Microcirculatory inflammation in chronic venous insufficiency: Current status and future Directions

Microcirculation

Volumn 7, Issue SUPPL.1, 2000, Pages

  Durán, Walter ^a   Pappas, Peter J ^a   Schmid Schönbein, Geert W ^b  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines; dermal microcirculation; endothelium; fluid shear stress; inflammation; leukocytes; mast cells; matrix metalloproteases; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases; tissue remodeling; transforming growth factor b 1; venous hypertension; venous valve dysfunction; wound healing

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; MECHANICAL STRESS; MICROCIRCULATION; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VEIN INSUFFICIENCY;

CHRONIC DISEASE; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; MICROCIRCULATION; STRESS, MECHANICAL; VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY;

EID: 0034564878     PISSN: 10739688     EISSN: 15498719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/mic.7.S1.S49.S58     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Barber DA, Wang X, Gloviczki P, Miller VM. (1997). Characterization of endothelin receptors in human varicose veins. J Vasc Surg 26:61-69
2. Border WA, Noble NA. (1994). Transforming growth factor beta in tissue fibrosis. N Engl J Med 331:1286-1292.
3. Burnand KG, Clemenson G, Whimster I, Gaunt J, Browse NL. (1982). The effect of sustained venous hypertension on the skin capillaries of the canine hind limb. Br J Surg 69:41-44.
4. Burnand KG, Whimster I, Naidoo A, Browse NL. (1982). Pericapillary fibrin in the ulcer-bearing skin of the leg: The cause of lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285:1071-1072.
5. Carpentier PH. (1998). [Role of leukocytes in the pathogenesis of trophic venous disorders]. J Mal Vasc 23:274-276.
6. Cawston TE, Mercer E, de Silva M, Hazleman BL. (1984). Metalloproteinases and collagenase inhibitors in rheumatoid synovial fluid. Arthr Rheum 27:285-290.
7. Chen KD, Li YS, Kim M, Li S, Yuan S, Chien S, Shyy JY. (1999). Mechanotransduction in response to shear stress. Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and Shc. J Biol Chem 274:18393-18400.
8. Chien S, Shyy JY. (1998). Effects of hemodynamic forces on gene expression and signal transduction in endothelial cells. Biol Bull 194:390-391.
9. Chiu JJ, Wang DL, Chien S, Skalak R, Usami S. (1998). Effects of disturbed flow on endothelial cells. J Biomech Eng 120:2-8.
10. Coleridge Smith PD. (1997). The microcirculation in venous hypertension. Vasc Med 2:203-213.
11. Coleridge Smith PD, Thomas P, Scurr JH, Dormandy JA. (1988). Causes of venous ulceration: A new hypothesis. Br Med J 296:1726-1727.
12. Davenpeck KL, Gauthier TW, Lefer AM. (1994). Inhibition of endothelial-derived nitric oxide promotes P-selectin expression and actions in the rat microcirculation [see comments]. Gastroenterology 107: 1050-1058.
13. DeLano FA, Forrest MJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (1997). Attenuation of oxygen free radical formation and tissue injury during experimental inflammation by P-selectin blockade. Microcirculation 4:349-357.
14. Delany AM, Brinckerhoff CE. (1992). Posttranscriptional regulation of collagenase and stromelysin gene expression by epidermal growth factor and dexamethasone in cultured human fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 50:400-410.
15. DePaola N, Davies PF, Pritchard WF Jr, Florez L, Harbeck N, Polacek DC. (1999). Spatial and temporal regulation of gap junction connexin43 in vascular endothelial cells exposed to controlled disturbed flows in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:3154-3159.
16. Dollery CM, McEwan JR, Henney AM. (1995). Matrix metalloproteinases and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 77:863-868.
17. Dormandy JA. (1996). Influence of blood cells and blood flow on venous endothelium. Int Angiol 15: 119-123.
18. Edwards DR, Murphy G, Reynolds JJ, Whitham SE, Docherty AJ, Angel P, Heath JK. (1987). Transforming growth factor beta modulates the expression of collagenase and metalloproteinase inhibitor. EMBO J 6:1899-1904.
19. Elmore JR, Keister BF, Franklin DP, Youkey JR, Carey DJ. (1998). Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs in human abdominal aortic aneurysms [see comments]. Ann Vasc Surg 12:221-228.
20. Fukuda S, Yasu T, Predescu DN, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (2000). Mechanisms for regulation of fluid shear stress response in circulating leukocytes. Circ Res 86:E13-E18.
