Attitudes of citizen-soldiers toward military missions in the post-Cold War World

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 373-390

  Segaland, David R ^a   Tiggle, Ronald B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040955102     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327x9702300304     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. See David R. Segal and Mady Wechsler Segal, "Demographics of the Total Force," in The United States Army: Challenges and Missions for the 1990s, ed. Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. and Richard H. Shultz, Jr. (Lexington: D.C. Heath: 1991), 207-223, and Lewis Sorley, "National Guard and Reserve Forces," in American Defense Annual: 1991-1992, ed. Joseph Kruzel (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 183-201 .
2. See David R. Segal and Mady Wechsler Segal, "Demographics of the Total Force," in The United States Army: Challenges and Missions for the 1990s, ed. Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. and Richard H. Shultz, Jr. (Lexington: D.C. Heath: 1991), 207-223, and Lewis Sorley, "National Guard and Reserve Forces," in American Defense Annual: 1991-1992, ed. Joseph Kruzel (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 183-201 .
3. See Stephen T. Hosmer, "Low-intensity Conflict Operations in the 1990s," in The United States Army ed. Pfaltzgraff and Shultz, 55-71, and Robert H. Kupperman and William J. Taylor, Jr., "Low-Intensity Conflict: The Strategic Challenge," in American Defense Annual: 1985-1986, ed. George E. Hudson and Joseph Kruzel (Lexington: D.C. Heath: 1985), 207-222.
4. See Stephen T. Hosmer, "Low-intensity Conflict Operations in the 1990s," in The United States Army ed. Pfaltzgraff and Shultz, 55-71, and Robert H. Kupperman and William J. Taylor, Jr., "Low-Intensity Conflict: The Strategic Challenge," in American Defense Annual: 1985-1986, ed. George E. Hudson and Joseph Kruzel (Lexington: D.C. Heath: 1985), 207-222.
5. Frederick J. Brown, "The Evolving Total Force," in The United States Army, ed. Pfaltzgraff and Shultz, 87-99.
6. Sorley, "National Guard and Reserve Forces."
7. Mark J. Eitelberg, "Military Manpower and the Future Force," in American Defense Annual: 1993, ed. Joseph Kruzel (New York: Macmillan, 1993), 135-153.
8. David R. Segal, "Five Phases of United Nations Peacekeeping: An Evolutionary Typology." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 23 (Summer 1995): 65-79.
9. David R. Segal and Mady Wechsler Segal, Peacekeepers and Their Wives (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993).
10. See C. Bricker, Canada's Reserves and Peacekeeping: A Workshop Report (Downsview, Ontario, Canada: York University Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1989), and C. Lohwasser, "Selecting for the Austrian Contingents on UN Peacekeeping Missions." Paper presented at the 29th International Military Psychology Symposium, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1993.
11. See C. Bricker, Canada's Reserves and Peacekeeping: A Workshop Report (Downsview, Ontario, Canada: York University Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1989), and C. Lohwasser, "Selecting for the Austrian Contingents on UN Peacekeeping Missions." Paper presented at the 29th International Military Psychology Symposium, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1993.
12. See Charles C. Moskos, Peace Soldiers: The Sociology of a United Nations Military Force (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), and Segal 61nd Segal, Peacekeepers and their Wives.
13. See Charles C. Moskos, Peace Soldiers: The Sociology of a United Nations Military Force (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), and Segal 61nd Segal, Peacekeepers and their Wives.
14. This led to the unanticipated problem that when we asked questions that referred to the soldiers' unit, we do not know whether the referent for them was 4-505 PIR, which was what we intended, or the reserve units from which they came.
15. The decrease in sample size reflected difficulties of collecting data from soldiers widely dispersed in the desert. Infantry squads rotated between their base camp and observation posts. At the time of the second wave, we had not determined the best way to conduct surveys at remote sites. We found no differences in attitudes among units, and there is no reason to believe that representativeness was affected. We improved our data collection techniques by the third wave survey. The research was designed as a panel study, and since we sought complete coverage, there was some overlap of respondents among our three waves. However, in this analysis we focus on aggregate change rather than individual change.
16. John D. Blair and David R. Segal, Perceptions and Evaluations of the Army Training System (Washington: Army Training Study, 1978).
17. David R. Segal, Jesse J. Harris, Joseph M. Rothberg, and David H. Marlowe, "Paratroopers as Peacekeepers," Armed Forces & Society 10 (Summer 1984): 487-506.
18. Barbara F. Meeker and David R. Segal, "Soldiers' Perceptions of Conflict Intensity: The Effects of Doctrine and Experience," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 15 (Spring 1987): 105-115.
19. David R. Segal, T. Paul Furukawa, and Jerry C. Lindh, "Light Infantry as Peacekeepers in the Sinai," Armed Forces & Society 16 (Spring 1990): 385-403.
20. See C. Roach, Communication and Culture in War and Peace (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1993).
21. Segal et al., "Paratroopers as Peacekeepers."
22. John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, A Draft Concept of Second Generation Multinational Operations (Providence: Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 1993), 2.
23. Moskos, Peace Soldiers.
24. Indar Jit Rikhye, Michael Harbottle, and Bjorn Egge, The Thin Blue Line (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1974).
25. Jesse J. Harris and David R. Segal, "Observations from the Sinai: The Boredom Factor," Armed Forces & Society 11 (Winter 1985): 235-248.
26. David R. Segal and Barbara F. Meeker, "Peacekeeping, Warfighting, and Professionalism: Attitude Organization and Change among Combat Soldiers on Constabulary Duty" Journal of Political and Military Sociology 13 (Fall 1985): 167-181.
27. This is a variant of the second question that Segal and Meeker ("Peacekeeping, Warfighting, and Professionalism") found to be central to the organization of soldiers' attitudes toward peacekeeping. The earlier item was "A soldier is a professional and does any job he is given with equal professional skill."
28. David R. Segal, Mady W. Segal, and Dana P. Eyre. "The Social Construction of Peacekeeping in America," Sociological Forum 1 (1992): 121-136. See also David. R. Segal, "The Social Construction of Peacekeeping by U.S. Soldiers," The Tocqueville Review 17(1996):7-21.
29. David R. Segal, Mady W. Segal, and Dana P. Eyre. "The Social Construction of Peacekeeping in America," Sociological Forum 1 (1992): 121-136. See also David. R. Segal, "The Social Construction of Peacekeeping by U.S. Soldiers," The Tocqueville Review 17(1996):7-21.