Does personality provide unique explanations for behaviour? Personality as cross-person variability in general principles

European Journal of Personality

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 391-406

  Higgins, E Tory ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034344269     PISSN: 08902070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1099-0984(200009/10)14:5<391::AID-PER394>3.0.CO;2-6     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Adorno TW, Frenkel-Brunswick E, Levinson DJ, Sanford RN. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. Harper: New York.
2. Atkinson JW. 1964. An Introduction to Motivation. Van Nostrand: Princeton, NJ.
3. Bandura A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
4. Bargh JA, Bond RN, Lombardi WJ, Tota ME. 1986. The additive nature of chronic and temporary sources of construct accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50: 869-878.
5. Bargh JA, Lombardi WJ, Higgins ET. 1988. Automaticity of chronically accessible constructs in person × situation effects on person perception: it's just a matter of time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55: 599-605.
6. Bargh JA, Thein RD. 1985. Individual construct accessibility, person memory, and the recall-judgment link: the case of information overload. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 1129-1146.
7. Bartlett FC. 1932. Remembering. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
8. Bruner JS. 1951. Personality dynamics and the process of perceiving. In Perception: An Approach to Personality, Blake RR, Ramsey GV (eds). Ronald: New York.
9. Bruner JS. 1957. On perceptual readiness. Psychological Review 64: 123-152.
10. Carver CS, Scheier MF. 1981. Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior. Springer: New York.
11. Carver CS, Scheier MF. 1990. Principles of self-regulation: action and emotion. In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, Vol. 2, Higgins ET, Sorrentino RM (eds). Guilford: New York; 3-52.
12. Cameron N. 1963. Personality Development and Psychopathology. Houghton Mifflin: Boston, MA.
13. Cantor N, Zirkel S. 1990. Personality, cognition, and purposive behavior. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Pervin LA (ed.). Guilford: New York; 135-164.
14. Cooper J, Fazio RH. 1984. A new look at dissonance theory. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 17, Berkowitz L (ed.). Academic: New York; 229-265.
15. Duval S, Wicklund RA. 1972. A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness. Academic: New York.
16. Dweck CS, Leggett EL. 1988. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review 95: 256-273.
17. Endler NS. 1982. Interactionism comes of age. In Consistency in Social Behavior: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 2, Zanna MP, Higgins ET, Herman CP (eds). Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ; 209-249.
18. Endler NS. 1997. Stress, anxiety and coping: the multidimensional interaction model. Canadian Psychology 38: 136-153.
19. Epstein S. 1979. The stability of behavior: on predicting most of the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 1097-1126.
20. Epstein S. 1983. Aggregation and beyond: some basic issues on the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality 51: 360-392.
21. Erikson EH. 1963. Childhood and Society, rev. edn (original edn 1950). Norton: New York.
22. Fazio R. 1995. Attitudes as object-evaluation associations: determinants, consequences, and correlates of attitude accessibility. In Attitude Strength: Antecedents and Consequences, Petty RE, Krosnick JA (eds). Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ; 247-282.
23. Fenigstein A, Scheier MF, Buss AH. 1975. Public and private self-consciousness: assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 43: 522-527.
24. Forster J, Higgins ET, Idson CL. 1998. Approach and avoidance strength as a function of regulatory focus: revisiting the 'goal looms larger' effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 1115-1131.
25. Freud A. 1937. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. International Universities: New York.
26. Freud S. 1950. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Liveright: New York (original work published 1920).
27. Gray JA. 1982. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. Oxford University Press: New York.
28. Hebb DO. 1949. The Organization of Behavior. Wiley: New York.
29. Heider F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. Wiley: New York.
30. Higgins ET. 1987. Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review 94: 319-340.
31. Higgins ET. 1990. Personality, social psychology, and person-situation relations: standards and knowledge activation as a common language. In Handbook of Personality, Pervin LA (ed.). Guilford: New York; 301-338.
32. Higgins ET. 1996. Knowledge activation: accessibility, applicability, and salience. In Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, Higgins ET, Kruglanski AW (eds). Guilford: New York; 133-168.
33. Higgins ET. 1997. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist 52: 1280-1300.
34. Higgins ET. 1998. Promotion and prevention: regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 30, Zanna MP (ed.). Academic: New York: 1-46.
35. Higgins ET. 1999. Persons and situations: unique explanatory principles or variability in general principles? In The Coherence of Personality: Social-Cognitive Bases of Consistency, Variability, and Organization, Cervone D, Shoda Y (eds). Guilford: New York; 61-93.
36. Higgins ET. 2000. Social cognition: learning about what matters in the social world. European Journal of Social Psychology 30: 3-39.
37. Higgins ET, Bargh JA, Lombardi W. 1985. The nature of priming effects on categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 11: 59-69.