21. Fung YC. (1996). Biomechanics: Circulation, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. New York.
22. Gandhi RH, Irizarry E, Nackman GB, Halpern VJ, Mulcare RJ, Tilson MD. (1993). Analysis of the connective tissue matrix and proteolytic activity of primary varicose veins [see comments]. J Vasc Surg 18: 814-820.
23. Golledge J, Turner RJ, Harley SL, Springall DR, Powell JT. (1997). Circumferential deformation and shear stress induce differential responses in saphenous vein endothelium exposed to arterial flow. J Clin Invest 99:2719-2726.
24. Gudi S, Nolan JP, Frangos JA. (1998). Modulation of GTPase activity of G proteins by fluid shear stress and phospholipid composition. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA 95:2515-2519.
25. Hahn M, Heubach T, Steins A, Jünger M. (1998). Hemodynamics in nailfold capillaries of patients with systemic scleroderma: Synchronous measurements of capillary blood pressure and red blood cell velocity. J Invest Dermatol 110:982-985.
26. Harris AG, Costa JJ, Delano FA, Zweifach BW, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (1998). Mechanisms of cell injury in rat mesentery and cremaster muscle. Am J Physiol 274:H1009-H1015.
27. Harris AG, Skalak TC. (1993). Leukocyte cytoskeletal structure is a determinant of capillary plugging and flow resistance in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 265:H1670-H1675.
28. Huang W, Shen Z, Huang NE, Fung YC. (1998). Engineering analysis of biological variables: An example of blood pressure over 1 day. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4816-4821.
29. Huang W, Shen Z, Huang NE, Fung YC. (1999). Nonlinear indicial response of complex nonstationary oscillations as pulmonary hypertension responding to step hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1834-1839.
30. Hynes RO. (1992). Integrins: Versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 69:11-25.
31. Ignotz RA, Massagué J. (1986). Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and their incorporation into the extra-cellular matrix. J Biol Chem 261:4337-4345.
32. Kähäri VM, Saarialho-Kere U. (1997). Matrix metal-loproteinases in skin. Exp Dermatol 6:199-213.
33. Klyscz T, Rassner G, Guckenberger G, and Jünger M. (1999). Biomechanical stimulation therapy. A novel physiotherapy method for systemic sclerosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 455:309-316.
34. Krüger-Krasagakes S, Grützkau A, Baghramian R, Henz BM. (1996). Interactions of immature human mast cells with extracellular matrix: Expression of specific adhesion receptors and their role in cell binding to matrix proteins. J Invest Dermatol 106:538-543.
35. Labropoulos N, Giannoukas AD, Delis K, Mansour MA, Kang SS, Nicolaides AN, Lumley J, Baker WH. (1997). Where does venous reflux start? J Vasc Surg 26:736-742.
36. Laiho M, Saksela O, Andreasen PA, Keski-Oja J. (1986). Enhanced production and extracellular deposition of the endothelial-type plasminogen activator inhibitor in cultured human lung fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Biol 103: 2403-2410.
37. Laiho M, Saksela O, Keski-Oja J. (1987). Transforming growth factor-beta induction of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Pericellular deposition and sensitivity to exogenous urokinase. J Biol Chem 262: 17467-17474.
38. Lalka SG, Unthank JL, Nixon JC. (1998). Elevated cutaneous leukocyte concentration in a rodent model of acute venous hypertension. J Surg Res 74:59-63.
39. Lees M, Taylor DJ, Woolley DE. (1994). Mast cell proteinases activate precursor forms of collagenase and stromelysin, but not of gelatinases A and B. Eur J Biochem 223:171-177.
40. Lowell RC, Gloviczki P, Miller VM. (1992). In vitro evaluation of endothelial and smooth muscle function of primary varicose veins [see comments]. J Vasc Surg 16:679-686.
41. Lui SQ, Moore MM, Glucksberg MR, Mockros LF, Grotberg JB, Mok AP. (1999). Partial prevention of monocyte and granulocyte activation in experimental vein grafts by using a biomechanical engineering approach. J Biomech 32:1165-1175.
42. Lund LR, Riccio A, Andreasen PA, Nielsen LS, Kris-tensen P, Laiho M, Saksela O, Blasi F, Danø K. (1987). Transforming growth factor-beta is a strong and fast acting positive regulator of the level of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor mRNA in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts. EMBO J 6:1281-1286.
43. Mashiah A, Berman V, Thole HH, Rose SS, Pasik S, Schwarz H, Ben-Hur H. (1999). Estrogen and progesterone receptors in normal and varicose saphenous veins. Cardiovasc Surg 7:327-331.
