The impact of multiple deployments on soldiers' peacekeeping attitudes, morale, and retention

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 57-78

  Reed, Brian J ^b   Segal, David R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034555591     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0002700105     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Department of the Army, Force of Decision: Capabilities for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
2. Sam C. Sarkesian, John Allen Williams, and Fred B. Bryant, Soldiers, Society, and National Security (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1995).
3. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: The Free Press, 1960), 418.
4. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, 419.
5. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, 424.
6. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, 425.
7. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, 425.
8. David R. Segal and Robert J. Waldman, "Multinational Peacekeeping Operations: Background and Effectiveness," in The Military in New Times: Adapting Armed Forces to a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 164.
9. Charles C. Moskos, Peace Soldiers: The Sociology of a United Nations Military Force (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976).
10. David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army (Alexandria, VA: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1993), 2.
11. David R. Segal, Recruiting for Uncle Sam: Citizenship and Military Manpower Policy (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1989).
12. Department of the Army, Operations. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993). A new edition of FM 100-5 is now in draft form, but does not contain a separate section on OOTW. Instead, OOTW principles are incorporated in various sections pertaining to the fundamentals of Army operations (e.g., offense, defense).
13. Department of the Army, Operations, 13-0.
14. Department of the Army, Operations.
15. Department of the Army, Operations, 13-4.
16. Franklin C. Pinch, Lessons from Canadian Peacekeeping Experience: A Human Resources Perspective (Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1994).
17. David R. Segal, "The Social Construction of Peacekeeping by U.S. Soldiers," The Tocqueville Review 17 (1996): 7-21.
18. David R. Segal and Dana P. Eyre, The U.S. Army in Peace Operations at the Dawning of the Twenty-First Century (Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1996), 2. In the remainder of this article, we will use the label peacekeeping to refer to this broad range of activities. The advantage is twofold: the terminology remains consistent, and it highlights the difficulty soldiers may have in constructing their own meanings of these activities.
19. Indar Jit Rikhye, Michael Harbottle, and Bjorn Egge, The Thin Blue Line: International Peacekeeping and Its Future (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).
20. Christopher Dandeker and James Gow, "The Future of Peace Support Operations: Strategic Peacekeeping and Success," Armed Forces & Society 23 (1997): 327-348.
21. Sarkesian et al., Soldiers, Society, and National Security, 149.
22. David R. Segal and Ronald B. Tiggle, "Attitudes of Citizen-Soldiers Toward Military Missions in the Post-Cold War World," Armed Forces & Society 23 (1997): 373-390.
23. James M. Dubik, "Sacred Cows Make Good Shoes: Changing the Way We Think About Military Force Structure." Landpower essay No. 97-1; part of the Landpower Essay Series published by the Association of the United States Army Institute of Land Warfare, 1997.
24. Dubik, "Sacred Cows," 6.
25. Frances M. Doyle, Karen J. Lewis, and Leslie A. Williams, "Named Military Operations: U.S. Military Operations from January 1989 to December 1993," Armed Forces & Society 23 (1996): 285-298.
26. Segal, Recruiting for Uncle Sam.
27. Leonard Wong, Paul Bliese, and Ronald Halverson, "Multiple Deployments: Do They Make a Difference?" Paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society, Baltimore, MD, October, 1995.
28. The sample consists of 911 junior enlisted soldiers in infantry units deployed to Operation Uphold Democracy (Haiti). The data were collected while the soldiers were physically located in Haiti. Few of the lower-ranking enlisted soldiers in the sample had deployed to locations other than Operation Hurricane Andrew (Florida) or Operation Restore Hope (Somalia). Therefore, the number of multiple deployments was assessed by a variable indicating whether a soldier had or had not been previously deployed either to Florida or Somalia.
29. James Hosek and Mark Totten, Does Perstempo Hurt Re-enlistment? ( Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Defense Research Institute, 1998).
30. A recent General Accounting Office survey of quality of life in the military found undermanned units and unavailable equipment to be among the major sources of personal dissatisfaction.
31. TDY: Temporary Duty. TCS: Temporary Change of Station.
32. Department of the Army, "One-for-One Deployment Stabilization Policy." Department of the Army Implementation Message, issued by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff Personnel, 9 January, 1998.
33. Throughout the remainder of the article, the terms "rank" and "pay grade" are used interchangeably.
34. Moskos, Peace Soldiers.
35. There are several soldiers in the sample who deployed on other military operations while assigned to different units. However, the total number of these soldiers is not large enough to sustain analysis.
36. David R. Segal, Brian J. Reed, and David E. Rohall, "Constabulary Attitudes of National Guard and Regular Soldiers in the U.S. Army," Armed Forces & Society 24 (1998): 534-548.
37. Moskos, Peace Soldiers.
38. Laura Miller and Charles Moskos, "Humanitarians or Warriors?: Race, Gender, and Combat Status in Operation Restore Hope," Armed Forces & Society 2 (1995): 615-637.
39. This study did not control for marital studies, which should be considered in future research.
40. Richard J. Newman. "Can Peacekeepers Make War?" U.S. News & World Report 19 January, 1998, p. 38.