메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 11, 2000, Pages 1392-1408

Why counterattitudinal messages are as memorable as proattitudinal messages: The importance of active defense against attack

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0034348171     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167200263007     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (56)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 0023020183 scopus 로고
    • The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
    • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. ( 1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 1173-1182
    • Baron, R.M.1    Kenny, D.A.2
  • 2
    • 0030170746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working knowledge, cognitive processing, and attitudes: On the determinants of bias
    • Biek, M., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (1996). Working knowledge, cognitive processing, and attitudes: On the determinants of bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 547-556.
    • (1996) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.22 , pp. 547-556
    • Biek, M.1    Wood, W.2    Chaiken, S.3
  • 4
    • 0000412864 scopus 로고
    • The causes and consequences of attitude importance
    • R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Boninger, D., Krosnick, J. A., Berent, M., & Fabrigar, L. R. (1995). The causes and consequences of attitude importance. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 159-190). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1995) Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences , pp. 159-190
    • Boninger, D.1    Krosnick, J.A.2    Berent, M.3    Fabrigar, L.R.4
  • 5
    • 0002388538 scopus 로고
    • Selective evaluation and recall during the 1980 Reagan-Carter debate
    • Bothwell, R. K., & Brigham, J. C. (1983). Selective evaluation and recall during the 1980 Reagan-Carter debate. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 427-442.
    • (1983) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 427-442
    • Bothwell, R.K.1    Brigham, J.C.2
  • 6
    • 0002389254 scopus 로고
    • The influence of attitude on the recall of controversial material: A failure to confirm
    • Brigham, J. C., & Cook, S. W. (1969). The influence of attitude on the recall of controversial material: A failure to confirm. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 240-243.
    • (1969) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 240-243
    • Brigham, J.C.1    Cook, S.W.2
  • 9
    • 0002016719 scopus 로고
    • Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context
    • J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.). New York: Guilford
    • Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 212-252). New York: Guilford.
    • (1989) Unintended Thought , pp. 212-252
    • Chaiken, S.1    Liberman, A.2    Eagly, A.H.3
  • 11
    • 0002907739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of persuasion
    • E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.). New York: Guilford
    • Chaiken, S., Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (1996). Principles of persuasion. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 702-742). New York: Guilford.
    • (1996) Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles , pp. 702-742
    • Chaiken, S.1    Wood, W.2    Eagly, A.H.3
  • 12
    • 0346409756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information
    • Ditto, P. H. (1998). Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 53-69.
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 53-69
    • Ditto, P.H.1
  • 13
    • 58149206254 scopus 로고
    • Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions
    • Ditto, P. H., & Lopez, D. L. (1992). Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 568-584.
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 568-584
    • Ditto, P.H.1    Lopez, D.L.2
  • 14
    • 21144480855 scopus 로고
    • Uneven progress: Social psychology and the study of attitudes
    • Eagly, A. H. (1992). Uneven progress: Social psychology and the study of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 693-710.
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 693-710
    • Eagly, A.H.1
  • 15
    • 0002979113 scopus 로고
    • What is beautiful is good, but . . . : A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype
    • Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but . . . : A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.
    • (1991) Psychological Bulletin , vol.110 , pp. 109-128
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Ashmore, R.D.2    Makhijani, M.G.3    Longo, L.C.4
  • 17
    • 0002377942 scopus 로고
    • Attitude strength and resistance to attitude change
    • R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1995). Attitude strength and resistance to attitude change. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 413-432). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1995) Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences , pp. 413-432
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Chaiken, S.2
  • 18
    • 0000067602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitude structure and function
    • D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
    • Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 269-322). New York: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1998) The Handbook of Social Psychology 4th Ed. , vol.1 , pp. 269-322
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Chaiken, S.2
  • 20
    • 0002582775 scopus 로고
    • Using research syntheses to plan future research
    • H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.). New York: Russell Sage
    • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1994). Using research syntheses to plan future research. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 485-500). New York: Russell Sage.
    • (1994) The Handbook of Research Synthesis , pp. 485-500
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Wood, W.2
  • 21
    • 0002283345 scopus 로고
    • Political frames of reference as a factor influencing recognition
    • Edwards, A. L. (1941). Political frames of reference as a factor influencing recognition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36, 34-50.
    • (1941) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 34-50
    • Edwards, A.L.1
  • 24
    • 0002265046 scopus 로고
    • Balancing and positivity effects in social recall
    • Feather, N. T. (1970). Balancing and positivity effects in social recall. Journal of Personality, 38, 602-628.
    • (1970) Journal of Personality , vol.38 , pp. 602-628
    • Feather, N.T.1
  • 30
    • 0016437295 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis
    • Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 1-20.
    • (1975) Psychological Bulletin , vol.82 , pp. 1-20
    • Greenwald, A.G.1
  • 32
    • 0002334261 scopus 로고
    • Relative importance of aptitude and prior domain knowledge on immediate and delayed posttests
    • Hall, V. C., & Edmondson, B. (1992). Relative importance of aptitude and prior domain knowledge on immediate and delayed posttests. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 219-223.
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 219-223
    • Hall, V.C.1    Edmondson, B.2
  • 34
    • 0000589437 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of verbal ability
    • Hunt, E. (1978). Mechanics of verbal ability. Psychological Review, 85, 109-130.
    • (1978) Psychological Review , vol.85 , pp. 109-130
    • Hunt, E.1
  • 35
    • 53349119934 scopus 로고
    • The effects of involvement on persuasion: A meta-analysis
    • Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). The effects of involvement on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 290-314.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.106 , pp. 290-314
    • Johnson, B.T.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 36
    • 0000189393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative synthesis of social psychological research
    • H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Quantitative synthesis of social psychological research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 496-528). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2000) Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology , pp. 496-528
    • Johnson, B.T.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 37
    • 0001507104 scopus 로고
    • Schematic effects of social attitudes on information processing and recall
    • Judd, C. M., & Kulik, J. A. (1980). Schematic effects of social attitudes on information processing and recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 569-578.