44. Mashiah A, Sternfeld M, Reina A, Hod I. (1991). [Etiology and surgery of varicose veins of the lower limb]. Harefuah 121:191-192.
45. Maurel E, Azema C, Deloly J, Bouissou H. (1990). Collagen of the normal and the varicose human saphenous vein: A biochemical study. Clin Chim Acta 193:27-37.
46. Mazzoni MC, Skalak TC, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (1987). Structure of lymphatic valves in the spinotrapezius muscle of the rat. Blood Vessels 24:304-312.
47. Messmer K. (1998). Microcirculation in Chronic Venous Insufficieny. Karger. Basel.
48. Moazam F, DeLano FA, Zweifach BW, Schmid- Schönbein GW. (1997). The leukocyte response to fluid stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5338-5343.
49. Mori N, Horie Y, Gerritsen ME, Granger DN. (1999). Ischemia-reperfusion induced microvascular responses in LDL-receptor -/- mice. Am J Physiol 276:H1647-H1654.
50. Nagel T, Resnick N, Dewey CF Jr, Gimbrone MA Jr. (1999). Vascular endothelial cells respond to spatial gradients in fluid shear stress by enhanced activation of transcription factors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:1825-1834.
51. Neumann FJ, Waas W, Diehm C, Weiss T, Haupt HM, Zimmermann R, Tillmanns H, Kübler W. (1990). Activation and decreased deformability of neutrophils after intermittent claudication. Circulation 82:922-929.
52. Omar HA, Ramirez R, Gibson M. (1995). Properties of a progesterone-induced relaxation in human placental arteries and veins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:370-373.
53. Ono T, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Takase S. (1998). Monocyte infiltration into venous valves. J Vasc Surg 27:158-166.
54. Pappas PJ, DeFouw DO, Venezio LM, Gorti R, Padberg FT Jr, Silva MB Jr, Goldberg MC, Durán WN, Hobson RW II. (1997). Morphometric assessment of the dermal microcirculation in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 26:784-795.
55. Pappas PJ, Fallek SR, Garcia A, Araki CT, Back TL, Durán WN, Hobson RW II. (1995). Role of leukocyte activation in patients with venous stasis ulcers. J Surg Res 59:553-559.
56. Pappas PJ, Gwertzman GA, DeFouw DO, Padberg FT Jr, Silva MB Jr, Durán WN, Hobson RW II. (1998). Retinoblastoma protein: A molecular regulator of chronic venous insufficiency. J Surg Res 76:149-153.
57. Pappas PJ, Teehan EP, Fallek SR, Garcia A, Araki CT, Back TL, Durán WN, Hobson RW II. (1995). Diminished mononuclear cell function is associated with chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 22: 580-586.
58. Pappas PJ, You R, Rameshwar P, Gorti R, DeFouw DO, Phillips CK, Padberg FT Jr, Silva MB Jr, Simonian GT, Hobson RW II, Durán WN. (1999). Dermal tissue fibrosis in patients with chronic venous insufficiency is associated with increased transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression and protein production. J Vasc Surg 30:1129-1145.
59. Peschen M, Lahaye T, Hennig B, Weyl A, Simon JC, Vanscheidt W. (1999). Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LFA-1 and VLA-4 in the skin is modulated in progressing stages of chronic venous insufficiency. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 79:27-32.
60. Pitzer JE, Del Zoppo GJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (1996). Neutrophil activation in smokers. Biorheology 33:45-58.
61. Porter J, Moneta GL. (1995). Reporting standards in venous disease: An update. J Vasc Surg 21:635-645.
62. Resnick N, Yahav H, Khachigian LM, Collins T, Anderson KR, Dewey FC, Gimbrone MA Jr. (1997). Endothelial gene regulation by laminar shear stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 430:155-164.
63. Ritter LS, McDonagh PF. (1997). Low-flow reperfusion after myocardial ischemia enhances leukocyte accumulation in coronary microcirculation. Am J Physiol 273:H1154-H1165.
64. Roberts AB, Flanders KC, Kondaiah P, Thompson NL, Van Obberghen-Schilling E, Wakefield L, Rossi P, de Crombrugghe B, Heine U, Sporn MB. (1988). Transforming growth factor beta: Biochemistry and roles in embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling, and carcinogenesis. Recent Prog Horm Res 44:157-197.
65. Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Assoian RK, Smith JM, Roche NS, Wakefield LM, Heine UI, Liotta LA, Falanga V, Kehrl JH, Fauci AS. (1986). Transforming growth factor type beta: Rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4167-4171.
