The new NATO and relations with Russia

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 92-110

  Frye, Alton ^a  

^a Presidential Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034362940     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402390008437801     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. U.S.-Russian Relations at the Turn of the Century, Report of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Working Group on U.S.-Russian Relations, Washington DC, chairman Arnold Horelick; and Russian-American Relations at the Turn of the Century, Report of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy (CFDP) Working Group on Russian-American Relations, Moscow, co-chairmen Sergei Karaganov and Yuli Vorontsov. Both reports were published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Feb. 2000.
2. U.S.-Russian Relations at the Turn of the Century, Report of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Working Group on U.S.-Russian Relations, Washington DC, chairman Arnold Horelick; and Russian-American Relations at the Turn of the Century, Report of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy (CFDP) Working Group on Russian-American Relations, Moscow, co-chairmen Sergei Karaganov and Yuli Vorontsov. Both reports were published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Feb. 2000.
3. Jonathan Dean, Ending Europe's Wars: The Continuing Search for Peace and Security (NY: Twentieth Century Fund Press 1994) pp.55-106.
4. Off-the-record meeting attended by author.
5. A prescient view of the dilemmas NATO expansion would present is Coral Bell, 'Why an Expanded NATO Must Include Russia', Journal of Strategic Studies 17/4 (Dec. 1994) pp.27-41, also in Ted Galen Carpenter (ed.) The Future of NATO (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass 1995).
6. A prescient view of the dilemmas NATO expansion would present is Coral Bell, 'Why an Expanded NATO Must Include Russia', Journal of Strategic Studies 17/4 (Dec. 1994) pp.27-41, also in Ted Galen Carpenter (ed.) The Future of NATO (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass 1995).
7. Dale R. Herspring, 'Expanding the Alliance: The Military Factor', in Susan Eisenhower (ed.) NATO at Fifty: Perspectives on the Future of the Atlantic Alliance (Washington DC: Center for Political and Strategic Studies 1999) pp.151-60.
8. James M. Goldgeier, Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO (Washington DC: Brookings 1999) especially pp.36-40. See also Susan Eisenhower, 'The Perils of Victory', in Ted Galen Carpenter and Barbara Conry (eds.) NATO Enlargement: Illusions and Reality (Washington DC: Cato Inst. 1998) pp.103-19; Jonathan Dean, 'NATO Enlargement: Coping with Act II', in ibid, pp.121-7; Stanley Kober, 'Russia's Search for Identity', in ibid, pp.129-41; and Anatol Lieven, 'The NATO-Russian Accord: An Illusory Solution', in ibid, pp.143-56.
9. James M. Goldgeier, Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO (Washington DC: Brookings 1999) especially pp.36-40. See also Susan Eisenhower, 'The Perils of Victory', in Ted Galen Carpenter and Barbara Conry (eds.) NATO Enlargement: Illusions and Reality (Washington DC: Cato Inst. 1998) pp.103-19; Jonathan Dean, 'NATO Enlargement: Coping with Act II', in ibid, pp.121-7; Stanley Kober, 'Russia's Search for Identity', in ibid, pp.129-41; and Anatol Lieven, 'The NATO-Russian Accord: An Illusory Solution', in ibid, pp.143-56.
10. James M. Goldgeier, Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO (Washington DC: Brookings 1999) especially pp.36-40. See also Susan Eisenhower, 'The Perils of Victory', in Ted Galen Carpenter and Barbara Conry (eds.) NATO Enlargement: Illusions and Reality (Washington DC: Cato Inst. 1998) pp.103-19; Jonathan Dean, 'NATO Enlargement: Coping with Act II', in ibid, pp.121-7; Stanley Kober, 'Russia's Search for Identity', in ibid, pp.129-41; and Anatol Lieven, 'The NATO-Russian Accord: An Illusory Solution', in ibid, pp.143-56.
