Now You See It, Now You Don't: Explicit Versus Implicit Measures of the Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy

Psychological Science

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 511-514

  Ruggiero, Karen M ^a   Mitchell, Jason P ^b   Krieger, Nancy ^b   Marx, David M ^b   Lorenzo, Melanie L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b Benedict Hall ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; RETRACTED ARTICLE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION;

EID: 0034326895     PISSN: 09567976     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00298     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Broman, C.L. (1996). The health consequences of discrimination: A study of African Americans. Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 148-152.
2. Cohen, J.D., MacWhinney, B., Halt, M., & Provost, J. (1993). PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 25, 257-271.
3. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1994). Reactions to stigma: The moderating role of justifications. In M.P. Zanna & J.M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7. pp. 289-314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D.E., Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (in press). Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
5. Dressler, W.W. (1990). Lifestyle, stress, and blood pressure in a southern black community. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 182-198.
6. Fazio, R.H. (1990). A practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychological research. In C. Hendrick & M.S. Clark (Eds.), Review of personality and social psychology: Research methods in personality and social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 74-97). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
7. Goffman, I. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of a spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8. Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
9. Greenwald, A.G., Banaji, M.R., Rudman, L.A., Farnham, S.D., Nosek, B.A., & Rosier, M. (in press). Prologue to a unified theory of attitudes, stereotypes, and self-concept. In J.P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition and behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.K.L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
11. Jackson, J.S., Brown, T.N., Williams, D.R., Torres, M., Sellers, S.L., & Brown, K. (1996). Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: A thirteen year national panel study. Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 132-147.
12. Krieger, N. (1999). Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. International Journal of Health Services, 28, 295-352.
13. Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996). Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA study of young Black and White women and men. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1370-1378.
14. Landrine, H., Klonoff, E.A., Gibbs, J., Manning, V., & Lund, M. (1995). Physical and psychiatric correlates of gender discrimination: An application of the schedule of sexist events. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 473-492.
15. Nisbett, R.E., & Wilson, T.D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
16. Orne, M.T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776-783.
17. Ottaway, S.A., Hayden, D.C., & Oakes, M.A. (in press). Implicit attitudes and racism: The effect of word familiarity and frequency in the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition.
18. Rosenberg, M.J. (1969). The conditions and consequences of evaluation apprehension. In R. Rosenthal & R.L. Rosnow (Eds.), Artifact in behavioral research (pp. 279-349). New York: Academic Press.
19. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
20. Ruggiero, K.M. (1999). The personal/group discrimination discrepancy: Extending Allport's analysis of targets. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 519-536.
21. Ruggiero, K.M., & Marx, D.M. (1999). Less pain and more to gain: Why high-status group members blame their failure on discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 774-784.
22. Ruggiero, K.M., & Taylor, D.M. (1994). The personal/group discrimination discrepancy: Women talk about their experiences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1806-1826.
23. Ruggiero, K.M., & Taylor, D.M. (1997). Why minority group members perceive or do not perceive the discrimination that confronts them: The role of self-esteem and perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 373-389.
24. Taylor, D.M., Wright, S.C., Moghaddam, F.M., & Lalonde, R.N. (1990). The personal/ group discrimination discrepancy: Perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target of discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 254-262.
25. Tedeschi, J.T., Schlenker, B.R., & Bonoma, T.V. (1971). Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle. American Psychologist, 26, 685-695.
26. Webb, E.J., Campbell, D.T., Schwartz, R.D., Sechrest, L., & Grove, J.B. (1981). Nonreactive measures in the social sciences (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
27. Weber, S.J., & Cook, T.D. (1972). Subject effects in laboratory research: An examination of subject roles, demand characteristics, and valid inference. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 273-295.
28. Williams, D.R., Yu, K., Jackson, J., & Anderson, N. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351.