;11:1-5.
119. Alberici JC, Farrell PA, Kris-Etherton PM, Shively CA. Effects of preexercise candy bar ingestion on glycemic response, substrate utilization, and performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993;3:323-333.
120. Devlin JT, Calles-Escandon J, Horton ES. Effects of preexercise snack feedings on endurance cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1986;60:980-985.
121. Horowitz JF, Coyle EF. Metabolic responses to pre-exercise meals containing various carbohydrates and fat. Am J clin Nutr. 1993;58:235-241.
122. DeMarco HM, Sucher KP, Cisar CJ, Butterfield GE. Pre-exercise carbohydrate meals: application of glycemic index. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31: 164-170.
123. Wee S-L, Willliams C, Gray S, Horabin J. Influence of high and low glycemic index meals on endurance running capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:393-399.
124. Sugiura K, Kobayashi K. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on sprint performance following continuous and intermittent exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:1624-1630.
125. Ball TC, Headley SA, Vanderburgh PM, Smith JC. Periodic carbohydrate replacement during 50-min of high-intensity cycling improves subsequent sprint performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1995;5:151-158.
126. Jeukendrup AE, Jentjens R. Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise. Current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Med. 2000;29(6):407-424.
127. Jeukendrump AE, Brouns F, Wagenmakers AJM, Sarris WHM. Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings improve 1 h time trial cycling performance. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(2):125-129.
128. Davis JM, Jackson DA, Broadwell MS, Queary JL, Lambert CL. Carbohydrate drinks delay fatigue during intermittent, high-intensity cycling in active men and women. Int J Sports Med. 1997;7:261-273.
129. Nicholas CW, Williams C, Lakomy HKA, Phillips G, Nowitz A. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. J Sports Sci. 1995;13:283-290.
130. McConell G, Kloot K, Hargreaves M. Effect of timing of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28:1300-1304.
131. Ivy JL, Katz AL, Cutler CL, Sherman WM, Coyle EF. Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64:1480-1485.
132. Ivy JL, Lee MC, Brozinick JT Jr, Reed MJ. Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of carbohydrate ingestion. J Appl Physiol. 1988;65:2018-2023.
133. Doyle AJ, Sherman WM, Strauss RL. Effects of eccentric and concentric exercise on muscle glycogen replenishment. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74:1848-1855.
134. Burke LM, Collier GR, Davis PG, Fricker PA, Sanigorski AJ, Hargreaves M. Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: effect of the frequency of carbohydrate feedings. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64:115-119.
135. Blom PCS, Hostmark AT, Vaage O, Kardel KR, Maehlum S. Effect of different post-exercise sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:491-496.
136. Burke LM, Collier GR, Hargreaves M. Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrate feeding. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:1019-1023.
137. Burke LM, Collier GR, Beasley SK, Davis PG, Fricker PA, Heeley P, Walder K, Hargreaves M. Effect of coingestion of fat and protein with carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen storage. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78:2187-2192.
138. Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA. Influence of differing macronutrient intakes on muscle glycogen resynthesis after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84:890-896.
139. Zawadski KM, Yaspelkis BB, Ivy JL. Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992;72:1854-1859.
140. Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Fowles J, Yarasheski KE. Effect of glucose supplement timing on protein metabolism after resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82:1882-1888.
141. 103rd Congress. Public law 103-417. Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act of 1994. (21USC 3419(r)(6)), 1994.
142. Vozenilek G. The wheat from the chaff: Sorting out nutrition information on the internet. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1270-1272.
143. Butterfield GE. Ergogenic Aids: Evaluating sport nutrition products. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996;6:191-197.
144. Williams MH. The use of nutritional ergogenic aids in sports: Is it an ethical issue? Int J Sport Nutr. 1994;4:120-131.
145. Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: An update. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:216-234.
146. Williams MH. The Ergogenic Edge. Pushing the Limits of Sports Performance. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 1998.
147. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1317-1321.
148. O'Connor MA, Touyz SW, Dunn SM, Beumont PJV. Vegetarianism in anorexia nervosa? A review of 116 consecutive cases. Med J Aust. 1987;147: 540-542.
149. Young VR, Pellett PL. Plant protein in relation to human proteins and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1203S-1212S.
150. Craig WJ. Iron status of vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(suppl): 1233S-1237S.
151. Clark N. Nutrition quackery: when claims are too good to be true. Physician Sportsmed. 1995;23:7-8.
152. Engels HJ. Publication of adverse events in exercise studies involving nutritional agents. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999;9:89-91.
153. Rosenbloom C, Storlie J. A nutritionist's guide to evaluating ergogenic aids. American Dietetic Association SCAN'S Pulse. 1998;17:1-5.
154. Sarubin A. The Health Professional's Guide to Popular Dietary Supplements. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2000.