11. James M. Goldgeier, Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO (Washington DC: Brookings 1999) especially pp.36-40. See also Susan Eisenhower, 'The Perils of Victory', in Ted Galen Carpenter and Barbara Conry (eds.) NATO Enlargement: Illusions and Reality (Washington DC: Cato Inst. 1998) pp.103-19; Jonathan Dean, 'NATO Enlargement: Coping with Act II', in ibid, pp.121-7; Stanley Kober, 'Russia's Search for Identity', in ibid, pp.129-41; and Anatol Lieven, 'The NATO-Russian Accord: An Illusory Solution', in ibid, pp.143-56.
12. James M. Goldgeier, Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO (Washington DC: Brookings 1999) especially pp.36-40. See also Susan Eisenhower, 'The Perils of Victory', in Ted Galen Carpenter and Barbara Conry (eds.) NATO Enlargement: Illusions and Reality (Washington DC: Cato Inst. 1998) pp.103-19; Jonathan Dean, 'NATO Enlargement: Coping with Act II', in ibid, pp.121-7; Stanley Kober, 'Russia's Search for Identity', in ibid, pp.129-41; and Anatol Lieven, 'The NATO-Russian Accord: An Illusory Solution', in ibid, pp.143-56.
13. Raymond L. Garthoff, 'NATO and Russia: Looking to the Future', in Eisenhower (note 5) pp.211-16.
14. Gernot Erler, 'Russia's Role in Europe and the Russian Security Concerns', in Eisenhower (note 5) pp.205-10.
15. Russia was not the only country concerned about the change in alliance doctrine. Regarding the widespread wariness to NATO's new posture, the US Information Agency published extensive reports of international reactions. See US Information Agency, 'NATO Summit Results: Promulgation of "A Dangerous New Doctrine"', 3 May 1999, edited by Katherine L. Starr, which assembles diverse commentary from several continents.
16. Howard Baker Jr, Alton Frye, Sam Nunn, and Brent Scowcroft, 'NATO: A Debate Recast', New York Times, 4 Feb. 1998; and Alton Frye, 'Precursor to NATO Enlargement', Washington Post, 4 March 1998.
17. Howard Baker Jr, Alton Frye, Sam Nunn, and Brent Scowcroft, 'NATO: A Debate Recast', New York Times, 4 Feb. 1998; and Alton Frye, 'Precursor to NATO Enlargement', Washington Post, 4 March 1998.
18. Oksana Antonenko, 'Russia, NATO and European Security After Kosovo', Survival 42/4 (Winter 1999-2000) pp. 124-44.
19. Samuel P. Huntington, The Lonely Superpower', Foreign Affairs 78/2 (March-April 1999); and Robert F. Ellsworth and Dimitri K. Simes, 'Imposing Our "Values" By Force', Washington Post, 26 Dec. 1999. Agence France Presse, 'Russia Accuses US of Brainwashing the World', 17 Feb. 2000 quotes Gen. Ivashov speaking in Geneva: 'The US are brainwashing the world… Even Russian people are being brainwashed.' He raised the prospect of 'a very dangerous cold war' with Russia, India and China united against a Western 'diktat policy'.
20. Samuel P. Huntington, The Lonely Superpower', Foreign Affairs 78/2 (March-April 1999); and Robert F. Ellsworth and Dimitri K. Simes, 'Imposing Our "Values" By Force', Washington Post, 26 Dec. 1999. Agence France Presse, 'Russia Accuses US of Brainwashing the World', 17 Feb. 2000 quotes Gen. Ivashov speaking in Geneva: 'The US are brainwashing the world… Even Russian people are being brainwashed.' He raised the prospect of 'a very dangerous cold war' with Russia, India and China united against a Western 'diktat policy'.
21. Samuel P. Huntington, The Lonely Superpower', Foreign Affairs 78/2 (March-April 1999); and Robert F. Ellsworth and Dimitri K. Simes, 'Imposing Our "Values" By Force', Washington Post, 26 Dec. 1999. Agence France Presse, 'Russia Accuses US of Brainwashing the World', 17 Feb. 2000 quotes Gen. Ivashov speaking in Geneva: 'The US are brainwashing the world… Even Russian people are being brainwashed.' He raised the prospect of 'a very dangerous cold war' with Russia, India and China united against a Western 'diktat policy'.