38. Higgins ET, Bond RN, Klein R, Strauman T. 1986. Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: how magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 5-51.
39. Higgins ET, Brendl M. 1995. Accessibility and applicability: some 'activation rules' influencing judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31: 218-243.
40. Higgins ET, King GA, Mavin GH. 1982. Individual construct accessibility and subjective impressions and recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43: 35-47.
41. Higgins ET, Rholes WS, Jones CR. 1977. Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13: 141-154.
42. Higgins ET, Roney C, Crowe E, Hymes C. 1994. Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance: distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66: 276-286.
43. Higgins ET, Shah J, Friedman R. 1997. Emotional responses to goal attainment: strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72: 515-525.
44. Higgins ET, Silberman I. 1998. Development of regulatory focus: promotion and prevention as ways of living. In Motivation and Self-Regulation across the Life Span, Heckhausen J, Dweck CS (eds). Cambridge University Press: New York; 78-113.
45. Idson LC, Liberman N, Higgins ET. 2000. Distinguishing gains from non-losses and losses from non-gains: a regulatory focus perspective on hedonic intensity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 36: 252-274.
46. John OP. 1990. The 'big five' factor taxonomy: dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Pervin LA (ed.). Guilford: New York; 66-100.
47. Jones EE, Davis KE. 1965. From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in person perception. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2, Berkowitz L (ed.). Academic: New York; 219-266.
48. Kelley HH. 1952. Two functions of reference groups. In Readings in Social Psychology, Swanson GE, Newcomb TM, Hartley EL (eds). Holt, Rinehart and Winston: New York; 410-420.
49. Kelly GA. 1955. The Psychology of Personal Constructs. Norton: New York.
50. Kruglanski AW. 1989. Lay Epistemics and Human Knowledge: Cognitive and Motivational Bases. Plenum: New York.
51. Kruglanski AW, Webster DM. 1996. Motivated closing of the mind: 'seizing' and 'freezing'. Psychological Review 103: 263-283.
52. Lang PJ. 1995. The emotion probe: studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist 50: 372-385.
53. Liberman N, Idson LC, Camacho CJ. Higgins ET. 1999. Promotion and prevention between stability and change. Personality and Social Psychology 77: 1135-1145.
54. Magnusson D. 1990. Personality development from an interactional perspective. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Pervin LA (ed.). Guilford Press: New York; 193-222.
55. Magnusson D, Endler NS (eds). 1977. Personality at the Crossroads: Current Issues in Interactional Psychology. Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ.
56. Markus H, Nurius P. 1986. Possible selves. American Psychologist 41: 954-969.
57. McClelland DC, Atkinson JW. 1948. The projective expression of needs: I. The effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on perception. Journal of Psychology 25: 205-232.
58. McClelland DC, Atkinson JW, Clark RA, Lowell EL. 1953. The Achievement Motive. Appleton -Century-Crofts: New York.
59. Mischel W. 1973. Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review 80: 252-283.
60. Mischel W. 1996. From good intentions to willpower. In The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior, Gollwitzer PM, Bargh JA (eds). Guilford: New York; 197-218.
61. Mischel W, Shoda Y. 1995. A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review 102: 246-268.
62. Mischel W, Shoda Y, Rodriguez ML. 1989. Delay of gratification in children. Science 244: 933-938.
63. Mowrer OH. 1960. Learning Theory and Behavior. Wiley: New York.
64. Murray HA. 1938. Exploration in Personality. Oxford University Press: New York.
65. Newcomb TM. 1950. Social Psychology. Dryden: New York.
66. Pervin LA. 1985. Personality: current controversies, issues and directions. Annual Review of Psychology 36: 83-114.
67. Rotter JB. 1954. Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
68. Sarbin TR, Taft R, Bailey DE. 1960. Clinical Inference and Cognitive Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston: New York.
69. Smith ER, Stewart TL, Buttram RT. 1992. Inferring a trait from a behavior has long-term, highly specific effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62: 753-759.
70. Snyder M, Ickes W. 1985. Personality and social behavior. In Handbook of Social Psychology, 3rd edn, Vol. 2, Lindzey G, Aronson E (eds). Random: New York; 883-948.
71. Sorrentino RM, Higgins ET. 1986. Motivation and cognition: warming up to synergism. In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, Sorrentino RM, Higgins ET (eds). Guilford: New York; 3-19.
72. Srull TK, Wyer RS. 1979. The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 1660-1672.
73. Srull TK, Wyer RS Jr. 1980. Category accessibility and social perception: some implications for the study of person memory and interpersonal judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38: 841-856.
74. Sullivan HS. 1953. The Collected Works of Harry Stack Sullivan, Vol. 1, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, Perry HS, Gawel ML (eds). Norton: New York.
75. Webster DM, Kruglanski AW. 1994. Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67: 1049-1062.
76. Westen D. 1990. Psychoanalytic approaches to personality. In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Pervin LA (ed.). Guilford: New York; 21-65.
77. Wright JC, Mischel W. 1987. A conditional approach to dispositional constructs: the local predictability of social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53: 1159-1177.