66. Rose SS, Ahmed A. (1986). Some thoughts on the aetiology of varicose veins. J Cardiovasc Surg 27: 534-543.
67. Saarinen J, Kalkkinen N, Welgus HG, Kovanen PT. (1994). Activation of human interstitial procollagenase through direct cleavage of the Leu83-Thr84 bond by mast cell chymase. J Biol Chem 269:18134-18140.
68. Saharay M, Shields DA, Georgiannos SN, Porter JB, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. (1998). Endothelial activation in patients with chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 15:342-349.
69. Saharay M, Shields DA, Porter JB, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. (1997). Leukocyte activity in the microcirculation of the leg in patients with chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg 26:265-273.
70. Scott HJ, Coleridge Smith PD, Scurr JH. (1991). Histological study of white blood cells and their association with lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration. Br J Surg 78:210-211.
71. Shields D. (1994). White cell activation. In: Microcirculation in Venous Disease. (PD Coleridge Smith, ed.) R.G. Landes Campany. Austin. pp. 129-143.
72. Shields DA, Andaz SK, Sarin S, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. (1994). Plasma elastase in venous disease. Br J Surg 81:1496-1499.
73. Shyy JY, Li YS, Lin MC, Chen W, Yuan S, Usami S, Chien S. (1995). Multiple cis-elements mediate shear stress-induced gene expression. J Biomech 28:1451-1457.
74. Suematsu M, DeLano FA, Poole D, Engler RL, Miyasaka M, Zweifach BW, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (1994). Spatial and temporal correlation between leukocyte behavior and cell injury in postischemic rat skeletal muscle microcirculation. Lab Invest 70:684-695.
75. Suematsu M, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Chavez- Chavez RH, Yee TT, Tamatani T, Miyasaka M, Delano FA, Zweifach BW. (1993). In vivo visualization of oxidative changes in microvessels during neutrophil activation. Am J Physiol 264:H881-H891.
76. Szalai AJ, Digerness SB, Agrawal A, Kearney JF, Bucy RP, Niwas S, Kilpatrick JM, Babu YS, Volanakis JE. (2000). The Arthus reaction in rodents: Species-specific requirement of complement. J Immunol 164: 463-468.
77. Taipale J, Keski-Oja J. (1997). Growth factors in the extracellular matrix. FASEB J 11:51-59.
78. Takase S, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (2000). Expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines on saphenous veins in chronic venous insufficiency. Ann Vasc Surg 14:427-435.
79. Takase S, Lerond L, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW. (2000). The inflammatory reaction during venous hypertension in the rat. Microcirculation 7:1-11.
80. Takase S, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Bergan JJ. (1999). Leukocyte activation in patients with venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 30:148-156.
81. Thomas PRS, Nash GB, Dormandy JA. (1988). White cell accumulation in dependent legs of patients with venous hypertension: A possible mechanism for trophic changes in the skin. Br Med J 296:1693-1695.
82. Van de Scheur M, Falanga V. (1997). Pericapillary fibrin cuffs in venous disease. A reappraisal. Dermatol Surg 23:955-959.
83. Veraart JC, Verhaegh ME, Neumann HA, Hulsmans RF, Arends JW. (1993). Adhesion molecule expression in venous leg ulcers. Vasa 22:213-218.
84. Vincenti MP, Coon CI, Lee O, Brinckerhoff CE. (1994). Regulation of collagenase gene expression by IL-1 beta requires transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Nucl Acids Res 22:4818-4827.
85. Vincenti MP, White LA, Schroen DJ, Benbow U, Brinckerhoff CE. (1996). Regulating expression of the gene for matrix metalloproteinase-1 (collagenase): Mechanisms that control enzyme activity, transcription, and mRNA stability. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 6:391-411.
86. Wenner A, Leu HJ, Spycher M, Brumer U. (1980). Ultrastructural changes of capillaries in chronic venous insufficiency. Exp Cell Biol 48:1-14.
87. Weyl A, Vanscheidt W, Weiss JM, Peschen M, Schopf E, Simon J. (1996). Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin and their ligands VLA-4 and LFA-1 in chronic venous leg ulcers. J Am Acad Dermatol 34:418-423.
88. Wilkinson LS, Bunker C, Edwards JC, Scurr JH, Smith PD. (1993). Leukocytes: Their role in the etiopathogenesis of skin damage in venous disease. J Vasc Surg 17:669-675.
89. Woessner JF Jr. (1991). Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling. FASEB J 5:2145-2154.
90. Worthen GS, Schwab B III, Elson EL, Downey GP. (1989). Cellular mechanics of stimulated neutrophils: Stiffening of cells induces retention in pores in vitro and lung capillaries in vivo. Science 245:183-186.