22. The Rumsfeld Commission, chaired by former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, submitted its report to Congress as Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, 15 July 1998, Pursuant to Public Law 201, 104th Congress.
23. Andrew J. Pierre, NATO at Fifty: New Challenges, Future Uncertainties (US Institute of Peace Special Report, Washington DC, 22 March 1999); and Dimitri V. Olshansky, The Disintegration of Russia - A View From Within (Potomac Foundation, McLean, VA, Oct. 1999) pp.33-4.
24. Andrew J. Pierre, NATO at Fifty: New Challenges, Future Uncertainties (US Institute of Peace Special Report, Washington DC, 22 March 1999); and Dimitri V. Olshansky, The Disintegration of Russia - A View From Within (Potomac Foundation, McLean, VA, Oct. 1999) pp.33-4.
25. Typical of such perspectives is the Center for Security Policy Decision Brief no. 00-D 6, 17 Jan. 2000, 'Beware the "Grand Compromise": Arms Control Deal Threatens Effective U.S. Missile Defenses, Nuclear Deterrence'. According to one passage, 'Economic realities seem likely to compel the Kremlin sharply to reduce its obsolescing nuclear arsenal, regardless of the bellicosity of its rhetoric or doctrine. We do not necessarily want to follow suit, though.' The Center's earlier Decision Brief no. 98-D150 of Aug. 1998 was already arguing that point as a basis for rejecting negotiated reductions in US strategic forces: 'The fact is, however, that the Russian Federation cannot maintain its current forces over the long-run, while the United States clearly can… The Russian Federation is now an economic basket case that cannot support its current strategic forces.'
26. Mark Kramer, 'Putin is Only Part of the Russian Picture', Washington Post, 23 Jan. 2000.
27. Dimitri K. Simes and Paul J. Saunders, ¢New Course for NATO: Toughness with Restraint', in Eisenhower (note 5) pp.39-14.
28. James Brusstar, 'Russia and Its Neighbors: Faltering Progress?' in Strategic Assessment 1999: Priorities for a Turbulent World, Institute for National Strategic Studies (Washington DC: National Defense Univ. 1999) pp.89-100.
29. Michael Wines, 'Moscow Issues New Policy Emphasizing Nuclear Arms', New York Times, 15 Jan. 2000.
30. Andrew Kuchins, 'US-Russian Discussions on Strategic Stability', Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, CISAC Monitor (Autumn 1999) pp. 1-2.
31. Stephen Blank, 'Russia As Rogue Proliferator', Orbis 44/1 (Winter 2000) pp.91-108.
32. Harvey Sicherman, 'Yeltsin's Legacy and Putin's Plans', Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Note, 18 Jan. 2000.
33. Roland Dannreuther, 'Escaping the Enlargement Trap in NATO-Russian Relations', Survival 41/4 (Winter 1999-2000) pp. 145-64.
34. Col. Gen. Leonid Ivashov, head of Russian Defense Ministry international military cooperation department: '… there is no alternative to Russia-NATO cooperation and Moscow is ready to restore relations with the alliance'. RFE/RL Newsline, 31 Jan. 2000. Michael Wines, 'Russia and NATO, Split Over Kosovo, Agree to Revew Relations', New York Times, 17 Feb. 2000, reported Putin's decision gradually to restore formal relations with the alliance, but comments by Foreign Minister Ivanov and Russian defense ministry sources made clear that Moscow would maintain a stiff attitude in dealing with NATO.
35. Theodor A. Postol, 'A Russian-US Boost-Phase Defense to Defend Russia and the US from Postulated Rogue-State ICBMs', Briefing at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 12 Oct. 1999.
36. Robert D. Blackwill, Rodric Braithwaite, and Akihiko Tanaka, Engaging Russia (NY: Trilateral Commission 1995) p.24.