    • (1980) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 569-578
    • Judd, C.M.1    Kulik, J.A.2
  • 38
    • 0002264388 scopus 로고
    • Seeking and avoiding belief-discrepant information as a function of its perceived refutability
    • Kleinhesselink, R. R., & Edwards, R. E. (1975). Seeking and avoiding belief-discrepant information as a function of its perceived refutability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 787-790.
    • (1975) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 787-790
    • Kleinhesselink, R.R.1    Edwards, R.E.2
  • 39
    • 0002012157 scopus 로고
    • The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality
    • Koehler, J. J. (1993). The influence of prior beliefs on scientific judgments of evidence quality. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56, 28-55.
    • (1993) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.56 , pp. 28-55
    • Koehler, J.J.1
  • 41
    • 0025520005 scopus 로고
    • The case for motivated reasoning
    • Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480-498.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.108 , pp. 480-498
    • Kunda, Z.1
  • 44
    • 0001371817 scopus 로고
    • Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence
    • Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.
    • (1979) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 2098-2109
    • Lord, C.G.1    Ross, L.2    Lepper, M.R.3
  • 49
    • 0002530561 scopus 로고
    • The cognitive representation of attitudes
    • A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Pratkanis, A. R. (1989). The cognitive representation of attitudes. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 71-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1989) Attitude Structure and Function , pp. 71-98
    • Pratkanis, A.R.1
  • 50
    • 0000405745 scopus 로고
    • A sociocognitive model of attitude structure and function
    • L. Berkowitz (Ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Pratkanis, A. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1989). A sociocognitive model of attitude structure and function. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 245-283). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1989) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 245-283
    • Pratkanis, A.R.1    Greenwald, A.G.2
  • 51
    • 0001326257 scopus 로고
    • The attitude-memory relationship after 40 years: A meta-analysis of the literature
    • Roberts, J. V. (1985). The attitude-memory relationship after 40 years: A meta-analysis of the literature. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 6, 221-241.
    • (1985) Basic and Applied Social Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 221-241
    • Roberts, J.V.1
  • 52
    • 85004905474 scopus 로고
    • Memory for schema-relevant information: A meta-analytic review
    • Rojahn, K., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1992). Memory for schema-relevant information: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 81-109.
    • (1992) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 81-109
    • Rojahn, K.1    Pettigrew, T.F.2
  • 53
    • 85037802158 scopus 로고
    • Issue schema and mindless processing of persuasive messages: Much ado about nothing?
    • C. V. Roberts, K. W. Watson, & L. L. Barker (Eds.). New Orleans, LA: Spectra
    • Roloff, M. E. (1989). Issue schema and mindless processing of persuasive messages: Much ado about nothing? In C. V. Roberts, K. W. Watson, & L. L. Barker (Eds.), Intrapersonal communication processes: Original essays (pp. 380-410). New Orleans, LA: Spectra.
    • (1989) Intrapersonal Communication Processes: Original Essays , pp. 380-410
    • Roloff, M.E.1
  • 54
    • 0001147113 scopus 로고
    • Parametric measures of effect size
    • H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.). New York: Russell Sage
    • Rosenthal, R. (1994). Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 231-260). New York: Russell Sage.
    • (1994) The Handbook of Research Synthesis , pp. 231-260
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 55
    • 0002264390 scopus 로고
    • Signal detection measures of recognition memory
    • A. Lang (Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Shapiro, M. A. (1994). Signal detection measures of recognition memory. In A. Lang (Ed.), Measuring psychological responses to media messages (pp. 133-148). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1994) Measuring Psychological Responses to Media Messages , pp. 133-148
    • Shapiro, M.A.1
  • 56
    • 0002912368 scopus 로고
    • Methodological techniques for the study of person memory and social cognition
    • R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Srull, T. K. (1984). Methodological techniques for the study of person memory and social cognition. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 73-150). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1984) Handbook of Social Cognition , pp. 73-150
    • Srull, T.K.1
  • 57
    • 0001974999 scopus 로고
    • Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures
    • Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42-61.
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.111 , pp. 42-61
    • Stangor, C.1    McMillan, D.2
  • 59
    • 0002101835 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of induced opinion change and retention of the inducing message contents
    • Watts, W. A., & McGuire, W. J. (1964). Persistence of induced opinion change and retention of the inducing message contents. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 233-241.
    • (1964) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 233-241
    • Watts, W.A.1    McGuire, W.J.2
  • 60
    • 0033441384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fencing off the deviant: The role of cognitive resources in the maintenance of stereotypes
    • Yzerbyt, V. Y., Coull, A., & Rocher, S. J. (1999) Fencing off the deviant: The role of cognitive resources in the maintenance of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 449-462.
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 449-462
    • Yzerbyt, V.Y.1    Coull, A.2    Rocher, S.J.3
  • 61
    • 0002380768 scopus 로고
    • Message receptivity: A new look at the old problem of open-versus-closed mindedness
    • A. A. Mitchell (Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Zanna, M. P. (1993). Message receptivity: A new look at the old problem of open-versus-closed mindedness. In A. A. Mitchell (Ed.), Advertising exposure, memory, and choice (pp. 141-162). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1993) Advertising Exposure, Memory, and Choice , pp. 141-162
    • Zanna, M.P.1
  • 63
    • 0001068670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts
    • Zuwerink, J. R., & Devine, P. G. (1996). Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 931-944.
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 931-944
    • Zuwerink, J.R.1    Devine, P.G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.