Caffeine and theobromine contents of ready-to-eat chocolate cereals

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Volumn 100, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 690-692

  Caudle, Austin G ^a   Bell, Leonard N ^b  

^a Fisher Scientific   (United States)

^b AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; THEOBROMINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CACAO; CEREAL; CHEMISTRY; CHILD; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN;

ADULT; CACAO; CAFFEINE; CEREALS; CHILD; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; HUMANS; THEOBROMINE;

EID: 0034203476     PISSN: 00028223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00200-5     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Benowitz NL. Clinical pharmacology of caffeine. Annu Rev Med. 1990;41:277-288.
2. Tarka SM, Shively CA. Methylxanthines. In: Miller K, ed. Toxicological Aspects of Food. London, England: Elsevier; 1987:373-423.
3. Nehlig A, Daval J, Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms for action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Rev. 1992;17:139-170.
4. Spiller GA. Basic metabolism and physiological effects of the methylxanthines. In: Spiller GA, ed. Caffeine. Boca Raton, Fia: CRC Press; 1998;225-231.
5. Hoch GJ. Caffeine culture: a return to caffeine has some questioning its safety levels. Food Processing. 1998;59:27-29.
6. Bell LN, Wetzel CR, Grand AN. Caffeine content in coffee as influenced by grinding and brewing techniques. Food Res Int. 1996;29:785-789.
7. Hicks MB, Hsieh YHP, Bell LN. Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration. Food Res Int. 1996;29:325-330.
8. Grand AN, Bell LN. Caffeine content of fountain and private-label store brand carbonated beverages. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:179-182.
9. Blauch JL, Tarka SM. HPLC determination of caffeine and theobromine in coffee, tea, and instant hot cocoa mixes. J Food Sci. 1983;48: 745-747,750.
10. Apgar JL, Tarka SM. Methylxanthine composition and consumption patterns of cocoa and chocolate products. In: Spiller GA, ed. Caffeine. Boca Raton, Fia: CRC Press; 1998:163-192.
11. Craig WJ, Nguyen TT. Caffeine and theobromine levels in cocoa and carob products. J Food Sci. 1984;49:302-303,305.
12. Shively CA, Tarka SM. Methylxanthine composition and consumption patterns of cocoa and chocolate products. In: Spiller GA, ed. The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry, Consumption, and Health Effects. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss; 1984:149-178.
13. Barone JJ, Roberts HR. Caffeine consumption. Food Chem Toxicol. 1996;31:119-129.
14. Ellison RC, Singer MR, Moore LL, Nguyen UDT, Garrahie EJ, Marmor JK. Current caffeine intake of young children: amount and sources. JAMA. 1995;95:802-804.
15. Caldwell EF. A dynamic worldwide industry. Cereal Foods World 1991;36:858.
16. Mongelonsky M. Checkout line: the breakfast of everyone. Am Demographics. 1998;20(2):36.
17. Denney RC. A Dictionary of Chromatography. New York, NY: John Wiley; 1976:153-154.
18. Miller JM. Chromatography: Concepts and Contrasts. New York, NY: John Wiley; 1988:106-107.
19. Stavric B. Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans, 3: theobromine, paraxanthine, and the combined effects of methylxanthines. Food Chem Toxicol. 1988;26:725-733.
20. Shively CA, Tarka SM, Arnaud MJ, Dvorchik BH, Passananti GT, Vesell ES. High levels of methylxanthines in chocolate do not alter theobromine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;37: 415-424.
21. Mutschler E, Derendorf H, Schafer-Korting M, Elrod K, Estes KS. Drug Actions: Basic Principles and Therapeutic Aspects. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1995:137-138.
22. Morgan KL, Zabik ME, Stampley GL. Breakfast consumption patterns of US children and adolescents. Nutr Res. 1986;6:635-646.
23. Albertson AM, Tobelmann RC. Impact of ready-to-eat cereal consumption on the diets of children 7-12 years old. Cereal Foods World. 1993;38:428-434.
24. Murphy JM, Pagano ME, Nachmani J, Sperling P, Kane S, Kleinman RE. The relationship of school breakfast to psychosocial and academic functioning: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in an inner-city school sample. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:899-907.